1 Computing Fundamantals With thanks to Laudon & Laudon Session 2.
Computers and Information Processing Laudon & Laudon CH 4.
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Transcript of Computers and Information Processing Laudon & Laudon CH 4.
M I S Dr. Ernst-Gerd vom Kolke 2
L&L 4: What is a computer system?
CPU
Secondary Storage
Primary Storage
Input Devices
Output Devices
Communication Devices
Buses
-Data Bus
-Address Bus
-Control Bus
M I S Dr. Ernst-Gerd vom Kolke 3
L&L 4: What is a computer system?L&L 4: What is a computer system?
Information (words, numbers, pictures) has to be “coded” to Bits (Binary digits)
possible Codesystems: Morse code? Baudot code? ASCII- American Standard Code for Information Exchange (7
bits per byte) EBCDIC- Extended Binary Coded Decimal Interchange Code
(8 bits per byte)
Characters are represented by a group of 7/8 bits (Byte)
M I S Dr. Ernst-Gerd vom Kolke 4
L&L 4: What is a computer system?
10 10 Sixteen Combinations
Sixty four Combinations
1010 10
Four Combinations
10
Two Hundred Fifty Six Combinations
10 10 10 10
M I S Dr. Ernst-Gerd vom Kolke 5
L&L 4: What is a computer system?L&L 4: What is a computer system?
Examples of bytes
EBCDICEBCDIC ASCII ASCII C - 1100 0011 101 0011
A - 1100 0001 101 0001
T - 1110 0011 110 0011
Parity Bit: extra bit added to each byte to help detect errors
M I S Dr. Ernst-Gerd vom Kolke 6
ARITHMETIC/LOGICARITHMETIC/LOGICUNITUNIT
PRIMARY (MAIN) MEMORYPRIMARY (MAIN) MEMORY
ROMROMRAMRAM
CONTROL UNITCONTROL UNIT
CLOCCLOCKK
L&L 4: What is a computer system? CENTRAL PROCESSING UNIT (CPU) L&L 4: What is a computer system? CENTRAL PROCESSING UNIT (CPU)
M I S Dr. Ernst-Gerd vom Kolke 7
RAM : Random Access Memory volatile memory with direct access to any
randomly chosen location (DRAM, SRAM)
ROM : Read Only Memory preprogrammed memory, e.g. manufacturer-
specific microcode (BIOS)
L&L 4: What is a computer system? TYPES OF PRIMARY STORAGE
L&L 4: What is a computer system? TYPES OF PRIMARY STORAGE
M I S Dr. Ernst-Gerd vom Kolke 8
Each location has an Address Each location can hold one Byte
101101 102102 103103
201201
301301
202202 203203
302302 303303
L&L 4: What is a computer system? PRIMARY STORAGE (RAM)
L&L 4: What is a computer system? PRIMARY STORAGE (RAM)
M I S Dr. Ernst-Gerd vom Kolke 9
Byte 8 Bit Kilobyte (KB): 210 bytes... “1000” bytes Megabyte (MB): 210 KB... ”million” bytes Gigabyte (GB): 210 MB... ”billion” bytes Terabytes (TB): 210 GB... ”trillion” bytes
L&L 4: What is a computer system? COMPUTER STORAGE CAPACITIY
L&L 4: What is a computer system? COMPUTER STORAGE CAPACITIY
M I S Dr. Ernst-Gerd vom Kolke 10
Word length (number of bits processed at one time) Megahertz (cycle speed to proceed one word length) Data bus width (max. number of bits moved between
cpu & other devices) Reduced Instruction Set Computing (RISC,
embedding only most frequently used instructions on chip)
Multimedia Extension (MMX, optimizes processing of visually intensive applications)
L&L 4: What is a computer system?WHAT DETERMINES PROCESSING POWER? L&L 4: What is a computer system?WHAT DETERMINES PROCESSING POWER?
