Common PPE Module Overview - ClickSafety€¦ · Common PPE Module Overview Personal Protective...

Common PPE Module Overview

Personal Protective Equipment • Given construction worksite illnesses, injuries and

fatalities, objective of course … – provide training and information to student to

determine, select and use proper PPE and Life Saving Equipment in construction.

– Specific educational objectives: • Hazards that require PPE and Lifesaving Equipment • Information to select appropriate PPE and Lifesaving

Equipment • Information to protect against safety and health hazards • Identification of employer PPE requirements.

Module Overview

Types and PPE Elements: • Various types of common personal protective

equipment (PPE). • PPE selection, use, maintenance, inspection, and

storage. • Head protection, eye and face protection, hand and

arm protection, leg and foot protection, whole body protection.

TIP: Protective equipment must be provided, used, and maintained in a sanitary and reliable condition wherever it is necessary by reason of hazards of processes or environment, chemical hazards, radiological hazards, or mechanical irritants encountered in a manner capable of causing injury or impairment in the function of any part of the body through absorption, inhalation or physical contact.

Module Overview

Module Description • This module:

– References OSHA, ANSI, NIOSH, others. – Real life case studies / lessons learned. – "Why” and “Need” for PPE. – Estimated length: 75 minutes. – Audience: Employees, supervisors and

managers who use, select, maintain, and inspect PPE.

Module Overview

References • OSHA requirements, various sections of:

– 29 CFR 1910 (General Industry). – 29 CFR 1926 (Construction).

• American National Standards Institute (ANSI). • National Institute of Occupational Safety and

Health (NIOSH)and • Others.

Introduction

Personal Protective Equipment • PPE!

– Referred to as PPE. – Includes all clothing and other work

accessories designed to create a barrier against workplace hazards.

TIP: This course references the Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA), American National Standards Institute (ANSI), the National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH), and others.

Introduction

Personal Protective Equipment • The 3rd line of defense.

– Should not be used as a substitute for engineering, work practice and/or administrative controls.

– Should be used in conjunction with these controls to provide for employee safety and health in the workplace.

TIP: Engineering controls include hazard substitution, and the use of hazard enclosures, isolation barriers, ventilation, and similar controls. Work practice controls: improved work procedures and housekeeping to minimize need for PPE. Administrative controls: worker training, altering work schedule or rotating workers to minimize exposure.

Introduction

PPE Use • Engineering controls:

– First line of defense! – Engineering controls include hazard

substitution, and the use of hazard enclosures, isolation barriers, ventilation, and similar controls.

Introduction

PPE Use Work practice / administrative controls. • 2nd line of defense! • Work practice controls: improved work

procedures and housekeeping to minimize need for PPE.

• Administrative controls: worker training, altering work schedule or rotating workers to minimize exposure.

Introduction

PPE Use Requires awareness and training. • PPE does not eliminate the hazard. • If the equipment fails, exposure will occur. • Equipment must be properly fitted and

maintained in a clean and serviceable condition.

Introduction

Selection of PPE Purpose and limitations. • Employers and employees must

understand the equipment's purpose and its limitations.

• Workers have died wearing the wrong PPE, thinking they were protected.

Introduction

Selection of PPE Purpose and limitations.

– PPE must not be altered or removed. – Manufacturers attain approval only after

testing and / or meeting specific criteria. – If parts and accessories are removed or

altered, equipment approvals no longer exist, equipment may become hazardous to use.

– Follow carefully the manufacturers’ instructions.

Introduction

Training Module Focus Commonly used and specialized PPE. • PPE most commonly used for protection

for the head, eyes and face, torso, arms, hands, and feet.

Introduction

Regulations Check state requirements: • There are many states that operate OSHA-

approved state workplace safety and health programs.

• Should check with state OSHA Program. • Individual state may be enforcing standards and

other procedures that while "at least as effective as" federal standards are not always identical to the federal requirements.

General PPE Program Issues

Hazard Assessment OSHA requires hazard assessment. • OSHA requires that employers perform and

document workplace hazard assessment. • Identify the hazards and necessary controls

to include PPE that may be necessary to protect employees from hazards.


Defective PPE Must not be used. • Defective or damaged PPE must not be

used. • To prevent others from using damaged

PPE, tag as defective and repaired immediately or effectively discarded.


