Components of Laptop

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Components [edit ] Main article: Personal computer hardware

Miniaturization: a comparison of a desktop computer motherboard ( ATX f orm factor) to a motherboard from a 13"

laptop (2008 unibody Macbook )

Inner view of a Sony VAIO laptop

The basic components of laptops function identically to their desktop counterparts; traditionally they

were miniaturized and adapted to mobile use, although as of the present decade (2010-) an

increasing number of desktop systems use the same smaller, lower-power parts which originally

evolved for mobile use. The design bounds on power, size, and cooling of laptops limit the maximum

performance of laptop parts compared to that of desktop components, although that difference has

increasingly narrowed over recent years.

The following list summarizes the differences and distinguishing features of laptop components incomparison to desktop personal computer parts :[30]

Central processing unit (CPU): Laptop CPUs have advanced power-saving features and

produce less heat than processors intended purely for desktop use; typically these days they will

have two processor cores, although 4-core models are available. For low price and mainstream

performance, there is no longer a distinction between laptop CPU performance and desktop, but
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Expansion cards : in the past, a PC Card (formerly PCMCIA ) or ExpressCard slot for expansion

cards was often present on laptops to allow adding and removing functionality, even when the

laptop is powered on; these are becoming increasingly rare since the introduction of USB 3.0 .

Some internal subsystems such as: ethernet, Wi-Fi, or a Wireless cellular modem can be

implemented as replaceable internal expansion cards, usually accessible under an access coveron the bottom of the laptop. The standards for such cards is PCI Express , which comes in

both mini and even smaller M.2 or "Next Generation Form Factor" sizes. In newer laptops it is

not uncommon to also see Micro SATA (mSATA) functionality on PCI Express Mini or M.2 card

slots allowing the us e of those slots for SATA based solid state drives .[31]

Power supply : Laptops are typically powered by an internal rechargeable battery that is charged

using an external power supply, which outputs a DC voltage typically in the range of 7.2 24volts. The power supply is usually external, and connected to the laptop through an DC

connector cable. In most cases it can charge the battery and power the laptop simultaneously;

when the battery is fully charged, the laptop continues to run on power supplied by the externalpower supply. The charger typically adds about 400 grams (1 lb) to the overall "transport weight"

of the notebook, although some models are substantially heavier or lighter.

Battery : Current laptops utilize lithium ion batteries, with some thinner models using the

flatter lithium polymer technology. These two technologies have largely replaced the older nickel

metal-hydride batteries. Battery life is highly variable by model and workload, and can range

from 1 hour to nearly a day. A battery's performance gradually decreases with time; substantial

reduction in capacity is typically evident after one to three years of regular use, depending on

the charging and discharging pattern and the design of the battery. This large-capacity main

battery should not be confused with the much smaller battery nearly all computers use to runthe real-time clock and to store the BIOS configuration in CMOS when the computer is off.

Lithium-ion batteries do not have a memory effect as older batteries may have. Innovations in

laptops and batteries have seen situations which the battery can provide up to 24 hours of

continued operation, assuming average power consumption levels. An example is the HP

EliteBook 6930p when used with its ultra-capacity battery .[32]

Video display controller : On most laptops the video controller is integrated into the CPU to

conserve power and space; this was introduced by Intel with the Core-i series of mobile

processors in 2010, and similar "APU" processors by AMD later that year. Prior to that, lower-

end machines tended to use graphics processors integrated to the system chipset, while higherend machines had a separate graphics processor. In the past, laptops lacking a separate

graphics processor were limited in their utility for gaming and professional applications involving

3D graphics, but the capabilities of CPU-integrated graphics has converged with the low end of

dedicated graphics processors in the past few years. Higher-end laptops intended for gaming or

professional 3D work still come with dedicated graphics processors on the motherboard or as an

internal expansion card; since 2011, these almost always involve switchable graphics so that
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when there is not demand for the higher performance dedicated graphics processor, the more

power-efficient integrated graphics processor will be used. Nvidia Optimus is an example of this

sort of system of switchable graphics.

