Computer Vreport!!!

8/2/2019 Computer Vreport!!!

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The Components of the System UnitThe system unitis the core of a computer system. Usually it's a rectangular

box placed on or underneath your desk. Inside this box are many electroniccomponents that process information. The most important of these

components is the central processing unit (CPU), or microprocessor, which

acts as the "brain" of your computer. Another component israndom access

memory (RAM), which temporarily stores information that the CPU uses

while the computer is on. The information stored in RAM is erased when the

computer is turned off.The CPU is the brains of the computer. Sometimes referred to simply asthe central processor, but more commonly calledprocessor,the CPU is

where most calculations take place. In terms of computing power, the CPU

is the most important element of a computer system.

On large machines, CPUs require one or more printed circuit boards.

Onpersonal computers and small workstations, the CPU is housed in a

singlechip called amicroprocessor. Since the 1970's the microprocessor class

of CPUs has almost completely overtaken all other CPU implementations.

The CPU itself is an internal component of the computer. Modern CPUs are

small and square and contain multiple metallic connectors or pins on the

underside. The CPU is inserted directly into a CPU socket, pin side down, on

the motherboard.Each motherboard will support only a specific type or range of CPU so you

must check the motherboard manufacturer's specifications befor\e

attempting to replace or upgrade a CPU. Modern CPUs also have an

attached heat sinkand small fan that go directly on top of the CPU to help

dissipate heat.

Two typical components of a CPU are the following:

Thearithmetic logic unit(ALU), which performs arithmetic and logicaloperations.

Thecontrol unit(CU), which extracts instructions from memory anddecodes and executesthem, calling on the ALU when necessary.
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What is the motherboard?

Main circuit board in system unit Contains chips, integrated circuits, and transistors Also called system boardCentral Processing UnitWhat is the central processing unit (CPU) ?

Interprets and carries out basic instructions that operate a computer Also called the processorWhat are the components of the CPU?

Control Unit

Arithmetic/Logic Unit (ALU)What is the control unit?

Directs and coordinates operations in computer Control unit repeats four basic operations:

Fetch - obtain program instruction or data item from memory Decode - translate instruction into commands

Execute - carry out command Store - write result to memory

An example of a machine cycle

Student enters math problem (100 x 52) into computers memory Result in memory displays on monitors screenHow is the CPUs speed measured?

According to how many millions of instructions per second (MIPS) it canprocess

What is the arithmetic/logic unit (ALU) ?

CPU component that performs execution part of the machine cycleo Arithmetic (addition, subtraction, multiplication, and division)o Comparison (greater than, equal to, or less than)o Logical (AND, OR, NOT)


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What is a register?

Temporary storage area that holds data and instructionso Stores location from where instruction was fetchedo Stores instruction while it is being decodedo Stores data while ALU processes ito Stores results of calculation

What is the system clock?

Synchronizes all computer operations Each tick is clock cycle MHz megahertz (millions) GHz gigahertz (billions)What is a microprocessor?

Single processor chip found in personal computersWhat is a coprocessor?

Chip that assists processor in performing specific tasks One type is a floating-point coprocessor, also known as a math or numeric

coprocessor

What is parallel processing?

Using multiple processors simultaneously to execute program faster Requires special software to divide problem and bring results togetherData RepresentationHow do computers represent data?

Most computers are digital Recognize only two discrete states: on or off

What is the binary system?

Number system with two unique digits: 0 and 1MemoryWhat is memory?

Temporary storage area for operating system, application programs, and data Consists of one or more chips on motherboard


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Each byte stored in unique addressHow is memory measured?

By number of bytes availableo KBo MBo GBo TB

What are two types of system unit memory?

volatile memoryo Loses its contents when computer's power

is turned off

nonvolatile memoryo Does NOT lose its contents when computers power is turned off

What is random access memory (RAM)?

Memory chips that can be read from and written to by processor Most RAM is volatile The more RAM a computer has, the faster it operatesWhat are two basic types of RAM chips?

Dynamic RAM (DRAM)o Most common typeo Also called main memory

Static RAM (SRAM)o Used for special applications such as cacheo Faster and more reliable than DRAM chips

How much RAM is needed?

Software package usually indicates RAM requirementsHow much RAM is needed?

Depends on type of applications you intend to run on your computerTypes of ROM

Firmware


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ROM chips manufactured with permanently written data, instructions, orinformation

PROM (programmable read-only memory)o Blank ROM on which you can place items permanently

EEPROM (electrically erasable programmable read-only memory)o Type of PROM containing microcode programmer can erase

PortsWhat is a port?

Connects external devices to system unito keyboard porto USB porto serial porto monitor porto game port

o network porto mouse porto parallel porto speaker porto microphone port

What is a serial port?

Transmits one bit of data at a time Used to connect slow-speed devices,

such as mouse, keyboard, mode

BusesWhat is a bus?

Channel that allows devices insidecomputer to communicate with

each other

On the motherboard System bus connects processor and

RAM

Bus width determines number ofbits transmitted at one time

What is a bay?

Open area inside system unit usedto install additional equipment

What is a power supply?

Converts alternating current (AC)to direct current (DC)

Some peripheral devices have ACadapter

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