Components of Ideal Biosecurity Plans & Programs G. Fleming (1871) Animal plagues: their history,...

®

International Aquaculture Biosecurity Conference August 1 7-18, 2009 Trondheim, Norway

Components of Ideal Components of Ideal Biosecurity Plans & Biosecurity Plans &

ProgramsPrograms

A. David Scarfe PhD, DVM, MRSSAfChristopher I. Walster BVMS, MVPH, MRCVS

Dušan Palić DVM, PhDAlejandro B. Thiermann MV, PhD

© IABC 2009. Do not duplicate or use material without written permission from the IABC Organizers or the senior author.

International Biosecurity Conference. Trondheim, Norway – August 17-18, 2009.

®22 IABC – August 1 7-18, 2009 – Trondheim, Norway

ObjectivesObjectivesObjectives

Scope of aquaculture biosecurityFocus on infectious & contagious diseasesSet a tone for dealing with effective, efficient and practical biosecurity processes & proceduresIntroduce important fundamental principlesOutline general elements and process – to be dealt with in more detail by other presentationsDescribe where/how biosecurity programs could be applied

An introduction to ….




What is Biosecurity?What is Biosecurity?What is Biosecurity?

PremisePremiseA tool for preventing adverse (catastrophic) biological eventsEasily applied to infectious & contagious diseasesShould be applicable at all levels – farm to nation




An Olde ProblemHow to protect from disease?

An Olde ProblemAn Olde ProblemHow to protect from disease?How to protect from disease?

“A rich man of France brought into Northumberland a Spanish ewe as big as a calf of two years, which ewe being rotten, infected so the country that it

spread over all the realm. This plague of murrain continued twenty-eight years ere it ended, and was

