Computer Networks (EC-321) Credits: 3(2,1). Outline Instructor/Material/Exam Objectives/Goals Course...

Computer Networks (EC-321)Credits: 3(2,1)

Outline

• Instructor/Material/Exam• Objectives/Goals• Course Contents• Course Outcome• Introduction

Instructor/Material/Exam (1)

• Who am IUmar Shahzad

– Education: MS (Computer Science and Networking)– Experience: Post graduate (1.5 years in

Telecommunication Industry) – Email: [email protected]

Availability after Class times:– Contact after the class– Email

mailto:[email protected]


Text Book:• Computer Networks – By Andrew S. Tanenbaum,

Latest Edition.

References:• Computer Networks: a top down approach by Keith

Ross and J.Kurose, 3rd Ed• Data and Computer Communication by W.Stalling, 7th

Ed• Paper for review


Exam Policy:Written test

• Closed books• Open questions, multiple-choice questions and problems

Note: • There can be a slight change in the exam pattern (will be

informed)

Objectives/Goals• Introduce to fundamental techniques/principles of CN.• Ability to design different networks and analyze the

performance by using simulating or monitoring tool.• Develop understanding of the communication protocols

used in internet.• Ability to design and analyse MAC, Routing and Transport layer

protocols for different networks.• Network programming skills : socket to implement various

applications based on client/server paradigm or peer-to-peer communication.

• Introduce to emerging networking technologies 3G/4G

Course Contents

• Introduction – Uses of Computer Networks– Network Hardware and Software– Reference Models– Example Networks– Network Standardization

• The Physical Layer

– Basis for Conventional Data Communication– Transmission Media– Wireless Transmission– Communication Satellites– Telephone System, Mobile Telephone System– Cable Television

Course Contents (cont.)

• Data Link Layer – Design Issues– Error Detection and Correction– Elementary Data Link Protocols– Sliding Window Protocols– Protocol Specification and Verification– Example Data Link Protocols

• MAC sub-layer– Channel Allocation Problem– Multiple Access Protocols– Bridges– High-Speed LANs


• Wireless Systems, Technologies, Protocols– Evolution and Standards– Intro to radio propagation– Interference and PHY layer issue– Intro to MAC layer design and protocols

• Network layer– Design Issues– Routing Algos– Congestion Control Algos– Internetworking– Network Layer in Internet


• Transport Layer– Transport Service– Elements of Transport Protocols– TCP and UDP– A simple Transport Protocol– Performance Issues

• The Application Layer– DNS– Electronic mail– WWW– Multimedia

Course Outcome

• Adequate knowledge of fundamental techniques of computer networks particularly internet.

• They will be able to design protocols and implement.

Introduction

• Basics and Background• Uses of Computer Networks• Network Hardware and Software• Reference Models• Example Networks• Network Standardization

Basics and Background

• What’s a network?– Merriam-Webster Dictionary:

• “A fabric or structure of cords or wires that cross at regular intervals…”

• “A system of computers, terminals and databases connected by communication lines”

– “A computer network is defined as the interconnection of 2 or more independent computers.” [Ramteke,”Networks”, pg. 24].

Basics and Background (cont.)

• Why network?– Before networks:

• One large, expensive computer (mainframe) in “computer center” used for all processing in businesses, universities, etc.

– Smaller, cheaper computers…• Personal computers or workstations on desktops.• Interconnecting many smaller computers is

advantageous! Why?

– Large number of separate but interconnected computers do the job.


• Why network?– Computers everywhere.– Also means ubiquitous communication.

• Users connected anywhere/anytime.• PC, laptop, cell phone.

– Networking computers together is critical!– Provide access to local and remote resources.– Collection of interconnected end systems:

• Computing devices (mainframes, workstations, PCs)• Peripherals (printers, scanners, terminals).


• Why network?– Resource sharing!

• Hardware: printers, disks, terminals, etc.• Software: text processors, compilers, etc.• Data.

