Computer networks7
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Networking Basics U O G L a h o r e C a m p u s : I n t r o d u c t i o n T o C o m m u n i c a t i o n & T e c h n o l o g y
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Transcript of Computer networks7
Networking Basics
Need of Computer Network Simultaneous Access of Peripheral Devices
Remote File sharing
Resource and Data sharing
Communication and collaboration
Remote access
Data protection
Personal Communication
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Importance of Networks Without networking complete setup can be
costly: Purchasing dozen and hundreds copies of
software can be expensive Multiple Peripherals can be vey expensive. Installation and Configuration a program
multiple times Computer can take a lot of time and labor ,
maintaining many separate installation of a program is an expense.
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Solution
Site licenses
Purchase a site licenses for an application Buy single copy of an application Pays the developer for a license to copy
the application onto a specific number of computers
Each user has complete , individual copy on her/his computer
But pay less money than purchasing a complete copy of the software for each user
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Solution
Network Version Connect user’s computer to a central
network server Only one copy is installed on server Client can access it Simply load it from server into RAM
of their own desktop computers.
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Solution
Network Version
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Shared Peripheral Devices
peripheral devices, which can cost thousand of dollars
High laser printer Expensive to provide every worker with
a personal printer.
Shared printer would cost effective Multiple users can use single printer Easy to manage
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Shared Peripheral Devices
• Devices can be connected directly to a network
• It may connected to a printer server. Which is a computer that manages one and more printers
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Personal Communication
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Personal Communication
Companies connect their private networks to the internet.
so worker can send/receive messages across internet from people outside the company’s network.
For Example:
UOG Email Sever
Every Faculty member is given an email ID:
For example: [email protected]
(Send your Assignments on this ID for plagiarism check!!!)
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Personal Communication
Video-conferencing Is a multi-way communication in real
time through network CODEC(compressor/de compressor)
Which processes the audio and video
A codec is a device or computer program capable of encoding or decoding a digital data stream or signal.
Virtual Presence
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Personal Communication
Video-conferencing
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Personal Communication
Audio-Conferencing Provides audio link similar to conventional telephones
But offers high quality audio
Communication between group of participants can also be enable.
Data-Conferencing Refers to a communication session among two or more
participants sharing computer data/ application in real time.
Software can be run/ controlled by both users.
Remote Desktop Sharing
Conjunction of audio and video
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Data Conferencing Tools
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VOIP Voice over internet protocols
Technology that enables network managers to route phone calls and fax transmissions over the same network they use for data.
Transmit s the sound of your voice over computer network to using internet protocol(IP).
How VoIP Works: With VoIP, analog voice calls are converted into packets of data. The packets travel like any other type of data, such as e-mail, over the public Internet and/or any private Internet Protocol (IP) network. Using a VoIP service, you can call landline or cell phones.
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VOIP
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The Other Uses of a Network
Easier data backup Backup copies data
Server data backed up in one step
Types of Network
CATEGORIES OF
NETWORKS
WANLAN
Hybrid
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Types of Networks
Local Area Network(LAN)
Wide Area Network(WAN)
Hybrid Networks Campus Area Networks(CANs)
Metropolitan Area Network(MANs)
Home Area Networks(HANs)
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LAN Connect using cable
Hundreds computers
• Systems are close to each other
• Contained in one office or building
Twisted pair cable or Co-axial cable connects the plug in cards to form a network.
Example In large company two departments located on same floor of
a building may have their own LAN network.
But communicate between two LANs to share the data.
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Local Area Network
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WAN Wide Area network Connect systems across
wide geographical area Connect through internet
or telecommunication network(company phone)
• Links computer systems a few miles or thousands of miles
Example: Company headquarters in one
country and marketing office is in another country.
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CAN Several LANs located
in various locations on a college or business campus
Smaller than a WAN Use devices such as
switches, hubs, and routers
1 – 5 km range. Within the city
Campus Area Network
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MAN Metropolitan Area Network
Large network that connects different organizations
Not owned by single organization Maintain by group or single network
provider that’s sells its networking service to corporate customers
Provide shared connection to other networks.
