Computer Applications Unit Aimages.pcmac.org/SiSFiles/Schools/MI/HarborBeach... · • Binary, the...

24
1

Transcript of Computer Applications Unit Aimages.pcmac.org/SiSFiles/Schools/MI/HarborBeach... · • Binary, the...

Page 1: Computer Applications Unit Aimages.pcmac.org/SiSFiles/Schools/MI/HarborBeach... · • Binary, the language of computers, was nothing more than a series of 0s or 1s. • The motive

1

Page 2: Computer Applications Unit Aimages.pcmac.org/SiSFiles/Schools/MI/HarborBeach... · • Binary, the language of computers, was nothing more than a series of 0s or 1s. • The motive

Definition‐A device that processes data according to a set of instructions.This unit will cover the evolution of the computer, hardware, software, operating systems, and much more!

2

Page 3: Computer Applications Unit Aimages.pcmac.org/SiSFiles/Schools/MI/HarborBeach... · • Binary, the language of computers, was nothing more than a series of 0s or 1s. • The motive

3

Page 4: Computer Applications Unit Aimages.pcmac.org/SiSFiles/Schools/MI/HarborBeach... · • Binary, the language of computers, was nothing more than a series of 0s or 1s. • The motive

• They didn’t have computers!!• Computation of numbers was done by hand or by using sticks, stones, or other 

objects to keep count.

4

Page 5: Computer Applications Unit Aimages.pcmac.org/SiSFiles/Schools/MI/HarborBeach... · • Binary, the language of computers, was nothing more than a series of 0s or 1s. • The motive

• Around 2400 BC, mankind realized that there had to be a faster way and the abacus was invented. 

• Used as a primitive calculator, it aided greatly in simple arithmetic and would be used for the next few centuries as a mathematical tool.

5

Page 6: Computer Applications Unit Aimages.pcmac.org/SiSFiles/Schools/MI/HarborBeach... · • Binary, the language of computers, was nothing more than a series of 0s or 1s. • The motive

• As the centuries passed by, various cultures developed several significant advances in mathematics which would lay the ground work for modern day computing.

• One of the most important developments was the invention of the number 0, and the concepts that would lead to binary.

• Binary, the language of computers, was nothing more than a series of 0s or 1s.• The motive behind all this: greed.• Merchants wanted more profit and by having faster more accurate devices meant 

a faster completion time of sales.

6

Page 7: Computer Applications Unit Aimages.pcmac.org/SiSFiles/Schools/MI/HarborBeach... · • Binary, the language of computers, was nothing more than a series of 0s or 1s. • The motive

• 1834, the “Analytical Machine” was designed in Great Britain.• These “punch cards” were an early form of a computer program, being able to 

read and store data entered on the card.• However, the machine was never actually built.• Not until 1991, would a team at the London Science Museum complete an actual 

working machine.• The punch card itself would emerge a necessity for efficiency during the US 1890 

census and caused the data to be completed “months ahead of schedule and far under budget”.

7

Page 8: Computer Applications Unit Aimages.pcmac.org/SiSFiles/Schools/MI/HarborBeach... · • Binary, the language of computers, was nothing more than a series of 0s or 1s. • The motive

• In 1851, the first mechanical calculator was invented!• Called the Arithometer, it was a vast improvement over the abacus for simple 

calculations.• However, it was a rather large machine, and usually took up an entire desk.• The device was very reliable and remained in use well in the early 20th century.

8

Page 9: Computer Applications Unit Aimages.pcmac.org/SiSFiles/Schools/MI/HarborBeach... · • Binary, the language of computers, was nothing more than a series of 0s or 1s. • The motive

• Remember those punch cards?• The 1890 census led to the development of a company known as the Tabulating 

Machine Company.• That company would later change its name to IBM.• By 1928, IBM had standardized punch cards to 80 columns of data and rectangular 

holes.• IBM would continue to dominate for nearly half a century later.

