„Speech is the mirror of the soul, as a man speaks, so he is.“

• History• What is communication• Men vs. Women – differences in

communication• People vs. Animals - differences in

communication• Forms of communication• Verbal c. – spoken form• Verbal c. – written form – letters, sms,

e-mails• Formal vs. Informal form of C.• Direct vs. Indirect form of C.• Non-verbal c. – body language• Weird ways of communication• Media as a form of communication• Discussion/Roleplay

A history of Communication• Communication technologies were very

important in the development of all the great ancient societies:

• Human language probably started between 40 000 and 50 000 years ago when people started to live and hunt together. However those people didn´t speak very well – they could only use their voices like small babies.

• Around 2900 B.C., paper and hieroglyphics transformed Egyptian life

• The ancient Greeks loved the spoken word. They were very good at public speaking, drama, and philosophy.

• The Romans developed a unique system of government that depended on the Roman alphabet

• In the 14th century, the printing press (invented by Guttenberg) helped develop new ways of thinking across Europe

• We use our language (system of signs -sounds, symbols, words,gestures, etc.) to communicate.

• Communication means exchanging thoughts, ideas, messages or information through speaking, writing, signals, sounds and behaviour.

• Communication is one of the most important parts of people´s lives. 75 % of a person´s day is spent by communicating.

Men vs. Women• Men´s and women’s

conversations are different.• Men like talking about

temselves, about hobbies, sports and women like talking about fashion, children, cooking and especially other people.

• Female speakers tend to use more prestigious forms than male speakers .Forms such as „I done it“ and „he ain´t“ can be foundoften in the speech of males, and „I did it“ and „he isn´t „ in the speech of females.

• Animals have ways of exchanging information, too – e.g. sounds, movements. Bees dance and tell other bees where to find food. Elephants make sounds that humans can´t hear. Whales sing songs. Monkeys use their faces to show anger and love. Some chimpanzees can learn sign language, but they can only copy it, they don´t really communicate.

Differences between people and animals

• But this is nothing compared to what people can do. We have language – about 6000 languages, in fact. We can write poetry, tell jokes, make promises, explain, persuade, tell the truth, or tell lies. And we have a sense of past and future, not just present.

We can communicate with other people in many different ways. We can talk and write and we can send messages with our hands and faces. We can divide communication into these groups:

verbal

Non-verb

al

Spoken

Written

Formal

Informal

Direct Indirect

Body language Fine

Art

Music

Morse code

BrailleSmoke signalsSky

talking

Whistled language

• It is pronouncing words. You produce specific voice,speech. You have to use your month, teeth, tongue, vocal fords to be able to speak.

• People talk to each other every day.

• Many of us prefer talking to others face-to-face

• It allows the speaker to ask questions or answer them at the moment of speaking, there are immediate reactions of speakers, we can see body language too. It is the fastest form of communication.

• e.g. a phone call, via the Internet, film, television, face-to –face, etc.

Verbal communication – Spoken form

• It is spelling words – writing. You produce signs e.g. A, B,...You have to use some tool e.g. a pen, keyboard with pc and some other material e.g. paper, to be able to write.

• It also consists of diagrams, pictures, graphs, etc.

• We use it e.g.in reports, rules, orders, instructions, agreements, contracts, CV, applications etc.

• It is used because some things have to be conveyed in written form for proper functioning of the organization.

Written form of verbal communication includes:

• Letters• Text messages• Emails• Fax• Chat rooms• Blogs• Social networks

e.g. Facebook, Twitter

• A letter is a written message from one party to another.

• Historically, letters (in paper form) were the only reliable means of communication between two people in different locations.

• Firstly letters were sent in bottles across the sea or ocean, or sent by a „runner“, but both of them were not very reliable. Later they were sent or still are sent thanks to post office, you have to buy an envelope, a stamp and pay for sending.

• But thanks to other new forms especially the media, the role of letters in communication has changed significantly since the 20th century.

• Short Message Service or SMS is a communication service standardized in the mobile communication system.