Training Training is mandatory! • Before work requiring use of PPE • When PPE is necessary. • What type is necessary. • How PPE is to be worn. • Limitations, proper care, maintenance, useful

life, and disposal.

TIP: PPE must not be altered or removed. PPE is manufactured with specific parts and accessories and the PPE manufacturers obtained approval only after testing and meeting specific criteria. If parts and accessories are removed or altered the equipment approvals no longer exist and the equipment may actually become hazardous to use. Follow carefully the manufacturers instructions for use. Sometimes PPE may be uncomfortable simply because it does not fit properly.


A choice • In many cases, more than one type of PPE

will provide adequate protection. • In those instances, employees should be

given a choice. • When given a choice, PPE use will most

likely be assured.


Document Training Write it down! • That training has been carried out. • Employees understand it. • Name of each employee trained. • Date(s) of training. • Identify the subject (i.e. Hardhats).


Common PPE • Common PPE includes:

– Head protection. – Eye / face protection. – Emergency eye / body wash. – Arm and hand protection. – Foot and leg protection.

TIP: Defective or damaged personal protective equipment must not be used. To prevent others from using damaged PPE it should either be tagged as defective and repaired immediately or disposed of.


Specialized PPE • Types:

– Hearing protection. – Respiratory protection. – Body protection. – Levels of Protection. – Fall protection. – High visibility clothing. – Personal Flotation Devices.

Head Protection

BLS Survey and Head Protection • Proof is in the statistics:

– Most workers who suffered impact head injuries were not wearing head protection.

Head Protection

Head injuries • Caused by falling or flying objects, or by bumping

the head against a fixed object. • Head protection must do two things -- resist

penetration and absorb the shock of the blow.

Head Protection

Head Protection Resistant and absorbing. • Accomplished by making the shell material hard

enough to resist the blow, • Utilizing a shock-absorbing lining composed of

headband and crown straps to keep the shell away from the wearer's skull.

• Protective hats used to protect against electric shock.

Head Protection

American National Standards Institute ANSI • Standards recognized by OSHA for protective hats

are contained in American National Standards Institute (ANSI) ANSI “Personnel Protection -- Protective Headwear for Industrial Workers-Requirements, Z89.1- 1969.”

Head Protection

Classes of Protective Hats

OSHA requires:

Employees exposed to flying or falling objects and/or electric shock and burns shall be safeguarded by means of approved head protection.

Compliance with ANSI Z-89.2-1971. – Class A: Impact hazards.

– Class B: Impact and voltage protection.

– Class C: Safety hat or cap (i.e. bump cap).

TIP: The standards recognized by the OSHA construction standards for protective hats are contained in American National Standards Institute (ANSI) ANSI Personnel Protection -- Protective Headwear for Industrial Workers-Requirements, Z89.1

Head Protection

Classes of Protective Hats OSHA hardhat specification.

Class A: Impact hazards. Class B: Impact and voltage protection. Class C: Safety hat or cap (i.e. bump cap).

Head Protection

Classes of Protective Hats • ANSI’s new head protection

standard.Updated in ANSI Z89.1-1997. – OSHA has yet to adopt new ANSI standard. – Type 1: designed to protect from objects that

fall from above. – Type II: lateral impact protection plus hazards

that fall from above.

TIP: Identify the type of helmet by looking inside the shell for the manufacturer, ANSI designation and class. Helmets are date stamped by the manufacturer and should be replaced no later than the date recommended by the manufacturer, e.g., 5 years.

Head Protection

Classes of Protective Hats • New ANSI classes:

– Class E (Electrical, formerly Class B) helmets intended to reduce danger of exposure to high voltage electrical conductors.

– Class G (General, formerly Class A) helmets intended to reduce the danger of exposure to low voltage electrical conductors.

– Class C (Conductive) helmets not intended to provide protection from electrical conductors.

Head Protection

• Selection • Type and class: • Each type and class of head protector is

intended to provide protection against specific hazardous conditions.

OMIT Head Protection

Firefighters • Special head hazards. • Head protection must consist of a protective head

device with ear flaps and a chin strap that meet the performance, construction, and testing requirements stated in Title 29 CFR, 1910.156.

Head Protection

Label and stamp • Identify the type by looking inside shell for

manufacturer, ANSI designation and class. • Date stamped and should be replaced no

later than the date recommended.

