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Computing Fundamantals

With thanks to Laudon & Laudon

Session 2

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Objectives

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Computer Hardware and Information Technology InfrastructureHardware Components of a Computer

System

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Computer Hardware and Information Technology InfrastructureBits and Bytes

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Computer Hardware and Information Technology InfrastructureThe CPU and Primary Storage

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Categories of Computers and Computer SystemsClient/Server Computing

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Types of Software

• Software program: A series of statements or instructions to the computer

• Two major types of software: System software and application software

• System software: Generalized programs that manage the computer’s resources

• Application software: Programs written for or by users to perform a specific task

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Types of SoftwareThe Major Types of Software

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• Multiprogramming: Concurrent use of CPU by multiple programs

• Virtual storage: Breaks programs into smaller portions to read as needed

• Time-sharing: Allows many users to share CPU time

• Multi-processing: Links two or more CPUs to work in parallel in single computer system

Operating System Capabilities

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Types of Software

• Software written for one OS generally cannot run on another

• Graphical User Interface (GUI): Dominant model for user interface for operating systems and applications

PC Operating Systems

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• Windows XP

• Windows 2000

• Windows Server 2003

• Windows 98/ME

• Windows CE

• Unix

• Linux

• Mac OS

• DOS

Types of SoftwareLeading PC Operating Systems

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Types of Software

• Should a company select Linux as an operating system for its major business applications?

• What are the management benefits Linux provides?

• What are the business as well as the technology issues that should be addressed when making that decision?

The Case for Linux

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• Combine data and methods (procedures) into one object

• Objects are independent, reusable building blocks

• Based on concepts of class and inheritance

Types of SoftwareObject-Oriented Programming

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Types of SoftwareClass and Inheritance

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• Object-oriented

• Platform-independent

• Robust; handles data, graphics, video, sound

• Can create “applets”; often used on Web

• Java applications tend to run slower than “native” programs

Types of SoftwareJava

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• Presentation graphics: Create professional-quality graphics and multimedia presentations

• Integrated Software Packages and Suites: Combine two or more applications; easy data transfer

• E-mail software: Computer exchange of messages

• Web browsers: Access and display Web, Internet resources

• Groupware: Support activities of workgroups

Types of SoftwareApplication Software Packages and

Productivity Software

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Types of Software

• Enterprise software: Integrates multiple business processes

• Legacy system: System in place for long time

• Middleware: Software that connects two disparate systems

• Enterprise application integration (EAI) software: Middleware to create hub connecting applications and application clusters

Software for Enterprise Integration and E-Business

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Types of Software

• Web services: Universal standards using Internet technology for exchanging data between systems

• Web server: Manages requests for Web pages on computer where they are stored

• Application server: Middleware software handling application operations between user and back-end business systems

Software for Enterprise Integration and E-Business

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Types of SoftwareA multitiered architecture for e-

commerce and e-business

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• Capacity planning: Process of predicting when a computer hardware system becomes saturated

• Scalability: Ability of a computer, product, or system to expand to serve a larger number of users without breaking down

Managing Hardware and Software AssetsHardware Technology Requirements

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• Includes both direct and indirect costs• Hardware and software acquisitions account for

only 20% of TCO• TCO for a PC may run to three times original

purchase price• Hidden costs can make distributed architecture

more expensive than centralized mainframes

Managing Hardware and Software AssetsTotal Cost of Ownership (TCO) of Technology Assets

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• Hardware acquisition• Software acquisition• Installation• Training• Support• Maintenance• Infrastructure• Downtime• Space and energy

Managing Hardware and Software AssetsTotal Cost of Ownership (TCO) Cost Components