– Robustness.• Fault tolerance through redundancy.

– Load balancing.• Processing and data can be distributed over the network.

– Location independence.• Users can access their files, etc. from anywhere in the

network

Introduction


Uses of Computer Networks

•Business Applications•Home Applications•Mobile Users•Social Issues

Business Applications (1)

• Resource sharing– All programs, equipment, and especially data available to

anyone on the network without regard to the physical location of the resource or the user e.g printer, information sharing (inventory, customer records, product information etc.)

• Scattered offices and plants around the globe can be connected e.g VPNs (individual scattered networks ------ one extended network)


• Power-full computer store company’s data.

• A network with two clients and one server.


• The client-server model involves requests and replies.

• IP telephony or Voice over IP (VoIP)• A person at home accesses a page on the World Wide Web, the same model is

employed, with the remote Web server being the server and the user’s personal computer being the client.

• Desktop sharing lets remote workers see and interact with a graphical computer screen.

• e-commerce e.g Airlines• Etc…..

Home Applications

• Access to remote information– surfing the World Wide Web for information or just

for fun e.g online newspaper– Online digital library e.g ACM, IEEE, ebooks

• Peer-to-Peer– Every person can, in principle, communicate with

one or more other people; there is no fixed division into clients and servers e.g BitTorrent.

– do not have any central database of content.

Home Applications

Home Applications

• Person-to-person communication– above applications involve interactions between a

person and a remote database full of information– Email, Instant messaging, Twitter– Between person-to-person communications and

accessing information are social network applications e.g Facebook

• Interactive entertainment– MP3 songs, DVD-quality movies and IPTV etc

Home Applications

• Electronic commerce– Home shopping– Access to financial institutions e.g online bills

payment, manage their bank accounts, and handle their investments electronically.

• Some forms of e-commerce.

Home Applications

• ubiquitous computing– Homes equipped with sensors like security systems

that include door and window sensors, smoke detectors call to fire department instead of making noise

– electricity, gas and water meters could also report usage over the network

– Etc…..

Mobile Users

• People on the go often want to use their mobile devices to read and send email, tweet, watch movies, download music, play games, or simply to surf the Web for information

• Wireless hotspots, cellular companies provide internet• Smart phones, such as the popular iPhone, combine aspects

of mobile phones and mobile computers• m-commerce (mobile-commerce) (Senn, 2000). Short text

messages from the mobile are used to authorize payments for food in vending machines, movie tickets, and other small items instead of cash and credit cards

• Wearable computers are another promising application. Smart watches with radios.

Mobile Users

• distinction between fixed wireless and mobile wireless networks

Social Issues• Along with the good comes the bad, this new-found

freedom brings with it many unsolved social, political, and ethical issues.

• Social networks, message boards, content sharing sites, and a host of other applications allow people to share their views with like-minded individuals.

• As long as the subjects are restricted to technical topics or hobbies like gardening, not too many problems will arise.

• The trouble comes with topics that people actually care about, like politics, religion etc.

Introduction


Network Hardware (1)

• Two dimensions stand out as important in computer networks– transmission technology – Scale

• Types of transmission technology– Broadcast links– Point-to-point links

Network Hardware (2) • Point-to-point links

– connect individual pairs of machines.

– To go from the source to the destination on a network made up of point-to-point links, short messages, called packets in certain contexts, may have to first visit one or more intermediate machines.

– Finding good route is important in point-to-point networks. – One sender and exactly one receiver is sometimes called

unicasting.


• Broadcast links– the communication channel is shared by all the

machines on the network; packets sent by any machine are received by all the others.• intended recipient• all destinations ---broadcasting


• Scale– Distance is important as a classification metric

because different technologies are used at different scales.