Head Protection

Fit Headband, suspension: • Internal cradle of headband and sweatband forms

suspension. • Headbands are adjustable in 1/8-size increments. • When adjusted to right size, provides sufficient

clearance between shell and headband.

Head Protection

Inspection and Maintenance Care of helmets. • Manufacturers should be consulted with

regard to paint or cleaning materials for their helmets.

• Some paints and cleaning materials (i.e. thinners) may damage shell and reduce protection by physically weakening it or negating electrical resistance.

Head Protection

• Cleaning • Soap and water is one approach. • A common method of cleaning shells is

dipping them in hot water (approximately 140º F) containing a good detergent for at least a minute.

• Shells should then be scrubbed, rinsed in clear hot water, carefully inspected for any signs of damage.

Head Protection

Inspection Check all components daily. • All components, the shell, suspension,

headband, sweatband, and any accessories visually inspected daily.

• Look for signs of dents, cracks, penetration, or any other damage.

• If damage observed or suspected, replace. TIP: Helmets should be stored in a clean and dry location away from heat, flame, sunlight, chemicals, and dampness.

Head Protection

Storage Clean, dry, protected location. • Should not be stored or carried on the rear-

window shelf of an automobile. • Sunlight and extreme heat may adversely

affect protection. • Store in a clean and dry location.

Head Protection

Lesson Learned #1 Description of accident. • Two employees were involved in a metal

fence installation project around a community landfill. Equipment used was a hand held fence post slide hammer, and metal fence posts.

Head Protection

Lesson Learned #1 Description of accident. • Employee, kneeling on ground holding

steady the metal fence post was struck on top of head with slide hammer. Second employee, standing, raised slide hammer above top of fence post, drove down hammer, missing fence post and striking ground employee.

Head Protection

Lesson Learned #1 Nearly fatal! • Emergency services was called in on a cell

phone. The seriously injured employee required surgery and was temporarily paralyzed from the event. He could have easily died as a result.

Head Protection

Lesson Learned #1 Accident Investigation • Identified several safe work practices and

controls. • Mechanical fence post driver. • Employees work at the same level. • Stand clear. • Use appropriate PPE.

Head Protection

Lesson Learned #1 Accident Investigation • Injury best prevented by using engineering

mechanical methods. • Severity of injury lessened by use of an

appropriate Class A or B protective hardhat.

Eye / Face Protection

Staggering Statistic • Injury frequency is shocking.

– Every day an estimated 1,000 eye injuries occur in American workplaces

– Financial cost -- more than $300 million per year in lost production time, medical expenses, and workers compensation.

– Personal toll on injured workers.


Eye Injuries What contributes? Deficient eye protection: • Not wearing eye protection, 60% were not

wearing eye protection at time of accident. • Wearing the wrong kind of eye protection, 40%

were wearing some form of eye protection when the accident occurred but inadequate for the job.

TIP: Every day an estimated 1,000 eye injuries occur in American workplaces


Eye Injuries What causes eye injuries? • Flying particles - 70%. • Contact with chemicals - 20%. • Injurious Light Rays such as from welding

arcs, lasers and other sources.

Safety Tip: Protection from Eye and Face Injuries Besides spectacles and goggles, personal protective equipment such as special helmets or shields, spectacles with side shields, and faceshields can protect workers from the hazards of flying fragments, large chips, hot sparks, optical radiation, splashes from molten metals, as well as objects, particles, sand, dirt, mists, dusts, and glare.


Eye Injuries Prevention? • Always wear effective eye protection. • Better training and education. • Maintenance of eye protection devices.


Eye and Face Safety Devices Four classes are: • Glasses • Goggles • Face Protection • Welding Shields


• Eye and Face Safety Devices • Safety glasses / spectacles. • Made with safety frames, tempered glass or

plastic lenses, temples and side shields which provide eye protection from moderate impact and particles encountered in job tasks such as carpentry, woodworking, grinding, and similar tasks.

• Also available in prescription form for those persons who need corrective lenses.


Eye and Face Safety Devices Goggles • Vinyl framed goggles of soft pliable body

design. • Clear or tinted lenses, perforated, port

vented, or non-vented frames. • Worn in combination with spectacles or

corrective lenses.


Eye and Face Safety Devices Face shields • Adjustable headgear and face shield of tinted /

transparent acetate or polycarbonate materials, or wire screen.

• Various sizes, tensile strength, impact/heat resistance and light ray filtering capacity.

