Communication In Our Lives, Fifth EditionCommunication In Our Lives, Fifth Editionby Julia T. Woodsby Julia T. Woods

Chapter 16Chapter 16

Organizing and Organizing and Presenting Public Presenting Public SpeechesSpeeches

Organizing and Organizing and Presenting Public Presenting Public SpeechesSpeeches

Organizing SpeechesOrganizing Speeches

Organizing oral communication Organizing oral communication differs from organizing written differs from organizing written communication in three ways:communication in three ways:

requires more explicit organizationrequires more explicit organization

benefits from greater redundancybenefits from greater redundancy

should rely on less complex sentence should rely on less complex sentence structuresstructures

Outlining SpeechesOutlining Speeches

Working outlineWorking outline just for the speaker, multiple draftsjust for the speaker, multiple drafts

Formal outlineFormal outline includes all main points, supporting includes all main points, supporting

materials, and transitions materials, and transitions (Table 16.1)(Table 16.1)

Key word outline Key word outline designed to trigger a speaker’s designed to trigger a speaker’s

memory of each pointmemory of each point

Organizing the BodyOrganizing the Body

Time patternTime pattern temporal, chronological relationshipstemporal, chronological relationships

Spatial patternSpatial pattern physical relationshipsphysical relationships

Topical patternTopical pattern categories, classes, areas of discussioncategories, classes, areas of discussion

Star patternStar pattern flexible arrangement of topicsflexible arrangement of topics

Organizing (cont’d)Organizing (cont’d)

Wave patternWave pattern repetition, each idea buildings up to a main point repetition, each idea buildings up to a main point

(“I Have a Dream” speech) (“I Have a Dream” speech)

Comparative patternComparative pattern compares two or more objects, people, compares two or more objects, people,

situations, etc.situations, etc.

Problem-solution patternProblem-solution pattern effective for persuasive speecheseffective for persuasive speeches

Organizing (cont’d)Organizing (cont’d)

Cause-effect and effect-cause Cause-effect and effect-cause patternspatterns

argues a direct relationshipargues a direct relationshipbetween two thingsbetween two things

Designing the IntroductionDesigning the Introduction Gain listeners’ attention and Gain listeners’ attention and

motivate them to listen motivate them to listen

questionquestion

personal involvementpersonal involvement

startling evidencestartling evidence

quotationquotation

dramatic exampledramatic example

Designing the Introduction (cont’d)

Designing the Introduction (cont’d)

Present a clear thesis statement Present a clear thesis statement

Build credibilityBuild credibility

Preview the body (major points)Preview the body (major points)

Crafting the ConclusionCrafting the Conclusion Concisely summarize contentConcisely summarize content

Provide a final memorable Provide a final memorable thoughtthought

TransitionsTransitions

Words, sentences, or nonverbal Words, sentences, or nonverbal cues that connect ideas and main cues that connect ideas and main points in a speechpoints in a speech

Communication ApprehensionCommunication Apprehension Some degree of anxiety about Some degree of anxiety about

communicating in some communicating in some situationssituations

Causes of communication Causes of communication apprehensionapprehension

situationalsituational

chronicchronic

Reducing ApprehensionReducing Apprehension

Systematic desensitizationSystematic desensitization

Cognitive restructuringCognitive restructuring

Positive visualizationPositive visualization

Skills trainingSkills training

Oral Style Oral Style

Visual, vocal, and verbal Visual, vocal, and verbal communication with listenerscommunication with listeners

Effective oral communication isEffective oral communication is informalinformal personalpersonal immediate and activeimmediate and active

Styles of DeliveryStyles of Delivery

ImpromptuImpromptu ExtemporaneousExtemporaneous ManuscriptManuscript MemorizedMemorized

Practice!Practice!

PracticePractice

PracticePractice

PracticePractice

WebsitesWebsites

Toastmasters InternationalToastmasters International Includes free resources and listings of Toastmasters Includes free resources and listings of Toastmasters

clubs in your areaclubs in your area

American RhetoricAmerican Rhetoric Includes full text, audio, and video files of the top 100 Includes full text, audio, and video files of the top 100

speeches in the 20speeches in the 20thth century century

Speaking-Tips.comSpeaking-Tips.com

Executive Communications GroupExecutive Communications Group Articles and re-prints on communication and Articles and re-prints on communication and

presentation skillspresentation skills

VideoVideo

PLAY VIDEO

Hate Crimes by Mariah Morgan

VideoVideo

PLAY VIDEO

Speech of Introduction using a Collage by Adam Currier