Display : Most modern laptops feature 13 inches (33 cm) or larger color active matrix

displays based on CCFL or LED lighting with resolutions of 1280800 (16:10 ) or 1366 768(16:9 ) pixels and above. Models with LED-based lighting offer lesser power consumption, and

often higher brightness. Netbooks with a 10 inches (25 cm) or smaller screen typically use a

resolution of 1024600, while netbooks and subnotebooks with a 11.6 inches (29 cm) or 12

inches (30 cm) screen use standard notebook resolutions. Having a higher resolution display

may allow more items to fit onscreen at a time, improving the user's ability to multitask, although

at the higher resolutions on smaller screens, the resolution may only serve to display sharper

graphics and text rather than increasing the usable area. Since the introduction of the MacBook

Pro with Retina display in 2012, there has been an increase in the availability of very-high

resolution (FHD 1920x1080 and higher) displays, even in relatively small systems, and in typical15" screens resolutions as high as 3200x1800 are available.

Laptops commonly use 2.5" hard disk drives , which are much smaller than desktop hard drives.

Removable media drives: until recently. DVD/CD reader/writer drive was nearly universal on full-

sized models, and it remains fairly common for now although the trend towards thinner and

lighter machines will probably eliminate it. It is very uncommon on subnotebooks and unknown

on netbooks or ultrabooks. Laptop optical drives tend to follow a standard form factor, and

usually have a standard mini-SATA connector (not to be confused with Micro-SATA used for

SSD cards); it is often possible to replace an optical drive with a newer model, or to replace it

with a second hard drive using a caddy that fills the extra space the optical drive would haveoccupied.

Internal storage : Laptop hard disks are physically smaller 2.5 inches (64 mm) or 1.8 inches(46 mm) compared to desktop 3.5 inches (89 mm) drives. Some newer laptops (usuallyultraportables) employ more expensive, but faster, lighter and power-efficient flash memory -

based SSDs instead. Currently, 250 GB to 1 TB sizes are common for laptop hard disks (64 to

512 GB for SSDs).
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cheaper, often passive device that often simply mates to the connectors on the back of the

notebook, or connects via a standardized port such as USB or FireWire .

Charging stations [edit ]

Laptop charging trolleys , also known as laptop trolleys or laptop carts, are mobile storage containers

to charge laptops , netbooks and tablet computers all together. The trolleys are predominantly used

in schools that have replaced their traditional static ICT [33] suites of desktop computers with laptops,

but do not have enough plug sockets in their buildings to charge all of the devices.

The trolleys can be wheeled between rooms and classrooms so that anyone in a particular building

can access fully charged IT[34] equipment. Laptop charging trolleys are also used to deter and

protect against opportunistic and organized theft . Schools , especially those with open plan designs,

are often prime targets fo r thieves and laptops, netbooks and tablets can easily be concealed and

removed from buildings. Laptop charging trolleys were designed and constructed to protect against

theft. They are generally made out of steel, and the laptops remain locked up while not in use. Although the trolleys can be moved between areas i nbuildings , they can often also be mounted to

the floor or walls to prevent thieves walking off with investments, especially overnight .[33]

Solar panels [edit ] Main article: Solar notebook

In some laptops, solar panels are able to generate enough solar power for the laptop to

operate .[35] The One Laptop Per Child Initiative released the OLPC XO-1 laptop which was tested

and successfully operated by use of solar panels .[36] Presently, they are designing a OLPC XO-

3 laptop with these features. The OLPC XO-3 can operate with 2 Watts of electricity because its

renewable energy resources generate a total of 4 Watts .[37][38] Samsung has also designed a

NC215S Solar powered notebook that will be sold commercially in the US market .[39]

Standards [edit ]

In general, components other than the categories listed above are not intended to be replaceable; a

few, such as processors, follow their own standards but are difficult to replace because of other

factors (for example, in the case of processors cooling and access limitations can make upgrades

very difficult or impossible.)

In particular, motherboards are almost always make and model-specific: locations of ports, and

design and placement of internal components are not standard. Those parts are neither

interchangeable with parts from other manufacturers (replaceable) nor upgradeable. If broken or

damaged, they must be substituted with an exact replacement part. Those users uneducated in the

relevant fields are those the most affected by incompatibilities, especially if they attempt to connect

their laptops with incompatible hardware or power adapters.
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efthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Information_technologyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Information_technologyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electric_chargehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Classroomshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Information_communication_technologyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Information_communication_technologyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tablet_computerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Netbookshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laptopshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laptop_charging_trolleyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Laptop&action=edit&section=10http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IEEE_1394http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USB


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Intel , Asus , Compal , Quanta and some other laptop manufacturers have created the Common

Building Block standard for laptop parts to address some of the inefficiencies caused by the lack of

standards .[40]
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