Large range
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MAN
If the campuses of an organization are in different cities:
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HAN
Home Area Network Small scale network
Connects computers and entertainment appliances
Found mainly in the home
Usually within a range of 32 feet Usually use wireless technology
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DIFFERENCE BETWEEN LAN, WAN AND MAN
BASIS LAN MAN WANFull Form Local Area Network Metropolitan Area
NetworkWide Area Network
Range A communication network linking a number of stations in same local area. Range is 1 to 10 km
This network shares the characteristics of packet broadcasting networks. Range is100 km
A communication network distinguished from a Local Area Network. Range is Beyond 100 km
Media Used
Uses guided media(copper twisted pair, copper coaxial cable, optical fiber)
Uses guided as well as unguided media
Uses unguided media(wireless)
Speed A high speed i.e. 100kbps to 100mbps
Optimized for a large geographical area than LAN.
Long distance communications, which may or may not be provided by public packet network.
Cost cheaper costly expensiveEquipment needed
NIC, switch and hub Modem and router Microwave, radio, transmitters and receivers
protocols Attached Resource computer network (ARCNET), Token ring
Frame relay and asynchronous transfer mode(ATM)
ATM, FDDI, SMDS
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Internet
A worldwide interconnection of computers and networks that use the Internet Protocol IP.
It allows for WWW, FTP, VoIP, Gaming, File sharing, video, email.
There are millions of networks all over the world and combination/network of these millions of networks is called internet.
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Q: What is IP?????????
The Internet Protocol (IP) is the method or protocol by which data is sent from one computer to another on the Internet. Each computer (known as a host) on the Internet has at least one IP address that uniquely identifies it from all other computers on the Internet.
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Intranet & Extranet
An intranet is a private network, operated by a large company or any other organization, which uses internet technologies, but is insulated from the global internet.
An extranet is an intranet that is accessible to some people from outside the company, or possibly shared by more than one organization.
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Intranet & Extranet
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How Networks Are Structured
Client/Server network Nodes and servers share data Nodes are called clients Servers are used to control access It may be LAN and WAN Database software
Access to data controlled by server
Send query to the server ,which searches the database and return information to the user’s PC
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How Networks Are Structured
Peer to peer networks (P2PN) All nodes are equal
Similar type of software that supports the sharing of resources.
Each node controls its own resources
Windows 2000, Me, XP, Macintosh, windows 9x and modern OS provides P2PN.
No other software required
User setting password on shared folder
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How Networks Are Structured
Client-Sever & Peer to Peer Network
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Q: What’s the difference between Client Sever and Peer 2 Peer Networks?
There’s a huge difference between client/server and peer-to-peer networks. For instance, a peer-to-peer network has no central server. Each workstation on the network shares its files equally with the others. There’s no central storage or authentication of users. Conversely, there are separate dedicated servers and clients in a client/server network. Through client workstations, users can access most files, which are generally stored on the server. The server will determine which users can access the files on the network.
Network topologies
Topology
Topology refers to the layout of connected devices on a network.
Or How the network devices can be arranged in a network.
Factors need to be considered to select topology Distance between network devices
The speed at which data travels around the network
Cost of setting up the network
And User’ s Requirements
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Topology
Packets/datagram Pieces of data transmitted over a
network Packets are created by sending node
Data is reassembled by receiving node
Packet header Sending and receiving address
Control data that helps the receiving node reassemble in right order
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Importance of topology
Appropriate topology for organization’s need will move data packets as efficiently as possible
Preventing collision Multiple nodes try to transmit data at same time
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Topology Some logical topologies of networking
Star
Bus
Ring
Mesh
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Bus Topology
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Bus Topology
Here one long cable act as a backbone to link all the devices are connected.
This allows only one device to transmit at a time.
A device want to communicate with other device on the n/ws sends a broadcast message onto the wire all other devices see.
But only the intended devices accepts and process the message.
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Bus Topology
Advantages:
1. Ease of installation
2. Less cabling
Disadvantages:
3. Difficult reconfiguration and fault isolation.
4. Difficult to add new devices.
5. If any fault in backbone can stops all transmission.
Star Topology
Here each device has a dedicated point-to-point link to the central controller called “Hub”(Act as a Exchange).
There is no direct traffic between devices. The transmission are occurred only through
the central “hub”. When device 1 wants to send data to device
2; First sends the data to hub. Which then relays the data to the other connected device.
Star Topology
Star Topology
Advantages:
1. Less expensive then mesh since each device is connected only to the hub.
2. Installation and configuration are easy.
3. Less cabling is need then mesh.
4. Robustness.(if one link fails, only that links is affected. All other links remain active)
5. Easy to fault identification & to remove parts.
Star Topology
Disadvantages:
1. Even it requires less cabling then mesh when compared with other topologies it still large.(Ring or bus).
2. Dependency(whole n/w dependent on one single point(hub). When it goes down. The whole system is dead.
3. Hub device can be expensive
Applications
Star topology used in Local Area Networks(LANs).