• Personal Area Networks• Local Area Networks• Metropolitan Area Networks• Wide Area Networks• Internetworks

PAN• PANs (Personal Area Networks) let devices

communicate over the range of a person e.g computer connect with its peripherals

• Cables• Bluetooth (master, slave paradigm)

– master tells the slaves what addresses to use, when they can broadcast, how long they can transmit, what frequencies they can use, and so on

• PANs can also be built with other technologies that communicate over short ranges, such as RFID on smartcards and library books

LAN (1)• LAN (Local Area Network) is a privately owned

network that operates within and nearby a single building like a home, office or factory.

• widely used to connect personal computers and consumer electronics to let them share resources (e.g., printers) and exchange information.

• When LANs are used by companies, they are called enterprise networks.

LAN (2)

• topology of many wired LANs is built from point-to-point links

• Ethernet (802.3), is the most common type of wired LAN

LAN (3)• Divide one large physical LAN into two smaller logical

LANs is possible– VLAN

• Two broadcast networks• (a) Bus• (b) Ring

LAN (4)

Token Ring (Ring Topology)

LAN (5)

• Wireless and wired broadcast networks, depending on channel allocation, can be divided into – static (time in discrete intervals, round robin)– dynamic designs (centralized (e.g base station) and

decentralized (e.g choas like situation, CSMA/CD))• Modern Home LAN

– Sensors e.g fire sensor– Meter reading, clock (DLS)– IP of Things etc…

MAN

• A MAN (Metropolitan Area Network) covers a city

• A metropolitan area network based on cable TV.

• (WiMAX(802.16))Wireless MAN)

WAN (1)

• A WAN (Long Haul) spans a large geographical area, often a country or continent.

Hosts

WAN (2)

• A WAN (Long Haul) spans a large geographical area, often a country or continent.

Hosts

(Switching Element)

Transmission Lines

WAN (3)

• Large (long wires) wired LAN.– Differ to LAN

• the hosts and subnet are owned and operated by different people (e.g employ and IT’s department)

• routers connect different kinds of networking technology (ethernet to SONET)

• what is connected to the subnet (dual computers or LANs)

WAN (4)

• VPN (use resources of internet)• virtual links• mileage vary with Internet

service

• Wireless• Satellite• Cellular Network

Network Software

• Protocol Hierarchies• Design Issues for the Layers• Connection-Oriented and Connectionless

Services

Protocol Hierarchies• Layers to reduce design complexity of

network• Approach: “Divide and conquer”.• Lower layer offer certain service to

upper layer• Shielding how service is implemented

• Protocol is an agreement between the communicating parties on how communication is to proceed

• a set of rules governing the format and meaning of the information that is exchanged by the peer processes within the same layer

• A set of layers and protocols is called a network architecture

Analogy: Air Travel

• The problem: air travel.• Decomposed into series of steps:

Arrival at airport

Check-in

Boarding

Takeoff

Departure from airport

Baggage claim

Deplane

Landing

Analogy: Air Travel

Arrival

Check-in

Boarding

Takeoff

Dep

art

ing

air

port

Departure

Baggage claim

Deplane

Landing

Arr

ivin

g

air

port

Traveling

intermediate air traffic sites

Airplane routing Airplane routing

Design Issues for the Layers• Reliability

– Making a network that operates correctly in the presence of unreliable components.– Error Detection (retransmission, CRC)– Error Correction (FEC)– Routing (finding a working path through a network)

• Network Evolution– Addressing and Naming– Internetworking

• different network technologies often have different limitations (disassembling, transmitting, and then reassembling messages)

– Scalable (designs that continue to work well when the network gets large)• Resource allocation (capacity of transmission medium)

– divide resources so that one host does not interfere with another too much– flow control (e.g feedback from rx to tx)– Congestion (overloading of network)– QoS (Quality of Service (e.g in real time application))

• Defend against different kinds of threats

Connection-Oriented and Connectionless Services

• Layers can offer two different types of services to the layer above: Connection-Oriented and Connectionless. • Connection-Oriented, it is the service that the layer establish a

connection, uses the connection, and then releases the connection e.g tube

– negotiation about the parameters to be used, such as maximum message size, quality of service required, and other issues

– With and without virtual circuits

• Connectionless, each message (e.g letter in postal system) carries the full destination address and each one is routed through the intermediate nodes inside the system independent of all the subsequent messages.


