Computer Skills CIS-100

CH 1

General Information

Course Website :

www.just.edu.jo/~eyad Textbook

Computer Skills - 2013 Textbook Cover

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Chapter 1: Introduction To ComputerEyad Alshareef

Chapter 1: Introduction To Computer

Definition of Computers. Benefits (functions) of Computers. Computer hardware. Operating systems (their definition and

functions). Classification of computers Computer Problems and Viruses Definition of data, information and

knowledge.

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What is Computer

A computer is a programmable machine. general purpose device that can

be programmed to carry out a finite set of arithmetic or logical operations.

The first electronic digital computers were developed between 1940 and 1945 in the United Kingdom and United States.

See Page # 3

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A Computer System (Contd.) In general, a computer is a machine which

accepts data, processes it and returns new information as output.

Data Information

Processing

Computer Components

Hardware Software

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Hardware

Tangible objects The actual machinery, wires, transistors,

and circuits.

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9 Devices that comprise a computer system

Printer (output)

Monitor (output)

Speaker (output)

Scanner (input)

Mouse (input)

Keyboard (input)

System unit(processor, memory…)

Storage devices

(CD-RW, Floppy, Hard disk, zip,…)

Software

Computer Programs instructions and data 

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Computer Units

1.Input Unit

2.Output Unit

3.Central processing Unit

4.Memory Unit

5.Mass storage Unit

See Page # 4

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Computer UnitsEyad Alshareef

Computer HardwareEyad Alshareef

Input Unit

used to provide data and control signals to a Computer.

Provide data in a form understandable by computer (Computer Language)

Main examples Keyboard and mouse

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Input Unit

1.Keyboard has characters printed on the keys and each press Different buttons with different types and functions To know Keyboard buttons types see page 8

figure 4.

2.Mouse is a pointing device that functions by detecting two-

dimensional  motion

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Input UnitEyad Alshareef

Input Unit

Sample Questions What is the main purpose of input Unit. List 3 examples of Input Devices The main examples of Input devices are One of the following is an example of Input

devices

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Output Unit

used to communicate the results of data processing carried out by the processing unit.

converts the electronically generated information into human-readable form.

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Output devices Examples

1. A monitor 

What CRT and LCD stands for?

Which type is more familiar these days ?

See Page # 9

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Output devices Examples

2. Printer

transfers data from a computer onto paper Compare between the two main types of printers?

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Central Processing Unit

CPU known as microprocessor or processor It is responsible for all functions and processes

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CPU Components

The CPU is comprised of three main parts

1. ALU (Arithmetic Logic Unit)

2. Control Unit (CU)

3. Registers: Stores the data that is to be executed next.

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ALU

which executes all arithmetic and logical operations.

Arithmetic calculations like as addition, subtraction, multiplication and division

Logical operation like compare numbers, letters, or special characters

What is the different between Arithmetic and logical operations?

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Control Unit (CU)

controls and co-ordinates computer components.

1. Read the code for the next instruction to be executed.

2. Increment the program counter so it points to the next instruction.

3. Read whatever data the instruction requires from cells in memory.

4. Provide the necessary data to an ALU or register.

5. If the instruction requires an ALU or specialized hardware to complete, instruct the hardware to perform the requested operation.

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Registers

Registers are temporary storage areas which are responsible for holding the data that is to be processed.

Are very fast storage area

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Memory Unit

Computer Memory is divided into two main types

1. Main Memory (Primary)

2. Secondary Memory

See figure 8 Page 13

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Primary Memory

Main Examples of the primary memory are

1.RAM2.ROM

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RAM

Stand for Random Access Memory responsible for storing data on a

temporary basis. It is volatile memory

What volatile means ? Why the RAM is considered As “Random Access”?

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ROM

Stand for Read Only Memory is a permanent form of storage Programmed at manufacturing time

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Secondary Memory

Stores data and programs permanently its retained after the power is turned off Main Examples

1. Hard Disk

2. Optical Disk

3. Flash memory

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Hard Disk

Called Disk drive or HDD stores and provides relatively quick

access to large amounts of data. Stores data on an electromagnetically

charged surface or set of surfaces.

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Optical Disk & Flash

an optical disc drive (ODD) is a disk drive that uses laser light to store data.

There are three main types of optical media: CD, DVD, and Blu-ray disc

What is CD, DVD, Blu-ray stand for?

What is the average capacity for each type?

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RAM V.s Hard Disk

What are the differences between RAM as a main memory and HDD as a Secondary Memory.

See Table 2 Page 15

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Software

organized collections of computer data and instructions

two major categories: 1. system software

2. application software

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System software

Known as Operating System is responsible for controlling, integrating,

and managing the individual hardware components of a computer system

Windows is an example of OS.

List 3 other example of System Software?

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Application Software

is used to accomplish specific tasks other than just running the computer system.

Two types1.software package: single program

2.software suite: multiple program

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System Software V.s Application Software

Compare between System Software and application one based on these factors

1.Definition

2.Examples

3.User Interaction

4.Dependency

See Table 3 Page 17 to checkup your answer

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Computer Languages languages that is used to communicate with

computers. Two main Types

1.Machine language Machine language is referred as the binary language machine dependent

2.High level language Easy to write and understand (unlike machine) It was in 1957 that a high level language called

FORTRAN was developed by IBM List some examples of High level language?

