CONCEPT IN FOCUS: �SPANISH, ENGLISH, FRENCH, AND DUTCH COLONIZATIONEverything You Need To Know About European

Colonization To Succeed In APUSH

Big Idea Questions

•  What were similarities and differences among the European powers?

•  What impacts did each power have on North America and its inhabitants?

European Exploration

•  Reasons For:

•  Wealth, power and status, spread of Christianity

•  3 Gs (Gold, Glory, God)

•  Technological improvements

•  Sextant, caravel

•  Interactions with Natives:

•  Many (most) Europeans saw Natives as “uncivilized”

•  Differences over land “ownership,” family and gender roles, and religion led to conflicts between Europeans and Natives

Spanish Colonization •  Spain became the early European leader in exploration - settled in South America and SW US

•  Spain sought precious metals (gold and silver)

•  Spanish Conquistadores:

•  Hernan Cortes - Tenochtitlan, 1519, conquered the Aztecs due to advanced weapons and disease

•  Francisco Pizarro - conquered the Incas in Peru

•  The Columbian Exchange - transfer of goods, people, and diseases across the Atlantic

•  **Impacts on the Americas**?

•  Disease decreased Native populations drastically; livestock and guns altered hunting and warfare

•  **Impact on Europe**?

•  New crops (potatoes, maize) increased the population; increased wealth led to capitalism and decline of feudalism

Spanish Colonization

Spanish Colonization Cont. •  Spanish colonial societies

•  Sought tight control from the crown and wanted to convert many Natives

•  Most Spanish settlers were men, leading to racially mixed populations with the Natives

•  Emergence of a caste system:

•  Mestizo - mixed Spanish and Native ancestry

•  Mullato - mixed Spanish and African ancestry

•  Encomienda System:

•  Royal land grants to Spanish settlers; promise to Christianize Natives on the land and gain tribute from the Natives

•  Eventually replaced by African slave labor

Spanish Colonization Cont. •  Debates over how Natives should be treated: (16th century)

•  Juan de Sepulveda

•  Argued harsh treatment of Natives was justified

•  Bartolome de Las Casas

•  Advocated for better treatment of Natives

•  Helped lead to the decline of the Encomienda System

•  Writings introduced the idea of the “Black Legend” - Spain was a brutal colonizer that exploited Natives

•  Pueblo Revolt: (1680)

•  Pueblo Indians (New Mexico) successfully rid the Spanish for over 10 years

•  After Spain regained control, they became more accommodating of Native culture

Spanish Colonization Cont.

English Colonization

•  1st permanent settlement was Jamestown in 1607

•  Settled along the Atlantic in the present-day US and Caribbean

•  Applied many of the same tactics used in Ireland towards the Natives

•  Seen as “savages,” excluded from English settlements

•  England sent large amounts of men AND women to colonies, focused on agriculture, and had hostile relationships with Natives

English Colonization

English Colonization Cont. •  New England Colonies (Massachusetts, Rhode Island):

•  Puritans - community of like-minded believers (“City upon a hill”), focused on agriculture and commerce

•  Those that were not “like-minded believers” were outcasts - Roger Williams, Anne Hutchinson

•  Middle Colonies (Pennsylvania, New York):

•  Most diverse religiously, ethnically, and demographically of English colonies

•  Many immigrants from Europe, religiously tolerant, Pennsylvania - William Penn’s “Holy Experiment”

•  Southern Colonies:

•  Chesapeake (Maryland and Virginia) and North Carolina - focused on tobacco, initially used indentured servants, later African slavery (post Bacon’s Rebellion)

•  South Carolina and the West Indies - focused on rice and sugar, slaves made up most of the population

•  Colonies had some form of representative assembly

English Colonization Cont.

English Colonization Cont.

•  England promoted mercantilism:

•  Idea that colonies exist for the benefit of the mother country

•  Provide raw materials and markets

•  Focused on controlling balance of trade - more gold and silver should flow into the country than out

•  Navigation Acts - allowed for colonies to trade ONLY with England

•  Many colonists resisted these acts and smuggled

French Colonization

•  Samuel de Champlain founded Quebec in 1608 (1 year after Jamestown)

•  Most of the colonists were men

•  Like Spain, France accepted intermarriage (metis)

•  Focused on fur trade with Natives - friendly relations with Natives

•  Coureurs des bois - French “runners of the woods”

•  New France had a governor-general that ruled and was appointed in Paris

•  No representative assembly

French Colonization

French Colonization

•  Relations with Natives:

•  Did not take a substantial amount of Native land (like English)

•  Did not force them into slavery (like Spanish)

•  Christian Indians were allowed to have a lot of autonomy (independence)

•  Many Natives were killed by diseases

Dutch Colonization •  Henry Hudson of the Dutch East India Company reached NY in

1609

•  The Dutch established trade posts in NY - Manhattan and Albany

•  Like the French, the Dutch sent few Europeans to settle and formed alliances and intermarried with Natives

•  The Dutch created the joint-stock company - pooling $ together and sharing the profits and losses of voyages - helped lead to modern capitalism

•  New Netherland - dominated the Atlantic slave trade

•  Married women retained rights when married (unlike English women who lost land)

•  Some religious toleration - privately, not publicly

Test Tips •  Multiple-Choice and Short Answer:

•  Reasons for European exploration (3 Gs, technological improvements)

•  Characteristics of European colonies (know the characteristics of British colonies - New England, Middle, Southern)

•  Impacts of contact on Natives AND Europeans (Columbian Exchange)

•  Essays:

•  Comparing and contrasting characteristics/goals

•  British - large numbers of men AND women, agriculture, and hostile relations with Natives

•  French - sent fewer Europeans, focused on trade alliances with Natives

•  Synthesis Point:

•  Creating political, social, economic categories if NOT prompted to do so

•  Connecting AND EXPLAINING (2-3 sentences) to another time period

•  The arguments used by Europeans to justify colonization included spreading Christianity. This is a similar argument that was used by some Americans that sought to spread Christianity in Asia in the late 19th, early 20th centuries after the US acquired land in the Spanish-American War.