• Some services are reliable in the sense that they never loss data. By using Ack.

• Reliable connection-oriented service has two minor variations: message sequence (SCTP) (message boundaries are preserved e.g book sent as separate messages) and byte stream (TCP) (e.g DVD movie download).

• Unreliable (meaning not acknowledged) connectionless service is often called datagram service

• The acknowledged datagram service – not having to establish a connection to send one message, but reliability

is essential

• Request-replay-service (client-server model)


• Why would anyone actually prefer unreliable communication to reliable one?

• May not available in one layer e.g Ethernet

• Real Time application e.g multimedia

Introduction


Reference Models

• OSI (Open System Interconnection) model– Developed by the International Standards Organization

(ISO)– 1st step toward international standardization of the protocols

used in the various layers– Protocols are not used any more– Model, quite general, still valid, and the features discussed

at each layer are still very important

• TCP/IP model– Protocols widely used– Model not of much use

OSI

7 Application

6 Presentation

5 Session

4 Transport

1 Physical

2 Data Link

3 Network

OSI (cont…)

7 Application

6 Presentation

5 Session

4 Transport

1 Physical

2 Data Link

3 Network

• OSI Model - The Lower LayersThe bottom four layers of the OSI model are often referred to as the lower layers:

Layer-4 – Transport layer Layer-3 – Network layer Layer-2 – Data-Link layer Layer-1 – Physical layer

Protocols that operate at these layers control the end-to-end transport of data between devices, and are implemented in both software and hardware.

OSI (cont…)

7 Application

6 Presentation

5 Session

4 Transport

1 Physical

2 Data Link

3 Network

The Physical Layer• Convert the logical 1’s and 0’s coming from layer 2 into electrical

signals.• Controls the signalling and transferring of raw bits onto the

physical medium. • Closely related to the Data-link layer, as many technologies

(such as Ethernet) contain both datalink and physical functions.

• The Physical layer provides specifications for a variety of hardware:

• Cabling • Connectors and transceivers • Network interface cards (NICs) • Wireless radios • Hubs

OSI (cont…)

7 Application

6 Presentation

5 Session

4 Transport

1 Physical

2 Data Link

3 Network

The Data-Link Layer• Transporting data within a network.• Packages the higher-layer data into frames, so that the data can

be put onto the physical wire• Frame contains the source and destination hardware (or

physical) address (uniquely identify host e.g MAC address), hardcoded on physical network interface

The Data-Link layer consists of two sublayers: Logical Link Control (LLC) sublayer• Error control to compensate for the imperfections of the physical

layer. • Flow control to keep a fast sender from swamping a slow

receiver.• serves as the intermediary between the physical link and all higher

layer protocols Media Access Control (MAC) sublayer• Multiple Access (CSMA/CD)

OSI (cont…)

7 Application

6 Presentation

5 Session

4 Transport

1 Physical

2 Data Link

3 Network

The Network Layer• Controls internetwork communication• Two key responsibilities:

• Logical addressing – provides a unique address that identifies both the host, and the network that host exists on.

• Routing – determines the best path to a particular destination network, and then routes data accordingly.

Two of the most common Network layer protocols are:• Internet Protocol (IP) (IPv4 & IPv6)• Novell’s Internetwork Packet Exchange (IPX).

OSI (cont…)

7 Application

6 Presentation

5 Session

4 Transport

1 Physical

2 Data Link

3 Network

The Transport Layer• reliable transfer of data, by ensuring that data arrives at its

destination error-free and in order.

