Computer Organization and Architecture by william stalling

7/24/2019 Computer Organization and Architecture by william stalling

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Computer Architecture

Lecture 1

14thSept 2015 (SE)

15thSept 2015 (CS)

Lecturer: Hina Shafque


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Text Book

Computer Organiation an!Architecture

"# $i%%iam Sta%%ing&' thE!ition


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Grading Criteria

A&&ignment&

uie&

*re&entation& +e&earch *aper

Seme&ter *ro,ect

-i! .erm /ina% .erm


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Assignments Delivery

Email to me hinafjwu0!gmail"#om

Email su$je#t% Com&'Ar#hite#tureAssignment ( )('* +,+-.

/aming of atta#hments )i&them.

1irst2ast/ame3 Assignment ("i&


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4ntrodu#tion to Com&uter 5ystem

6e&resentation of Basi# 4nformation

.he a&ic unctiona% unit& o computer arema!e o e%ectronic circuit& an! it or3&ith e%ectrica% &igna%

$e proi!e input to the computer in ormo e%ectrica% &igna% an! get the output inorm o e%ectrica% &igna%

.here are to a&ic t#pe& o e%ectrica%&igna%&' name%#' analogan! digital

.he ana%og &igna%& are continuou& in

nature an! !igita% &igna%& are !i&crete in


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.he e%ectronic !eice that or3& ithcontinuou& &igna%& i& 3non a& ana%og !eicean! the e%ectronic !eice that or3& ith

!i&crete &igna%& i& 3non a& !igita% !eice 6n pre&ent !a#& mo&t o the computer& are

!igita% in nature

Computer i& a !igita% !eice' hich or3& onto %ee%& o &igna% $e &a# the&e to %ee%& o&igna% a& High an! Lo

.he High7%ee% &igna% a&ica%%# corre&pon!& to

&ome high7%ee% &igna% (&a# 5 8o%t or 12 8o%t)an! Lo7%ee% &igna% a&ica%%# corre&pon!& toLo7%ee% &igna% (&a# 0 8o%t)

Since Computer i& a !igita% e%ectronic !eice' e

hae to !ea% ith to 3in!& o e%ectrica% &igna%&


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Computer i& u&e! to &o%e main%# numerica%pro%em&

it i& not conenient to or3 ith mo%ic

repre&entation So' e u&e 0 to repre&ent LO$ an! 1 to repre&ent

H69H

0 mean& LO$

1 mean& H69H $ith the mo% 0 an! 1' e hae a mathematica%

&tem' hich i& 3non a& inar# numer &tem

.he &ma%%e&t unit o inormation that i& repre&ente!

in computer i& 3non a& "it ( "inar# ;igit )' hichi& either 0 or 1

/our it& together i& 3non a&


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Computer techno%og# ha& ma!eincre!i%e improement in the pa&t ha%centur# 6n the ear%# part o computer

eo%ution' there ere no &tore!7programcomputer' the computationa% poer a&%e&& an! on the top o it the &ie o the

computer a& a er# huge one .o!a#' a per&ona% computer ha& more

computationa% poer' more main

memor#' more !i&3 &torage' &ma%%er in


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Ho Computer Operate&>

A computer operate& un!er thecontro% o in&truction& &tore! in it&on memor# unit' that can accept

!ata (input)' proce&& !ataarithmetica%%# an! %ogica%%#' pro!uceoutput rom the proce&&ing an! &tore

the re&u%t& or uture u&e


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Blo#k Diagram ofCom&uter


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Ar#hite#ture vs7rganiation

Architecture i& tho&e attriute& i&i%e to theprogrammer 6n&truction &et' numer o it& u&e! or !ata

repre&entation' 6?O mechani&m&' a!!re&&ing technique&

$hat in&truction& &hou%! e there eg 6& there a mu%tip%# in&truction>

Organiation i& ho eature& are imp%emente!