• Operations when entire face needs protection against flying particles, metal sparks, and chemical/biological splashes.


Welding/Hot Work Welders/ hot work goggles: • Provide protection from sparking, scaling,

or splashing metals and harmful light rays. • Lenses are impact resistant and available in

graduated shades of filtration.

Safety Tip: INTENSE VISIBLE LIGHT Exposure of the human eye to intense visible light can produce adaptation, pupillary reflex, and shading of the eyes. In the arc welding process, eye exposure to intense visible light is prevented for the most part by the welder's helmet. However, some individuals have sustained retinal damage due to careless "viewing" of the arc. At no time should the arc be observed without eye protection.


Welding Shield Welding / hot work shield assembly: • Vulcanized fiber or glass fiber body, a

ratchet/button type adjustable headgear or cap attachment and a filter and cover plate holder.

• Protect eyes and face from infrared or radiant light burns, flying sparks, metal spatter and slag chips encountered during welding, brazing, soldering, resistance welding, bare or shielded electric arc welding and oxyacetylene welding and cutting operations.


Welding/Hot Work Welding/hot work shield: • Protect eyes and face from infrared or

radiant light burns, flying sparks, metal spatter and slag chips encountered during welding, brazing, soldering, resistance welding, bare or shielded electric arc welding and oxyacetylene welding and cutting operations.

TIP: Welding shield assemblies consist of vulcanized fiber or glass fiber body, a ratchet/button type adjustable headgear or cap attachment and a filter and cover plate holder.


Welding/Hot Work Shade / filters for eyes and face: • Use filter lenses that have a shade number

appropriate for the work being performed for protection.

• Shade numbers range between 1 and 14. • Typical gas welding operations require a

filter shade of 4-8.


Protectors minimum requirements: • Adequate protection against hazards. • Comfortable. • Fit snugly without interfering with movements or

vision. • Durable. • Capable of being disinfected. • Easily cleanable. • Kept clean and in good repair.


Combination • Head, eye and face protection:

– Many hard hats and non-rigid helmets are designed with face and eye protective equipment.

TIP: Eye and face Protectors must provide adequate protection against the hazards for which they are designed; be reasonably comfortable; fit snugly without interfering with the movements or vision of the wearer; be durable; be capable of being disinfected; be easily cleanable; and be kept clean and in good repair.


ANSI Must meet ANSI specifications. • Design, construction, tests, and use of eye and

face protection must be in accordance with ANSI Z87.1

• American National Standard Practice for Occupational and Educational Eye and Face Protection.

• Marked to facilitate identification of the manufacturer.


Fit Especially prescription safety spectacles. • Fitting of goggles and safety spectacles

should be done by someone skilled in the procedure.

• Prescription safety spectacles should be fitted only by qualified optical personnel.


Inspection and Maintenance Inspect and clean. • Eye protectors kept clean. • Daily inspection. • Cleaning of the eye protector with soap

and hot water, or with a cleaning solution and tissue, is recommended.

TIP: Prescription safety spectacles should be fitted only by qualified optical personnel.


Inspection and Maintenance Replace when: • Lenses are found to be pitted, and deeply

scratched. • Slack, worn-out, sweat-soaked, or twisted

headbands of goggles.


Inspection and Maintenance Protect against damage: • Spectacles and Goggles should be kept in a

case or otherwise protected when not in use.

TIP: If your safety glasses that were damaged were prescription you should contact your eye care specialist to check to see if your prescription has changed.


Inspection and Maintenance Clean and disinfect: • Before issued to another employee. • Cleaned and disinfected regularly. • Follow the manufacturer’s instructions. • Generally soap and warm water or in a solution of germicidal

deodorant fungicide, allowed to air dry in a clean area then placed in a clean, dust-proof container.


Inspection and Maintenance Clean and disinfect procedure. • Soap and warm water or in a solution of

germicidal deodorant fungicide. • Allowed to air dry in a clean area then

placed in a clean, dust-proof container, such as a box, bag, or plastic envelope, to protect them until reissue.


Lesson Learned #2 Event Description. • As a result of one company’s Safety Glasses

Program, an employee encouraged his 18-year old son to wear safety glasses while working at his construction job. His son was resistant and felt he didn't need them, even though he had gotten aluminum dust in his eyes while cutting gutter material. The employee continued to encourage him to wear the safety glasses and his son finally relented and started wearing them.