Transport layer communication falls under two categories:• Connection-oriented (TCP (Transmission Control Protocol))• Connectionless (UDP (User Datagram Protocol ))

Connection-oriented protocols provide several important services:• Segmentation and sequencing

• Data is segmented into smaller pieces for transport. • Sequence number, to reassemble the data on arrival.

• Connection establishment – connections are established, maintained, and ultimately terminated between devices.

• Acknowledgments – receipt of data is confirmed through the use of acknowledgments. Otherwise, data is retransmitted, guaranteeing delivery.

• Flow control (or windowing) – data transfer rate is negotiated to prevent congestion.

OSI (cont…)

7 Application

6 Presentation

5 Session

4 Transport

1 Physical

2 Data Link

3 Network

OSI Model - The Upper LayersThe top three layers of the OSI model are often referred to as the upper layers:

• Layer-7 - Application layer • Layer-6 - Presentation layer• Layer-5 - Session layer

Protocols that operate at these layers manage application-level functions, and are generally implemented in software.

OSI (cont…)

7 Application

6 Presentation

5 Session

4 Transport

1 Physical

2 Data Link

3 Network

The Session Layer• Responsible for establishing, maintaining, and ultimately

terminating sessions between devices.• Synchronization • Dialog control (keeping track of whose turn it is to transmit),• Token management (preventing two parties from attempting the

same critical operation simultaneously)

Sessions communication falls under one of three categories:• Full-Duplex – simultaneous two-way communication• Half-Duplex – two-way communication, but not simultaneous• Simplex – one-way communication

OSI (cont…)

7 Application

6 Presentation

5 Session

4 Transport

1 Physical

2 Data Link

3 Network

The Presentation Layer• formatting and syntax of user data for the application layer. • Ensures that data from the sending application can be understood

by the receiving application.

Examples of Presentation layer formats include:• Text - RTF, ASCII, EBCDIC• Images - GIF, JPG, TIF• Audio - MIDI, MP3, WAV• Movies - MPEG, AVI, MOV

• conversion or translation services to facilitate communication.• encryption and compression of data, as required

OSI (cont…)

7 Application

6 Presentation

5 Session

4 Transport

1 Physical

2 Data Link

3 Network

The Application layer • interface between the user application and the network. A web

browser and an email client are examples of user applications.

• The user application itself does not reside at the Application layer – the protocol does. The user interacts with the application, which in turn interacts with the application protocol.

Examples of Application layer protocols include:• FTP, via an FTP client• HTTP, via a web browser• POP3 and SMTP, via an email client• Telnet

The Application layer provides a variety of functions:• Identifies communication partners• Determines resource availability• Synchronizes communication

OSI (Example)

A web browser serves as a good practical illustration of the OSI model and the TCP/IP protocol suite:• The web browser serves as the user interface for accessing a website. The

browser itself does not function at the Application layer. Instead, the web browser invokes the Hyper Text Transfer Protocol (HTTP) to interface with the remote web server, which is why http:// precedes every web address.

• The Internet can provide data in a wide variety of formats, a function of the Presentation layer. Common formats on the Internet include HTML, XML, PHP, GIF, and JPEG. Any encryption or compression mechanisms used on a website are also considered a Presentation layer function.

• The Session layer is responsible for establishing, maintaining, and terminating the session between devices, and determining whether the communication is half-duplex or full-duplex. However, the TCP/IP stack generally does not include session-layer protocols, and is reliant on lower-layer protocols to perform these functions.

OSI (Example)• HTTP utilizes the TCP Transport layer protocol to ensure the reliable

delivery of data. TCP establishes and maintains a connection from the client to the web server, and packages the higher-layer data into segments. A sequence number is assigned to each segment so that data can be reassembled upon arrival.

• The best path to route the data between the client and the web server is determined by IP, a Network layer protocol. IP is also responsible for the assigned logical addresses on the client and server, and for encapsulating segments into packets.

• Data cannot be sent directly to a logical address. As packets travel from network to network, IP addresses are translated to hardware addresses, which are a function of the Data-Link layer. The packets are encapsulated into frames to be placed onto the physical medium.