• Young people love sending text messages using their mobile phones

• Typical is using several abbrevations such as BTW (by the way), LOL (laughing out loud, W8 (wait!), OMG (Oh, my god), ASAP (as soon as possible) etc.

• Email is a method of exchanging digital messages.

• To send and receive emails we need an Internet connection.

• It is used in more urgent business e.g. contracts, reports, agreements

• It can be also informal e.g. we can write a two-line message to someone on another continent or send a joke to someone in the next office

• Informal - We can use informal communication between friends, in the family, when we are in an ordinary situation and when we feel relaxed, e.g. chatting, gossiping among friends, in the family, etc.

• Typical is using slang (gonna, wanna, ain´t), different dialects, non-standard langauge,

• Formal - We can use formal communication in official situations. For example, when we look for a job, at doctor – patient vs.doctor, at school – teacher vs. student, in business, at office, at work – employer vs. employee.

• Typical is standard/official language, avoid slang, dialects and non-standard, accent/pronunciation, to be polite, show respect and interest in the dialogue, use words of politeness – „could, would, may, please, thank you, excuse me, etc.

Direct/Indirect communication• Direct C. – happens in real time when

participants communicate face-to face. Besides words they use body language, which is different in every culture. Our facial expressions, eye contact, gestures and body posture talk for us too.

• E.g. face-to-face, video calls – Skype, Msn

• Indirect C. – means that senders and receivers of information do not see each other and sometimes do not know each other. They communicate through various communication channels – telephones, letters, songs, posters, pictures, etc.

• E.g. phone calls, letters, blogs, chat rooms,

Non-verbal communication means using:

• Symbols• Signs• Body language• Gestures• Mimics• Hand movements• Eye contact• Facial expressions• Fine art - Paiting, photography• Music – voices, musical

instruments• Morse code• Braille• Smoke signals, sky talking,

whistled language

• We have a complex body language of gestures, postures and facial expressions.We smile, frown,or make different gestures, shapes with our hands etc.

• Our bodies are constantly talking.Our bodies show our feelings or thoughts. When we yawn, we are tired or bored. Sitting with eyes and mouth wide open means that we are fascinated. Banging your fist on the table or stamping your feet expresses anger, shaking hands or hugging conveys pleasure or satisfaction , hand waving means saying Hi/Bye, or high five - is a celebratory hand gesture with saying „give me high five“

Some gestures in our mother tongue - description

• For one meaning we can have different gestures and it usually depends on the country/culture

• E.g. in Europe if you tap your forefinger against your temple, it means a sign of stupidity but in Arabic countries you touch the lower eyelid with the tip of the forefinger.

• We should learn symbolic gestures of other nations as we learn their vocabulary

Weird ways of communication• Writing letters in the bottle• Runner method• Smoke or fire signals• Whistled language• Braille language• Morse code – dots and dashes• Singing Songs, music, sounds,

playing musical instruments• Drawing, painting, Pictures,

photographies• Writing Poetry, prose• Clothes – fashion• Sky talking• talking to the stars

Runner method• In prehistoric times, messages

were sent by a runner. This method was very slow and unreliable. The runner was usually killed by an enemy or the message was delivered into the wrong hands.

Writing letters in the bottleOr letters were also sent in bottles across the sea or ocean. Both of these forms of communication were not very reliable

• Information was also sent by air in the form of smoke signals or fire signals. This is one of the oldest forms of communications. In old western movies the typical picture we have is the Native American using this unique form of sending a message.

• Ancient people from all over the world have used this method e.g. Soldiers guarding the great wall in ancient China, Greeks had a very complicated system with an entire alphabet of smoke signals used around 150 BC. The Greeks used torches.

Smoke signals

Pucker up • it is sometimes consider to be a source of annoyance.

• But actually whistled languages are a form of communication used by many indigenous people around the world e.g. They are especially common in parts of West Africa,Mexico, Brazil.Whistled languages are normally found and used in locations with difficult terrain with mountains, slow or difficult communication (no telephones), low population density and other isolating areas.