Lesson Learned #2 Event Description. • After he started wearing safety glasses he was

applying siding with an air powered staple gun when a staple hit a metal plate and ricocheted back toward his face. One leg of the staple penetrated the safety glasses lens and cracked the frames. The son received bruising on the eyebrow and cheekbone from the impact.


Lesson Learned #2 Statement from the dad. • "The safety glasses definitely saved his eyesight

and possibly his life! If only one eye is saved, the program is worthwhile, especially if it is your or your son's eye!"

• Make safety a culture, a way of thinking and acting.


Lesson Learned #3 • Serious accidents can happen in a matter of

seconds, but results can last a lifetime. When you’re working at a job, particularly if it’s routine work, it’s easy to get distracted and either forget an important safety step or cut corners. If you’re not careful, it’s only a matter of time until statistics catch up with you. This Lesson Learned is from a real life incident.


Lesson Learned #3 Event Description • Recently, a craftsman was drilling a hole in a

portable stand. Although wearing prescription eye protection at start of drilling activity, he had removed and set them aside to enable him to read small print on a drill bit. When drill bit shattered and struck his right eyelid, he was not wearing any eye protection at all. Employee suffered a serious eye injury.


Lesson Learned #3 Lessons Learned Statement • According to the BLS, three out of five eye

injuries occurring at work result from not wearing any eye protection devices. By failing to replace his eye protection before continuing on with the drilling activity, the craftsman significantly increased his chances of incurring a serious eye injury.


Lesson Learned #3 Eye injuries are more common than you

think. According to the Prevent Blindness America

foundation, eye injuries of all types occur at a rate of more than 2000 per day. Approximately 180 of these injuries will be disabling due to temporary or permanent vision loss.

Emergency Eye / Body Wash

Requirements Eye wash / safety showers.

– OSHA requires that where the eyes or body of any person may be exposed to injurious corrosive materials, suitable facilities for quick drenching or flushing of the eyes and body shall be provided within the work area for immediate emergency use.


Requirements ANSI specifications: • Meeting requirements of ANSI Z358.1

provided in all areas where eyes of any employee may be exposed to corrosive materials.

• Located where easily accessible in an emergency.


Requirements • Locate near the hazard: • Eye wash and shower station is an essential tool to

accomplish the recommended decontamination.

• ANSI Z358.1 requires locating emergency eye wash and shower stations in an area reachable within 10 sec following an exposure event.

• Emergency equipment must be installed on the same level as the posing hazard with the travel path free from obstructions


Supply Water and Controls Quantity, temperature controls: • Quantity of water should be enough to flush exposed

surfaces of the body for a period of at least 15 min, • Water temperature tepid, 78 to 92oF (26 to 33oC) range. • On/off control valve that stays open once actuated until

intentionally (i.e., manually) turned off. • Freeze protection if necessary.


Testing and Training To function in an emergency: • Test stations monthly to ensure • Annual evaluation to ensure compliance

with the flow and water distribution • Employees at risk need training in proper

use of eye wash and shower stations.

Arm and Hand Protection

Arm and Hand Injuries Examples: • Injuries to arms and hands are burns, cuts,

electrical shock, amputation, and absorption of chemicals.

• Wide assortment of gloves, hand pads, sleeves, and wristlets for protection against various hazardous situations.


Assessment Evaluate the worksite for PPE needs: • Determine what hand protection needed. • Study work activities, dexterity required,

duration, frequency, exposure, stresses.

TIP: Know the performance characteristics of gloves relative to the specific hazard anticipated; e.g., exposure to chemicals, heat, or flames. Talk to the manufacturer, vendor, supplier, or company safety and health coordinator.


Assessment Know the hazards and PPE product: • Know the performance characteristics of

gloves relative to the specific hazard anticipated.

• Talk to the manufacturer, vendor, supplier, company safety and health coordinator.


Lesson Learned #4 Use the Right Protective Equipment Correctly A fatality from using the wrong hand

protection.


Lesson Learned #4 Chemist died as a result of acute exposure! • Dimethylmercury • Chemist was doing research on biological toxicity

of heavy metals. • She handled dimethylmercury on only one day,

while wearing latex gloves • Person died just 298 days after exposure through

gloves to several drops of mercury compound.