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Unit of Measurements - Storage

Storage Units

Bit BIT 0 or 1

Byte B 8 bits

Kilobyte KB 1024 bytes

Megabyte MB 1024 kilobytes

Gigabyte GB 1024 megabytes

Terabyte TB 1024 gigabytes

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Unit of Measurements - Storage

Sample Question

3MB equivalent to ___________ Byte A file with size 3GB required __________ CDs to

store it Each symbol in a keyboard like ‘A’ required

____________ to store it?

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Unit of Measurement -Speed

The speed of CPU measured by unit called Hertz (Hz)

1 Hz represent 1 cycle per second. The speed of CPU is known as Computer

Speed.

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Computer Classification

Computers can be classified by size and power to:1. Personal computer (PCs)2. Workstation:3. Minicomputer4. Mainframe:5. SuperComputer

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Computer Classification

Compare between the previous type of computers based on Price Processing Speed Storage Capacity Powerful Single-user or Multi-user Computer Size Companies size

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Laptop computer

is a portable computer. personal computer that can be easily

carried and used in a variety of locations. run the same software and applications in PCs

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Laptop computer

How is a Laptop Different from a Desktop? Touchpad Battery AC Adapter Ports

See page 22 for more details

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Netbook Computer

A netbook is a type of laptop that is designed to be even more portable.

Cheaper and less powerful  than laptops or desktops.

Why its called as Netbook? Compare between laptop size and Netbook size?

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Mobile Devices

A mobile device is basically any handheld computer.

It is designed to be extremely portable. Some mobile devices are more powerful Types:

1.Tablet Computers

2.E-Book Readers

3.Smartphones

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Tablet Computers

designed to be portable. The most obvious difference is that

tablet computers don't have keyboards or touchpads.

Best used for tasks like web browsing, watching videos, reading e-books, and playing games.

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Tablet Computers

some of the main features that you can expect with a tablet computer

1. Mobile OS

2. Solid-State Drives

3. Wi-Fi and 3G/4G

4. Bluetooth

Give an example of a tablet Computer?

Give an example of Tablet OS?

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E-Book Readers

called e-readers similar to tablet computers, except they are mainly

designed for reading e-books (digital, downloadable books)

Two Types

1.E-Paper display

2.LCD display

What is the main difference between these types? Give an example of E-book reader?

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Smartphones

a powerful mobile phone designed to run a variety of applications

in addition to phone service. Compare it with the tablet?

Internet access is an important feature of smartphones. (3G or 4G)(Wi-Fi Service)

What a bout PDA?

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Data, Information and Knowledge

Data: Facts and figures which relay something

specific but which are not organized in any way

and which provide no further information regarding patterns

unstructured facts and figures

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Data, Information and Knowledge

Information: For data to become information, it must

be contextualized, categorized, calculated and condensed. (Processing)

it is data with relevance and purpose.

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Data, Information and Knowledge

Knowledge: Knowledge is closely linked to doing and

implies know-how and understanding. Processing Information

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Data, Information and Knowledge

Data: symbols Information: data that are processed to

be useful; provides answers to "who", "what", "where", and "when" questions

Knowledge: application of data and information; answers "how" questions

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Data, Information and KnowledgeEyad Alshareef

Data, Information and Knowledge

Processing data produces information, and processing information produces knowledge.

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Characteristics of Computer

1.Speed 

2.Accuracy 

3.Diligence 

4.Storage Capability 

5.Versatility List some of computer Limitations?

See page # 29

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Computer Problems

1. The Computer Won’t Start

2. The Screen is Blank

3. Abnormally Functioning Operating System or Software

4. Windows Won’t Boot

5. The Screen is frozen

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Computer Problems

6. Computer is Slow

7. Strange Noises

8. Slow Internet

9. Overheating

10.Dropped Internet Connections

List one action to solve each of the above problem?

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Malicious Software

Viruses: E-mail viruses: Trojan horses: Worms:

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Viruses

A computer virus is an application program designed and written to destroy other programs.

A virus is a small piece of software that piggybacks on real programs

virus might attach itself to a program such as a spreadsheet program

and it has the chance to reproduce (by attaching to other programs)

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E-mail viruses:

e-mail virus travels as an attachment to e-mail messages

Replicates itself by automatically mailing itself to dozens of people in the victim's e-mail address book.

How to a void this type of virus?

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Trojan horses

simply a computer program The program claims to do one thing (it

may claim to be a game) but instead does damage when you run it

How this type is different from Viruses?

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Worms

A worm is a small piece of software that uses computer networks and security holes to replicate itself.

worm scans the network for another machine that has a specific security hole.

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Malicious Software

How do you know if you have a virus? Lack of storage capability Decrease in the speed of executing

programs Unexpected error messages Halting the system

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Tips to avoid viruses and lessen their impact?

1. Delete e-mails from unknown or suspicious, untrustworthy (unreliable) sources, especially those with files attached to an e-mail.

2. Never open a file attached to an e-mail unless you know what it is, even if it appears to come from a friend.

3. Download files from the Internet only from legitimate and reputable sources.

4. Update your antivirus software at least every two weeks as over 200 viruses are discovered each month.

5. Backup your files periodically

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The End

Look at chapter Questions Page 34 & 35

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