9

Page 10: Computer Applications Unit Aimages.pcmac.org/SiSFiles/Schools/MI/HarborBeach... · • Binary, the language of computers, was nothing more than a series of 0s or 1s. • The motive

• Necessity is the mother of invention, and the second world war proves that.• The government commissioned and then destroyed several large machines known 

as “Colossus” to perform computational tasks.• The machines were destroyed to maintain the secrecy of the project.• The need for cryptography or coding a message using just numbers became a 

driving force during the war in order to keep messages from being decoded by the other side.

10

Page 11: Computer Applications Unit Aimages.pcmac.org/SiSFiles/Schools/MI/HarborBeach... · • Binary, the language of computers, was nothing more than a series of 0s or 1s. • The motive

• By 1946, the ENIAC was built.• Standing for the Electronic Numerical Integrator and Computer, it was the first 

totally electronic, digital, program‐controlled computers.• It had been vital in calculating ballistic trajectories and testing theories behind the 

hydrogen bomb.

11

Page 12: Computer Applications Unit Aimages.pcmac.org/SiSFiles/Schools/MI/HarborBeach... · • Binary, the language of computers, was nothing more than a series of 0s or 1s. • The motive

• Computers at this point were big and bulky. • They relied on vacuum tubes to be able to store and change data.• The tubes were considered unreliable as even the best ones had to be changed 

once every year or so. • Computing would have to change in order to make its way to the consumer.

12

Page 13: Computer Applications Unit Aimages.pcmac.org/SiSFiles/Schools/MI/HarborBeach... · • Binary, the language of computers, was nothing more than a series of 0s or 1s. • The motive

• 1949, modern computing was finally being born as we know it.• John von Neumann published a paper that described ideas about changes to the 

computer’s architecture.• Rather than altering the electronic circuitry of the computer, the von Neumann 

architecture called for the data and program of the computer to be stored in the computer’s memory.

13

Page 14: Computer Applications Unit Aimages.pcmac.org/SiSFiles/Schools/MI/HarborBeach... · • Binary, the language of computers, was nothing more than a series of 0s or 1s. • The motive

• In 1950, Alan Turing published a paper that would lead to the Turing Test.• This test would measure if a question was asked to a computer, could it respond 

intelligently like a human being.• It was meant to answer the question of “Can machines think?”• Used to measure a computer’s ability to reason. I.e. play chess, answer questions, 

etc.

14

Page 15: Computer Applications Unit Aimages.pcmac.org/SiSFiles/Schools/MI/HarborBeach... · • Binary, the language of computers, was nothing more than a series of 0s or 1s. • The motive

• The 1950s also saw the first commercial computer sale.• The UNIVAC was designed so it could handle both numbers AND text. • Rather than using punch cards for input, the machine utilized magnetic tape.• In 1957, the first printer was marketed by IBM.

15

Page 16: Computer Applications Unit Aimages.pcmac.org/SiSFiles/Schools/MI/HarborBeach... · • Binary, the language of computers, was nothing more than a series of 0s or 1s. • The motive

• 1958 saw the invention of the integrated chip.• This was a phenomenal invention for computing as it would lead to computers that 

would be far smaller than their room sized monsters predecessors. • The chips were also far more reliable and cheaper than the old vacuum tubes and 

didn’t burn out as often.

16

Page 17: Computer Applications Unit Aimages.pcmac.org/SiSFiles/Schools/MI/HarborBeach... · • Binary, the language of computers, was nothing more than a series of 0s or 1s. • The motive

• The 1960s also saw the invention of the mouse.• The mouse would not be popular until 1983 when it would be adopted by Apple.• The 1960s also saw the invention of the first supercomputer, the programming 

language BASIC, and the Floppy Disk.• At the end of the 1960s, a little company named Intel would form and begin 

making computers.

17

Page 18: Computer Applications Unit Aimages.pcmac.org/SiSFiles/Schools/MI/HarborBeach... · • Binary, the language of computers, was nothing more than a series of 0s or 1s. • The motive

• The 1970s led to two major developments in hardware.• The first was the development of the UNIX operating system.• The IBM PC was built around this architecture and was so popular that it would be 

cloned and imitated by all the competitors.• The second major development was the microprocessor which could carry more 

instructions and was tiny compared to its predecessors.• In other notes, the first hand‐held calculator was released by Texas Instruments in  

1971.• Also, the first widely popular video game was released in 1972: Pong.• The programming language of C was also developed, which would later become a 

groundwork for many other programming languages.• Finally, Ethernet was developed.