Lesson Learned #4 What Was Learned? • The 'super toxic' chemical can quickly

permeate common latex gloves and form a toxic vapor after a spill,

• Handled only with extreme caution and with the use of rigorous protective measures.


Lesson Learned #4 Recommended Action • When considering work with a highly toxic

material, consult with experienced Industrial Hygienist for guidance regarding the selection of protective clothing, including gloves.

• Review manufacturer's "Chemical Resistant Glove Guides”.


Lesson Learned #4 A note about MSDSs • MSDSs can be a good source of information to

identify the hazard and safe work practices for hazardous substances however they are often generic and non specific.

• For some toxic substances they can be simply too vague to provide adequate guidance for glove selection.


Lesson Learned #4 Request documentation on PPE. • From manufacturer that gloves meet appropriate

test standards for hazards anticipated. • For protection against chemical hazards, toxic

properties of the chemical(s) must be determined –

• Ability of the chemical to pass through the skin and cause systemic effects.


Selected to Fit Job • Uses and limitations.

– Some gloves designed to protect against specific chemical hazards.

– Wire mesh, leather, and canvas provide can provide protection from burns and cuts.

– Become familiar with the limitations of the clothing used.


Special Arm and Hand Protection Working around electricity: • Electricians need special protection from

shocks and burns. • Rubber considered best material for insulating

gloves and sleeves. • Rubber protective equipment for electrical

work must conform to ANSI.

Safety Tip: Click on the link shown to review OSHA's November 14, 2006 interpretation surrounding OSHA requirements for warning signs and protection from electric-arc-flash hazards and compliance with NFPA 70E-2004. LINK: http://www.osha.gov/pls/oshaweb/owadisp.show_document?p_table=INTERPRETATIONS&p_id=25557


Special Arm and Hand Protection • Welders and Hot Work: • Face shields, leather gloves and gauntlets, leather

aprons, and fire- resistant clothing which are designed to prevent burns by protecting from welding slag, sparks, UV radiation, and radiant heat.

• Clothing must exhibit fire resistance consistent with OSHA standards and applicable portions of ANSI Z49.1.


Lesson Learned #5 Routine maintenance activity leads to burns • Incident could have been prevented with

effective work practice and engineering controls.

• Injury or seriousness of injury could have been prevented by correct PPE.


Lesson Learned #5 Lessons Learned Statement • Even routine maintenance actions that

have been performed many times can occasionally lead to accidents or injuries.

• Appropriate personal protective clothing, procedures, and engineered safeguards should be employed to guard against all reasonable accident scenarios.


Lesson Learned #5 Description of Incident- • Two heavy-duty equipment mechanics were

attempting to remove a gland nut from end of a leaking hydraulic lift cylinder while performing routine corrective maintenance on a man lift. They could not remove gland nut using only mechanical methods so they applied heat with an oxyacetylene torch to release tension on nut.


Lesson Learned #5 Description of Incident- • Hydraulic fluid trapped between leaking

seal and wiper seal vaporized, escaped from leaking seal, and ignited from heat of torch. One employee received first and second degree burns on his right forearm from vapor flash.


Lesson Learned #5 Analysis- Similar repairs had been performed

safely without incident hundreds of times in past. In this case, workers wore what they believed to be appropriate PPE for job, however, injured employee's coverall sleeve was raised to elbow exposing his bare forearm. Full welder's PPE was not prescribed.


Lesson Learned #5 Recommended Actions- • Wear full hot-work PPE, including fire retardant

gloves with gauntlets and a face shield, when heating components.

• Remove all potential fire hazards before performing hot work.

• Conduct periodic training on hot work techniques and safety practices.

• Include potential hazards identified in Job Hazard Analysis for hot work.

Foot and Leg Protection

BLS Statistics Statistics show: • Most workers who suffered foot injuries

were not wearing protective footwear. • Most employers did not require them to

wear safety shoes. • Typical foot injury caused by objects falling

fewer than 4 feet and the median weight was about 65 pounds.


Protection of Feet and Legs • From falling or rolling objects, sharp objects,

molten metal, hot surfaces, and wet slippery surfaces, workers should use appropriate foot guards, safety shoes, or boots and leggings.

• Leggings protect lower leg and feet from molten metal or welding sparks. Safety snaps permit their rapid removal.


Overshoe Guards Protect Top of Foot. • Aluminum alloy, fiberglass, or galvanized

steel foot guards can be worn over usual work shoes.