High speed LAN often used star
Ring Topology
Ring Topology
Here each device has a dedicated connection with two devices on either side.
The signal is passed in one direction from device to device until it reaches the destination and each device have repeater.
When one device received signals instead of intended another device, its repeater then regenerates the data and passes them along.
To add or delete a device requires changing only two connections.
Ring Topology
Ring Topology
Advantages:
1. Easy to install.
2. Easy to reconfigure.
3. Fault identification is easy.
4. No danger of collisions because only one packets travels at a time
Disadvantages:
5. Unidirectional traffic.
6. Break in a single ring can break entire network.
Ring Topology
Applications:
Ring topologies are found in some office buildings or school campuses.
Today high speed LANs made this topology less popular.
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Mesh Topology
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Mesh Topology
Here every device has a point to point link to every other device.
1 node must be connected with n-1 nodes.
A fully connected mesh can have n(n-1)/2 physical channels to link n devices.
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Mesh Topology
Advantages:1. They use dedicated links so each link can only
carry its own data load. So traffic problem can be avoided.
2. It is robust. If any one link get damaged it cannot affect others.
3. It gives privacy and security.(Message travels along a dedicated link)
4. Fault identification and fault isolation are easy.
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Mesh Topology
Disadvantages:
1. The amount of cabling and the number of I/O ports required are very large. Since every device is connected to each devices through dedicated links.
2. The sheer bulk of wiring is larger then the available space.
3. Hardware required to connected each device is highly expensive.
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Mesh Topology
Applications:1. Telephone Regional office.
2. WAN.(Wide Area Network).
3. P2P Networks
Considerations for choosing topology
Money-Bus n/w may be the least expensive way to
install a n/w. Length-of cable needed- the linear bus n/w uses
shorter lengths of cable. Future growth-with star topology, expending a n/w is
easily done by adding another devices. Cable type-most common used cable in commercial
organization is twisted pair. Which often
used with star topologies.
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SUMMARY
RING TOPOLOGY
DEFINITION•Cable forms closed ring or loop, with all computers and devices arranged along ring.
DEFINITION•Cable forms closed ring or loop, with all computers and devices arranged along ring.
ADVANTAGE•Data is quickly transferred without a ‘bottle neck’.
ADVANTAGE•Data is quickly transferred without a ‘bottle neck’. •The transmission of data is relatively simple as packets travel in one direction only.
•The transmission of data is relatively simple as packets travel in one direction only.
DISADVANTAGE
•Data packets must pass through every computer between the sender and recipient therefore, this makes it slower.
DISADVANTAGE
•Data packets must pass through every computer between the sender and recipient therefore, this makes it slower. •If any of the nodes fail then the ring is broken and data cannot be transmitted successfully.
•If any of the nodes fail then the ring is broken and data cannot be transmitted successfully. •It is difficult to troubleshoot the ring.
•It is difficult to troubleshoot the ring.
SUMMARY
DEFINITION•All devices connect to a central device, called hub.
DEFINITION•All devices connect to a central device, called hub.
ADVANTAGE•Easy to install and wire.
ADVANTAGE•Easy to install and wire.
•Security can be implemented in the hub/switch.
•Security can be implemented in the hub/switch.
DISADVANTAGE•Requires more cable length than a linear topology.
DISADVANTAGE•Requires more cable length than a linear topology. If the hub or concentrator fails, nodes attached are disabled.
If the hub or concentrator fails, nodes attached are disabled. More expensive than linear bus topologies because of the cost of the concentrators.
More expensive than linear bus topologies because of the cost of the concentrators.
STAR TOPOLOGY
•Easy to detect faults and to remove parts
•Easy to detect faults and to remove parts
1.Provide redundant
SUMMARY
DEFINITION•In the mesh topology each computer are connected with each other by separate cable..
DEFINITION•In the mesh topology each computer are connected with each other by separate cable..
ADVANTAGE•1.Provide redundant path between device..
ADVANTAGE•1.Provide redundant path between device..
The network can be expanded without disruption to current user..
The network can be expanded without disruption to current user..
DISADVANTAGERequire more cable then other topology .
DISADVANTAGERequire more cable then other topology .
Complicated implementations.
Complicated implementations.