• The data is finally transferred onto the network medium at the Physical layer, in the form of raw bits. Signalling and encoding mechanisms are defined at this layer, as is the hardware that forms the physical connection between the client and the web server.

TCP/IP Reference Model

TCP (Transmission Control Protocol): a reliable connection-oriented protocol.

UDP (User Datagram Protocol): an unreliable connectionless protocol

Its job is to inject IP packets into any network and have them travel independently to the destination

• Describes what links, such as serial lines and classic Ethernet, must do to meet the needs of this connectionless internet layer.

• It is not really a layer at all, in the normal sense of the term, but rather an interface between hosts and transmission links

• Requirements (remain intact (DoD ), real-time) led to the choice of a packet-switching network based on a connectionless layer that runs across different networks.

A Critique of the OSI Model and Protocols

Why OSI did not take over the world• Bad Timing:

The apocalypse of the two elephants.

• Timings– Widespread adoption of the TCP/IP protocols preceded the formalization of the OSI

model.– Vendors already begun offering TCP/IP based products.– OSI emerged about 5 years after industry had adopted TCP/IP.

A Critique of the OSI Model and Protocols

– Vendors were reticent to add support for a second protocol stack until momentum had gathered behind OSI.

– The combination of these factors meant that OSI was never adopted in practice.• Technology

– Some parts of the OSI model are fundamentally flawed.• Although there are 7 layers, 2 of these (session, presentation) are almost empty and 2

others (data link, network) are cramped.• Additionally some functions such as addressing, error control are recurring at each

layer.• Implementations:

– Early implementations of OSI were inefficient, contrast with TCP/IP implementations which are easy to use.

• Politics:– OSI was widely perceived as the product of quasi-government standards processes rather

than driven by good design processes

A Critique of the TCP/IP MODEL

• Lack of distinction between concepts.• Doesn’t clearly distinguish between service, interface and protocol.• Not adaptable – Not a general model and hence poorly adapted to other

protocol Stacks e.g Bluetooth.• Link Layer is not really a layer, but an interface between network and data

link layers.• Omitted layers – Physical and data link layers are not present.• Early implementations were fragile.

Introduction


Wireless LANs: 802.11

• Suitable Frequency Band– operate in unlicensed bands such as the ISM (Industrial, Scientific,

and Medical) bands defined by ITU-R (e.g., 902-928 MHz, 2.4-2.5 GHz, 5.725-5.825 GHz)

• Architecture

Base station


• 802.11 a/g (OFDM) – 54Mbps• 802.11 n (wider frequency band and 4 antennas per computer)

– 450Mbps

• Multipath Fading• Echoes cancel or

reinforce each other• Solution

• Space Diversity


• CSMA• Mobility

• network consist of multiple cells

• change association with AP• Security (encryption)

• WEP (Wired Equivalent Privacy)

• WPA (WiFi Protected Access)

Architecture of the Internet

• POP (Point of Presence) – location at which customer packets enter the ISP network for service the ISP’s

• IXPs (Internet eXchange Points) - ISPs connect their networks to exchange traffic at IXP. The connected ISPs are said to peer with each other. Basically an IXP is a room full of routers, at least one per ISP

• DSLAM (Digital Subscriber Line Access Multiplexer) converts between signals and packets

• CMTS (Cable Modem Termination System) ( device at cable head-end)

Introduction


Network Standardization

• Who’s Who in the Telecommunications World– ITU (International Telecommunication Union)– ITU-T sector

• Who’s Who in the International Standards World– ISO (International Standards Organization)– IEEE (Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers)

• Who’s Who in the Internet Standards World– IRTF (Internet Research Task Force)– IETF (Internet Engineering Task Force)

Computer Networks (EC-321) Credits: 3(2,1). Outline Instructor/Material/Exam Objectives/Goals Course...

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