• May present possibility of catching on something and causing workers to trip.

• Overshoe guards meet ANSI Z-41 standards.


Hazards and Footwear Many options for protection Many types of foot protection to protect against

falling and rolling objects, cuts and punctures. Steel-toe safety shoes; add-on devices: metatarsal

guards, metal foot guards, puncture-proof inserts, shin guards are often worn.

Safety Tip: Foot protection must cover the entire foot.


Safety Footwear Protection options, style. • Sturdy and have an impact-resistant toe. • Metal insoles protect against puncture

wounds. • Come in a variety of styles and materials,

such as leather, rubber boots, oxfords, sports.

Safety Tip: In addition to foot guards and safety shoes, leggings (e.g., leather, aluminized rayon, or other appropriate material) can help prevent injuries by protecting workers from hazards such as falling or rolling objects, sharp objects, wet and slippery surfaces, molten metals, hot surfaces, and electrical hazards.


Safety Footwear Safety footwear and ANSI. • Classified according to its ability to meet

minimum requirements for both compression and impact tests.

• 29 CFR 1926.96 and 1910.136 reference the ANSI standard.


Foot/Leg Protection Chemicals and solvents: • Wear impermeable footwear with synthetic stitching, and

made of rubber, vinyl or plastic. • Know the specific chemical, feet and legs may be

exposed. • Follow manufacturer's chemical resistant guides to

identify type of rubber, vinyl, plastic, other synthetic protection for greatest chemical resistance.


Foot and Leg Protection • Electric current:

– Workers exposed to live electrical conductors must wear safety footwear.

– Soles of electrical resistance footwear have specific electrical insulating properties.

– Insulating properties of footwear will deteriorate in wet environments and with wear.

– Rubber or cork soles, and heels, no metal parts and insulated steel toes.


Foot/Leg Protection • Extreme cold, heat, direct flame: • For extreme cold wear shoes or boots with

moisture- or oil-resistant insulation, and that can repel water and insulated socks.

• For extreme heat and direct flame wear overshoes or boots of fire-resistant materials with wooden soles.


Foot and Leg Protection • Other hazards:

– For sanitation wear special plastic booties or overshoes; paper or wood shower sandals.

– For slips and skids wear non-slip rubber or neoprene soles; non-skid slip over shoes; strap-on cleats for icy surfaces.

– Sparking hazard (from metal shoe parts): safety shoes with no metal parts and non sparking material.


Foot and Leg Protection • Other:

– Sparks, molten metal splashes: foundry boots with elastic sides or (that get inside shoes) quick-release buckles for speedy removal.

– Static electricity: shoes or boots with heels and soles of cork or leather.

– Wet locations: lined rubber shoes or boots; rubbers or shoes of silicone-treated leather.

Summary

• Summary

– PPE is only a tool in fight against workplace hazards. – PPE is not first line of defense. Engineering controls:

ventilation, isolation, enclosures are the preferred method.

– Before acquiring PPE, important to do a hazard assessment followed by implementation of an effective program of PPE selection, use, maintenance, inspection, care, storage, and employee training.

Specialized PPE Module Overview

• Specialized Personal Protective Equipment – Types and PPE elements

• Various types of specialized personal protective equipment (PPE)

• PPE selection, use, maintenance, inspection, and storage.

• Hearing protection, respiratory protection, fall protection, high visibility apparel and drowning protection.

TIP: Protective equipment must be provided, used, and maintained in a sanitary and reliable condition wherever it is necessary by reason of hazards of processes or environment, chemical hazards, radiological hazards, or mechanical irritants encountered in a manner capable of causing injury or impairment in the function of any part of the body through absorption, inhalation or physical contact.

Module Overview

• Module Description – This Module:

• References applicable OSHA, and related agency and organizational standards

• Estimated length: 45 minutes. • Audience: Employees, supervisors and managers who use,

select, maintain, and inspect PPE.

Module Overview

Module Agenda • We’ll Cover:

– Types of specialized PPE to protect against unique hazards (i.e. noise, respiratory, chemical exposures, falls, mobile equipment, dangerous waters).

– Present in general terms: PPE selection, use, maintenance, inspection and care.

– Present case studies to underline the need and use of specialized PPE.

Module Overview

References • Include:

• OSHA requirements, various sections of: – 29 CFR 1910 (General Industry) – 29 CFR 1926 (Construction).