MESH TOPOLOGY
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Network Protocols
Language of the network Rules of communication Error resolution Defines collision and collision
recovery Size of packet Packet Transmission
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Transmission modes Q Explain the two types of data
transmission modes?
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Network Protocols
TCP/IP Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol
Most popular protocol
Machines assigned a name of 4 numbers
IP address
209.8.166.179 is the White House’s web site
DHCP (Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol)
Simplifies assignment of IP addresses
Required for Internet access
Unix
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TCP/IP
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Network Protocols
IPX/SPX Internet Packet Exchange/Sequenced Packet
Exchange
Older protocol
Associated with Novell Netware
Replaced by TCP/IP
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Network Protocols
NetBEUI Network BIOS Extended User Interface
Used by Windows to name computers
For small offices or home
Doesn't expand well into larger environment
This protocol provides the user interface. And Manages LAN.
It also allow the computers to communicate within a local area network.
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Data Communication with standard Telephone Lines and Modem
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introduction
Telephone Two way transmission of electronic information
Carry voice message in the form of analogue signal
But difficult for a typical computer
Computer and telephone lines use to connect with internet.
Need hardware for this purpose
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MODEM
Modulator-demodulator Computer communicates in
digital/binary Consists of on/off pulse representing 1s
and 0s As on our ptcl phone line data
communication is analog So Modem convert digital signals to
analogue signal that can travel over standard telephone lines.
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MODEM
Modulator The modem turn the computer ‘s digital signals
into analog signal. Then transmit across phone lines.
Digital to analogue
Demodulator Receives analogue signals form the phone lines
and convert it into digital signals for the computer.
Analogue to Digital
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Modulator-demodulator
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Modem
Modem’s transmission speed: The rate at which it can send data is measured in
bits per seconds(bps)
Maximum transmission speed is 56000 bits per seconds or 56 kilobits per seconds, is called 56 K modem
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MODEM
External Internal
• Is a circuit board that plugs into one of the computer’s expansion slot
• Also available in the form of PC card in laptop
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Uses for a Modem
Uploading
Downloading
Transfer protocols for modems: Xmodem
Ymodem
Zmodem
MNP(Microcom Networking Protocol)
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Using Digital connection
Different phone will be needed. A digital phone that translates voice into bits
rather than an analog signal is needed.
No need of modem. An adapter that reformats the data so that it can travel through the telephone lines is needed.
Data can be sent very quickly
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Using Digital connection
Local telephone companies are upgrading
Service will faster and more reliable
New phones will be needed
Modems will need to be upgraded
Data are transmitted in encrypted form
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Broadband connection
Broadband: Term is used to describe any data connection that
can transmit data faster than is possible through dial up connection using modem.
Broadband connections called integrated services digital network(ISDN).
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Broadband connection
ISDN lines Integrated Services Digital Network
Basic rate interface(BRI) uses three channels
Two data channels each support 64 Kbps
Error correction channel
Primary rate ISDN (PRI)uses 24 data channels
T1 uses 24 data channels
T3 offers 672 digitized voice channels of 64 Kbps each
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Broadband connection
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DSL technologies
Digital Subscriber Line
Popular with home users
Speeds range from 100 Kbps to 30 Mbps
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DSL technologies
Asymmetrical DSL (ADSL) Upload speed slower than download speed
Symmetrical DSL (SDSL)
Rate adaptive DSL(RADSL)
High bit rate DSL(HDSL)
ISDN DSL (IDSL)
Very High bit rate DSL(VDSL)
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Cable modem connections
Popular with home and office users
Speeds between 1 and 3 Mbps
Requires a cable modem
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Cable modem connections
Download speed 27Mbps is same as T1
but limitation on speed are the number of user in the local neighborhood sharing the same connections
Amplifier are used to keep the signal strong
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ATM
Asynchronous Transfer Mode
Efficient transfer of video and sound
Communication companies
Requires a special NIC and hardware
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Wireless Networks
No cable to pull
Mobile devices access network resources
Mobility and flexibility for office workers
Wireless 802.11 Also called Wi-Fi
Speeds upto 11 Mbps
IEEE standard
Institute of Electronic and Electrical Engineers
Several versions
802.11b connects up to 11Mbps
802.11g connects up to 56Mbpsame type of devices
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Wireless Access Point
Center of a wireless network
WAPS combined cover a larger area
Distance to WAP(Wireless Application Protocol ) determines bandwidth
Range is 50 to 150 meters
Extension points can extend range
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Wireless Networks
• Wireless Adapters– Used by devices to connect– Includes signal strength software