Contro% &igna%&' interace&' memor# techno%og# Ho in&truction i& e@ecute!

eg 6& there a har!are mu%tip%# unit or i& it !one #repeate! a!!ition>


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Ar#hite#ture

.he art or &cience o ui%!ing

A &t#%e an! metho! o !e&ign an!con&truction


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Ar#hite#ture

.he term Computer Architecture a&coine! at 6"- in 10&

6t a& u&e! to reer to theprogrammer i&i%e portion o thein&truction &et o the 6"- B0 ami%#o computer&

.he &tructure o a computer that amachine %anguage programmer mu&tun!er&tan! to rite correct program&

or the machine


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$ho i& Computer Architect>

A per&on ho !e&ign& computer&


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$hat !o e mean #!eignD>

;e&ign i& the proce&& o !ei&ing a&tem' component' or proce&& tomeet !e&ire! nee!&

6t i& a !eci&ion7ma3ing proce&&(u&ua%%# iteratie)' in hich the a&ic&cience&' an! math an! engineering

&cience& are app%ie! to conertre&ource& optima%%# to meet a &tate!o,ectie


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"a&ic Computer -o!e% an! !i=erent

unit& o Computer

.he mo!e% o a computer can e !e&crie! #our a&ic unit& in high %ee% a&traction

.he&e a&ic unit& are:

Centra% *roce&&or nit

6nput nit

Output nit

-emor# nit


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Central 8ro#essor 9nit )C89. %

Centra% proce&&or unit con&i&t& o to

a&ic %oc3& :.he program contro% unit ha& a &et o

regi&ter& an! contro% circuit to generatecontro% &igna%&

.he e@ecution unit or !ata proce&&ing unitcontain& a &et o regi&ter& or &toring !ataan! an Arithmatic an! Logic nit (AL) or

e@ecution o arithmatic an! %ogica%operation&

6n a!!ition' C* ma# hae &omea!!itiona% regi&ter& or temporar#

&torage o !ata


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4n&ut 9nit %

$ith the he%p o input unit !ata rom

out&i!e can e &upp%ie! to the computer *rogram or !ata i& rea! into main

&torage rom input !eice or &econ!ar#

&torage un!er the contro% o C* inputin&truction

E@amp%e o input !eice&: Fe#oar!'-ou&e' Har! !i&3' /%opp# !i&3' C;7+O-!rie etc


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7ut&ut 9nit %

$ith the he%p o output unit computer

re&u%t& can e proi!e! to the u&er or itcan e &tore! in &torage !eicepermanent%# or uture u&e

Output !ata rom main &torage go tooutput !eice un!er the contro% o C*output in&truction&

E@amp%e o output !eice&: *rinter'-onitor' *%otter' Har! ;i&3' /%opp# ;i&3etc


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;emory 9nit %

-emor# unit i& u&e! to &tore the !ata an!program C* can or3 ith the inormation

&tore! in memor# unit .hi& memor# unit i& terme!a& primar# memor# or main memor# mo!u%e.he&e are a&ica%%# &emi con!uctor memorie&

.here ate to t#pe& o &emicon!uctor memorie& 7

8o%ati%e -emor# : +A- (+an!om Acce&&-emor#)


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Secon!ar# Storage:


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Structure G /unction

Structure i& the a# in hich thecomponent& are interre%ate!

/unction i& the operation o in!ii!ua%component& a& part o the &tructure


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/unction

A%% computer unction& are: ;ata proce&&ing

;ata &torage

;ata moement

Contro%

1un#tional view of the#om&uter '*


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Operation& (1) ;atamoement


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Operation& (2) Storage


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Operation (B) *roce&&ing rom?to &torage


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Operation (4)*roce&&ing rom &torage to 6?O


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Structure

.he Computer C* Contro%& the operation o the

computer an! perorm& it&!ata proce&&ing unction&

-ain memor# Store& !ata

6?O -oe& !ata eteen the

computer an! it& e@terna%enironment

S#&tem interconnection *roi!e& or communication

among C*' main memor#'an! 6?O


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Structure 7 .op Lee%

Computer

MainMemory

Input

Output

Systems

Interconnection

Peripherals

Communication

lines

Central

Processing

Unit

Computer


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Structure 7 .he C*

Computer Arithmetic

and

LogicUnit

Control

Unit

Internal CPU

Interconnection

Registers

CPU

I/O

Memory

System

us

CPU


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Structure 7 .he Contro% nit

CPU

Control

Memory

Control Unit

Registers and

!ecoders

Se"uencingLogic

Control

Unit

ALU

Registers

Internal

us

Control Unit


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Control 9nit% Contro%& the operationo the C* an! hence the computer

Arithmeti# and logi# unit )A29.%*erorm& the computer& !ataproce&&ing unction

6egisters%*roi!e& &torage interna%to C*

C89 inter#onne#tion% &ome

mechani&m that proi!e& orcommunication among the contro%unit' AL an! regi&ter&

Computer Organization and Architecture by william stalling

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