18

Page 19: Computer Applications Unit Aimages.pcmac.org/SiSFiles/Schools/MI/HarborBeach... · • Binary, the language of computers, was nothing more than a series of 0s or 1s. • The motive

• Bill Gates would start Microsoft with Paul Allen; Steve Jobs and Steve Wozniak would start Apple.

• Apple would introduce the first “killer app” with VisiCalc, released for their Apple II.

• Microsoft would partner with IBM to create the MS‐DOS operating system. • The system proved to be so popular that the IBM PC became the standard for the 

personal computer industry.• The first computers only had a mono‐chrome display, no color.

19

Page 20: Computer Applications Unit Aimages.pcmac.org/SiSFiles/Schools/MI/HarborBeach... · • Binary, the language of computers, was nothing more than a series of 0s or 1s. • The motive

20

Page 21: Computer Applications Unit Aimages.pcmac.org/SiSFiles/Schools/MI/HarborBeach... · • Binary, the language of computers, was nothing more than a series of 0s or 1s. • The motive

• Say hello to the Macintosh.• It was the first successful commercial computer to use a mouse!• It included the apps of MacPaint and MacWrite, which introduced the 

WYSIWYG(What You See Is What You Get) word processing.• Microsoft Windows would follow in 1986, although it would not become widely 

used until 1990.• Windows at this point still required DOS to run and would remain this way until the 

release of Windows 95.• In 1992, Linux was developed as a free operating system.• During this time many technical advances in hardware continued, pushing the 

limits of technology to be bigger and faster.

21

Page 22: Computer Applications Unit Aimages.pcmac.org/SiSFiles/Schools/MI/HarborBeach... · • Binary, the language of computers, was nothing more than a series of 0s or 1s. • The motive

• With the release of the game DOOM, the PC became a video game platform and drove PC sales. 

• The increase in sales of PCs drove higher quality of games and the push for more powerful computers.

• Apple sales were on the decline until 1998 when the iMac was released. 

22

Page 23: Computer Applications Unit Aimages.pcmac.org/SiSFiles/Schools/MI/HarborBeach... · • Binary, the language of computers, was nothing more than a series of 0s or 1s. • The motive

• In 1998, Microsoft released Windows 98, which was almost blocked by US Attorneys who said it would shut out software to other companies.

• However, Microsoft was able to petition the White House and said that such action would stall the US Economy.

• This would not be the end of Microsoft’s woes, as they were handed an Anti‐Trust Violation, for monopolistic practices. 

• The initial ruling almost broke Microsoft into two separate companies, but an appeal allowed Microsoft to stay as one entity.

23

Page 24: Computer Applications Unit Aimages.pcmac.org/SiSFiles/Schools/MI/HarborBeach... · • Binary, the language of computers, was nothing more than a series of 0s or 1s. • The motive

• The 2000s saw Microsoft release first its Windows XP OS. This was a very stable operating system and was well received by the general public. The look was redesigned from previous systems and incorporated the NT kernel, bringing it to consumers.

• At the same time, Apple released its Mac OS X, a very stable operating system that replaced the “classic” Mac OS for all Mac users. Apple would release the MacBook Pro, which was the first Mac to use the Intel dual‐core processor.

• Windows would follow with the poorly received Windows Vista in 2007,  and Apple would follow with Mac OS X Leopard that same year.

• 2007 would see the start of the Smartphone race with the release of the iPhone. The iPad in 2010 would start the tablet market.

• In 2009 Microsoft made vast improvements to their system, and released Windows 7. Apple would follow with Mac OS X Snow Leopard.

• Google entered into the computer market with the Chromebook.• Finally in 2012, Windows 8 is released to help Microsoft break into the new tablet 

market.

24