• The main advantage of whistling speech is that it allows the speaker to cover much larger distances (typically 1 2 km but up to 5 km) than ordinary speech.

Sing it!• Yodeling seems like a silly

past time to many in the west, but its initial purpose was communicating over long distances and across deep expanses. In yodeling the voice register is switched sharply and can be easily heard over long distances. This made communication possible between mountain peaks or across wide expanses. It is believed the practice of yodeling was developed in the Swiss Alps, but it is also found in such places as Central Africa.

Just beat it• It was a staple of many old radio

shows and movies like Tarzan. Explorers fearfully making their way through a jungle would hear the drums pick up tempo and volume, and they knew they were in deep trouble. Far from being a source of terror the drums in the jungles of Africa or Asia were really more the equivalent of the local news. In fact, drums were a simply method of communications across distances since tempo and volume could be used much the same way as Morse code.

Just draw me a picture• It was not as immediate form of

communication as whistling or yodeling, but the earliest of this type of writings were believed to have been used since pre-historic times to tell stories, warn of danger, claim territories, and even to mark mass grave sites. The pictures were usually crude and created to look like a physical object. These symbols were employed at first to represent physical items, but later developed into ideograms, which could represent ideas. From early cave drawings to the detailed artistry of Chinese calligraphy this type of writing has developed into a complex and beautiful art form still practiced in some cultures.

When dot, dot, dot means

HELP!• When we are in danger, we send a mayday. A system of sending messages,

using dots and dashes orshort and long sounds or flashes of light, is called Morse code.

• The Morse code was invented by Guglielmo Marconi in 1897. At night on Titanic, wireless operator Jack Phillips was the first to use the shorter S O S, which has just three characters “. . .” and it was much shorter than previous one. But it was all for little good. Only the crew of the Carpathia 58 miles out answered the call and was so slowed by icebergs in their path they couldn’t reach the Titanic for almost two hours.

• Still, the new signal caught on to the point that even now when the use of the wireless is minimal ships in distress still call out an SOS when they are in trouble

Sky talking• Skywriting started almost as soon as airplanes

became popular. While new techniques can make the smoke last a little longer but anyway if you decide to use this method to ask for your love’s hand in marriage you better make sure your intended is looking skyward at the proper time.

• The question of how mankind can find other life in the Universe is almost as quickly followed by the question of how to communicate across the fantastic distances in space. The length of time radio signals travels means that any signal detected would come from the distant past. Another suggestion is using laser signals to draw attention to Earth’s status as a hot spot of intelligent life. As the plots of many science fiction movies have advanced there is no promise of how friendly any other life forms might be once they get our message.

Talking to the Stars

• Many people talk to their appliances, TV or radio and they replace our missing communicators. E.g. „Come on, boil!“ But they usually do not expect a reaction.

What forms of communicationdo people prefer and are very popular today? It is said that modern ways of communication

have stopped face-to-face communication. What do you think? Have you ever made friends through the Internet?

• Radio, film, and televison have had a huge influence on society in the last hundred years. And now we have the Internet, which is infinite. But what is this doing to us? We can give and get a lot of information very quickly. But there is so much information that it is difficult to know what is important what isn´t. Modern media changing our world every minute of every day.

• Chatting on social networks such as facebook, twitter, my space• Chatting or making phone/video calls on skype, msm, yahoo, icq• Bloging, discussions in several social groups

• They enable people (especially who are far away from each other) to communicate in a very short time, to talk in real time and send and recive documents or pictures very quickly.

Media as a form of communication

Discussion – Role play• Which form is the most difficult to understand for you?• Have you ever made friends through th Internet? What

ways do you make friends?

• Imagine that no one in the class can understand the language you speak. Decide how you would communicate these messages without using words:

- What time is it?- The test is tomorrow.- The test is very difficult.- I am fed up with waiting for the phone to ring.

• “We have two ears and one mouth so that we can listen twice as much as we speak.”

•  Epictetus quotes (Greek philosopher)