M I S Dr. Ernst-Gerd vom Kolke 11
Word Data Bus Clocklength width speed
( Mhz)
Chip Manufacturer Used in
Pentium
Pentium IIPentium III
PowerPC
Alpha 21364
AMD Athlon
Intel
IntelIntel
Motorola, IBM, Apple
Compaq
Advanced Micro Devices
Motorola, IBM, Apple
DEC
32
3232
32/64
64
32
64
6464
64
64
64
75-200
233-450800+
100-400
1000+
600-1000
PCs
PCsHigh End PCsservers
PCs, workstations
Compaq Servers, Workstations
High-end PCs, workstations
L&L 4: What is a computer system? COMMON MICROPROCESSORS
L&L 4: What is a computer system? COMMON MICROPROCESSORS
M I S Dr. Ernst-Gerd vom Kolke 12
SEQUENTIAL PARALLELSEQUENTIAL PARALLEL
ProgramProgram
CPUCPUTASK 2TASK 2
CPUCPUTASK 3TASK 3
CPUCPUTASK 1TASK 1
RESULTRESULT
TASK 1
RESULT
ProgramProgram
CPUCPU
TASK 2
RESULT
ProgramProgram
CPUCPU
L&L 4: What is a computer system? Sequential & Parallel Processing
L&L 4: What is a computer system? Sequential & Parallel Processing
M I S Dr. Ernst-Gerd vom Kolke 13
L&L 4: Secondary Storage
Magnetic disk hard disks floppy disks zip-disk
Optical Storage CD-ROM, WORM, DVD
Tape
M I S Dr. Ernst-Gerd vom Kolke 14
Magnetic Diskhard disks
thin steel platters with iron oxite coating read/write heads “fly” over the spinning disks,
recording/ reading information in cylinder (same track all surfaces)
recommended size:>10 GB, access speed: <=10msec
DISK 1DISK 1DISK 2DISK 2DISK 3DISK 3DISK 4DISK 4DISK 5DISK 5
READ/WRITEREAD/WRITEHEADSHEADS
L&L 4: Secondary Storage
M I S Dr. Ernst-Gerd vom Kolke 15
Magnetic disks hard disks floppy disks
polyester film with magnetic coating much slower access, capacity from 360KB to 2,8 MB
TRACKSTRACKS
SECTORSECTOR
EACH TRACK EACH TRACK HOLDS SAME HOLDS SAME AMOUNT OF AMOUNT OF DATADATA
L&L 4: Secondary Storage
M I S Dr. Ernst-Gerd vom Kolke 16
Optical storage CD-ROM
store up to 800 megabytes binary information data are read by a lower power laser (<=48x)
WORM(write once / read many),CD-R(CD-recordable),
CD-RW (CD-rewritable)
DVD (digital video disk, up to 10 GB)
L&L 4: Secondary Storage
M I S Dr. Ernst-Gerd vom Kolke 17
Magnetic tapes inexpensive storage media data stored/ accessable just sequentially used as backup media
L&L 4: Secondary Storage
M I S Dr. Ernst-Gerd vom Kolke 18
L&L 4: Overview: Data Storage in a Microcomputer
Speed CostRegisters
Cache
RAM
Hard Disk
Optical Disk
Floppy Disk
Magnetic Tape
Primary Storage
Secondary Storage
M I S Dr. Ernst-Gerd vom Kolke 19
L&L 4: Input and Output Devices
Input Devices Mouse (pointing device) Touch screens Source data automation
data are captured in computer-readable form examples:
magnetic ink character recognition (MICR) optical character recognition (OCR, barcode,scanner)
M I S Dr. Ernst-Gerd vom Kolke 20
L&L 4: Input and Output Devices Input Devices
Source data automation data are captured in computer-readable form examples:
pen-based input Digital scanners Voice input Sensors
M I S Dr. Ernst-Gerd vom Kolke 21
L&L 4: Processing Input Data
Batch processing accumulated transactions over a period of
time processed to update “master” files
On-line (real time) processing (immediately processing of transactions)
M I S Dr. Ernst-Gerd vom Kolke 22
L&L 4: Input and Output Devices Output Devices
Video display terminals (VDTs) cathode ray (CRT), flat panel (LCD) resolution -- pixels by pixels
Printers Impact (dot matrix) Nonimpact (laser, inkjet, thermal) Plotters
Other Output Devices voice output device (converts digital output into spoken
words)
M I S Dr. Ernst-Gerd vom Kolke 23
Interactive Multimedia Integration of two or more types of media
(text, graphics, sound, video, animation) multimedia: foundation of new consumer
products/ services (e-books,e-presentation technologies, e-learning, video-conferencing)
most promising for training and presentation (multimedia integration allows interaction and captures students imaginations)
most difficult element to integrate: full motion video (much data must be brought under digital control)
L&L 4: Input and Output Devices
M I S Dr. Ernst-Gerd vom Kolke 24
Interactive Multimedia web pages make video/ audio available by
streaming technology (data are processed as steady and continuous stream, e.g. Real player or Echo)
web allows for downloading digital products such as software or digitized music clips (MP3-format, e.g. Audiogalaxy)
L&L 4: Input and Output Devices
M I S Dr. Ernst-Gerd vom Kolke 25
L&L 4: Types of Computer Systems L&L 4: Types of Computer Systems
Mainframe Largest computer, used for commercial,
scientific, military applications Multi-User System
Minicomputer mid-range computer, used in academic
institutions and factories Multi-User System
M I S Dr. Ernst-Gerd vom Kolke 26
L&L 4: Types of Computer Systems
Workstations desktop computer, used for powerful
graphics processing (CAD) and complex simulations
single-user System Microcomputer (PC)
desktop or portable, used for different personal and business applications
single-user System