the first rot that ever was in England.”Thomas of Walsingham – 1275

~~~~~~~~~~~N G. Fleming (1871) Animal plagues: their history, nature and prevention.

Chapman & Hall, London.




Typical National/International Diseases Response ComponentsTypical National/International Typical National/International Diseases Response ComponentsDiseases Response Components

DiseaseEradication

OIE Notified

Recovery

Confirmation

Investigation &Risk Analysis

FederalActions

Suspect

State/ProvincialActions

Emergency Response




Australia’s Approach- Integrated at all levels -

AustraliaAustralia’’s Approachs Approach-- Integrated at all levels Integrated at all levels --

Federal AgenciesFederal Agencies

Territorial Territorial AgenciesAgencies

Industry Industry EntitiesEntities

Private Private StakeholdersStakeholders




Hope for this ConferenceHope for this ConferenceHope for this ConferenceIdentify the core biosecurity principles that can be applied

to:Any aquaculture operationAny infectious & contagious diseaseJustifiableEconomical PracticalContains incentives for implementationEffective – in prevention, controlling & eradicating a disease




Today’s Driving ForcesTodayToday’’s Driving Forcess Driving ForcesBioterrorismOutbreaks of significant diseasesEconomics & trade issuesLegislation & regulationsAquaculture industry growth, drop in harvest fisheriesOther issues – e.g. sustainable ecosystems




Global Aquaculture production rivals or exceeds all agricultural animal commodities except (?) pork!

Global Aquaculture production Global Aquaculture production rivals or rivals or exceedsexceeds all agricultural animal all agricultural animal commodities except (?) pork!commodities except (?) pork!

Estimated Losses from Aquatic Animal Diseases

Thailand (1983-93) US$100MChina (1993) US$400MIndia (1994) US$17.6MThailand (1996) US$600MEcuador (1999) US$280MGlobal loss (1997) US$300M

-----------Shrimp Diseases – Americas

WSSV (1999) US$ >1BTSV (1991-92) US$ 1-2BYHV (1992) US$ 0.1-0.5BIHHNV (1981) US$ 0.5-1.0B

Harvest Fisheries

34.2% (150 Mmt)

Other terrestrial

animals 4.8%

(21 Mmt)

Lamb/Mutton

1.7% (8 Mmt)

Pork 20.4%

(90 Mmt)

Beef/Veal 12.9%

(56 Mmt)

Poultry 13.3%

(58 Mmt)

Aquaculture12.6%

(56Mmt)

Aquatic Animal Production

~47% of Global Animal Protein Production

2 of 4 recent U.S. National Disease Emergency Declarations have been for

Aquatic Animal Diseases

2001 Data




Gill disease: Gill disease: IridovirosisIridovirosisBonamiosisBonamiosis

Epidemiological & Epidemiological & Surveillance ConsequencesSurveillance Consequences

Domestic & wildFAD introductionEndemic diseasesEmerging “new”diseasesApplies to all levels (farm to ecosystem)




Comprehensive Biosecurity– Potentially a Complex Process –Comprehensive BiosecurityComprehensive Biosecurity–– Potentially a Complex Process Potentially a Complex Process ––

A tool for preventing adverse (catastrophic) biological eventsEasily applied to infectious & contagious diseasesShould be applicable at all levels – farm to nation

Q? How to reduce this to simple, justifiable & practical process?

Source: Biosecurity Toolkit 2007




For any biosecurity plan or program to be effective, justifiable

and useful ………..

For any biosecurity plan or For any biosecurity plan or program to be program to be effectiveeffective, , justifiablejustifiable

and and usefuluseful ………………....Several core elements in a written plan are necessary:

Apply to a defined area or geographical (epidemiological) unitIdentify specific disease hazardsEvaluate the risk of these hazards to the unitEvaluate critical points where diseases can enter or leave the unitEvaluate & monitor disease status of the unitHave contingencies plans in place if disease does break outWritten records for third-party auditing and certifyingTransparent & credible




Core Elements or Steps

Core Core Elements Elements or Stepsor Steps

Where are they applied?




Epidemiological Units (EU)Epidemiological Units (EU)Epidemiological Units (EU)

EstablishmentCompartmentZoneRegionCountry

A defined population of animals, separated to some degree from other

populations, in which infectious & contagious diseases can be

transmitted.OIE Code (2009): “means a group of animals that share approximately the same risk of exposure to a disease agent with a defined location. This may be because they share a common aquatic environment (e.g. fish in a pond, caged fish in a lake), or because management practices make it likely that a disease agent in one group of animals would quickly spread to other animals (e.g. all the ponds on a farm, all the ponds in a village system).”




Zoning, Compartmentalization &

Establishments

Zoning, Zoning, CompartmentalizationCompartmentalization & &

EstablishmentsEstablishments

Measures to separate animal sub-populations

Based on spatial and biosecurity methods

For disease prevention/control as well as safety in trade

Measures can be applied to desired populations




Infected zone

Infected zoneRail road

River

ZoningZoning

Free zone

Main highway

Free zone




Compartment – all establishments must be considered part of the EUCompartmentCompartment –– all establishments all establishments must must bebe consideredconsidered part of the EUpart of the EU

FEEDSUPPLY

Equipment

Feed

Equipment

Equipm

ent

Feed

SLAUGHTERHOUSE

GROWOUTFACILITY

Feed

Equ

ipm

ent

Equipment

Animals

Equipment

Animals

Animals

Anim

als

HATCHERY

Equipment

GROWOUTFACILITY




When building with compartmentalisation in mind!




Distances

To prod 1.000 m.

To breed 5.000m.

200 mts

250 mts

150 mts

500 mts not forested

250 mts

100 mts

Stream

River

Highway

Outside border

Local access road

Nucleus 3

Nucleus 2

Nucleus 1

350 mts forested

Illustrated for a Poultry Broiler Compartment

Illustrated for a Poultry Broiler Compartment

Broiler Finishing Farm

Broiler Finishing Farm




Advantages of applying Biosecurity to Zones, Compartments &

Establishments

AdvantagesAdvantages of of applyingapplying Biosecurity Biosecurity to Zones, to Zones, CompartmentsCompartments & &

EstablishmentsEstablishmentsThere is trade, even when the country or region is not free fromthe diseases of concernGuarantees the safety of the unit, even when the threats come from wildlife or outside unitIf compartments or zones, operational resources to conduct the operation can come from various sourcesThe unit owners/overseerers are responsible for ensuring the biosecurity, with the auditing by attending veterinarian or government official




Assessing Which Diseases are Hazards

Assessing Which Diseases are Assessing Which Diseases are HazardsHazards

Create a list of diseases of concern (known to affect the area in question)Prioritize based on potential impactDetermine the risk of each disease specifically for the unit in question

Multiple lists of disease hazards exist:

OIE List

Nationally reportable diseases

Of concern to a specific operation




Apply each step to each disease hazard

Apply Apply each step each step to each to each disease disease hazard hazard




Hazard Identification, Prioritization & Risk Analysis

Hazard Identification, Hazard Identification, Prioritization & Risk AnalysisPrioritization & Risk Analysis




Risk Analysis – A variety of approachesRisk Analysis Risk Analysis –– A variety of approaches

= Assessment + Management (Mitigation) + Communication




Import Risk AnalysisImport Risk AnalysisImport Risk Analysis

Becoming a common approach for countriesReceivers assessing the risk of importing diseasesOperations / distributors will probably start applying the same approach




Evaluating/Mitigating Critical Points in an Epidemiological

Unit

Evaluating/Mitigating Critical Evaluating/Mitigating Critical Points in an Epidemiological Points in an Epidemiological

UnitUnitWhere can disease enter or leave?

AnimalsPeopleWater sourcesFeed/equipment




Disease Diagnostics & Surveillance

Disease Diagnostics & Disease Diagnostics & SurveillanceSurveillance

Diagnostic Laboratory

resources are critical




Disease Reporting -Transparency

Disease Reporting Disease Reporting --TransparencyTransparency

Target – Disease Status (freedom) in EU

BonamiosisBonamiosis

Gill disease: Gill disease: IridovirosisIridovirosis




Contingency PlansContingency PlansContingency PlansWithout complete & total isolation biosecurity measures simply reduce the chance of incurring diseasesWritten contingency measures (& possible table-top exercises) as part of a biosecurity plan reduce catastropgicoutcomes




Auditing & CertificationAuditing & CertificationAuditing & Certification

Slovakia- food fish

Singapore- ornamental fish

South Dakota

-livestock

A credible system for verifying EU disease status (freedom)A reward for implementing measures – increased production & product valueRequires documentation that optimal measure and procedures are in placeRelies on independent third-party evaluation of EU

Certificates of Veterinary Inspection




Certifying Disease Freedom for Movement & Trade

Certifying Disease Freedom for Certifying Disease Freedom for Movement & TradeMovement & Trade

Targeted at specific (gov’t/Intn’l listed) diseases onlyDiagnostics repeated for each movementLittle owner involvement/ responsibilityNo recognition of freedom

Targeted at whole units & listed + production diseasesProvided SPF maintained, minimal diagnostic workOwner part responsible, decreased costsPublic recognition of freedom

Current System(individuals/lots)

Biosecurity System(epidemiological units)




ImplementationImplementationImplementation

VoluntaryVoluntaryIndividual producer/farmIndustries

CompulsoryCompulsoryLegislation/regulations

National/International National/International standardsstandards

National Strategies/OIE Code

CombinationsCombinationsVoluntary, compulsory & standards (requires government-industry, public-private collaboration, cost-sharing, etc)

FlexibleFlexibleTailored to specific needs, resources & conditions




Summary – Implementing biosecurity plans are an iterative and

continuous process

Summary Summary –– Implementing Implementing biosecurity plans are an iterative and biosecurity plans are an iterative and

continuous processcontinuous processEvaluate which diseases are a hazard to the EUDetermine the level of riskDetermine and mitigate critical points on the EUEvaluate disease statusEstablish contingency plansContinuous monitoringAudit & certify efficacy of biosecurity program (revise plans as necessary)




Thank you

Thank Thank youyou

Aquaculture:Aquaculture:

Aquatic Animal Aquatic Animal AgricultureAgriculture



Components of Ideal Biosecurity Plans & Programs G. Fleming (1871) Animal plagues: their history,...

Documents

Transcript of Components of Ideal Biosecurity Plans & Programs G. Fleming (1871) Animal plagues: their history,...