• American National Standards Institute (ANSI). • National Institute for Occupational Safety and

Health (NIOSH) • United States Coast Guard • Others.

Hearing Protection

Noise / Unwanted Sound • Common occupational health problem.

– 30 million people in U.S. occupationally exposed.

– 10 million people have occupational noise-induced hearing loss.

– Noise-induced hearing loss can be reduced through engineering, work practice and personal protective equipment programs.

Hearing Protection

Hearing Conservation Programs • Measurement of Noise?

– Most important part of workplace hearing conservation and noise control program.

– Noise monitoring helps identify: • Work locations where noise problems. • Employees who may be affected. • Where noise measurements needed. • Who / where needs hearing protection.

Hearing Protection

Monitoring • Required to accurately identify exposures.

– At or above 85 decibels (dB) averaged over 8 working hours, or an 8-hour time-weighted average (TWA).

– All continuous, intermittent, and impulsive noise

– Repeated when changes in production, process, or controls increase noise exposure.

Hearing Protection

Noise Monitoring Instruments • Three principal types.

– Sound Level Meter – Octave Band Analyzer – Noise Dosimeter. – Instruments carefully checked and calibrated

to ensure that measurements are accurate.

Hearing Protection

"Hierarchy of Controls“ • Three prioritized strategies:

– Engineering Controls – Administrative Controls / Work Practice

Controls – Personal Protective Equipment.

Hearing Protection

Hearing Protection Used When • Hearing Protection:

– Used when noise hazards cannot be controlled though engineering, administrative or work practices controls.

– Hearing protection does not control the hazard.

– Used while engineering, administrative and work practices being implemented.

Hearing Protection

Hearing Protection Background

– To minimize frequency and intensity of noise. – Should wear hearing protector if noise or

sound level at workplace exceeds 85 decibels (A-weighted) or dB(A).

– When worn properly, hearing protectors can reduce the risk for damaging your hearing.

Tip: Did you know? Noise-induced hearing loss is 100 percent preventable but once acquired, hearing loss is permanent and irreversible. Therefore, prevention measures must be taken by employers and workers to ensure the protection of workers' hearing.

Hearing Protection

What is a Decibel? • Decibel (dB) used to measure sound level.

– Jet aircraft takeoff at 50 ft. 135 dB – Threshold of pain: 130 bB – Chainsaw: 110 bB – Power mower: 95 dB – Passing Motorcycle: 90 dB – Conversational speech: 60 dB – Quiet bedroom at night: 25 dB

Hearing Protection

Ear Protectors – Four basic types:

• Molded earplugs. • Custom-molded earplugs. • Self-molded earplugs. • Ear muffs. • For high noise levels, a combination of ear plugs

and ear muffs generally provide the highest level of protection.

Safety Tip: Did You know? Ear protective devices inserted in the ear shall be fitted or determined individually by competent persons.

Hearing Protection

Ear Protectors Molded Earplugs:

– Usually made of plastic or silicone rubber. – Available in a variety of shapes and sizes. – Considered multiple use. – Must be cleaned and properly stored after

each use.

Hearing Protection

Ear Protectors Custom Molded Plugs:

– Made of plastic. – Designed from a molded wax insert of wearer's ears. – Multiple use but cannot be switched ear to ear. – Need to be kept clean. – Eventually wear out. – Consult manufacturer re to cleaning and change out.

Hearing Protection

Ear Protectors Self-molded Earplugs:

– Made of mineral down or plastic foam. – Molded or formed by the wearer. – One size fits all, single or multiple use. – Prepared for insertion by rolling into a thin

crease free cylinder, inserting into ear canal, holding in place with a fingertip a few moments until plug begins to expand.

Hearing Protection

Hygiene • Avoid contamination / ear infections

– When inserting ear plug devices: • Wash hands before inserting earplugs. • Replace disposable earplugs after each use. • Clean reusable earplugs after each use.

Hearing Protection

Earmuffs • Characteristics:

– Designed to be multiple use. – Worn with the harness over or behind the

head, or below the chin. – Generally more comfortable, but usually

provide less noise reduction, thus less protection, than custom molded ear plugs.

Respiratory Protection

Respiratory Protection • A very broad subject.

– Get additional training if you are required to wear.

– ClickSafety’s Respiratory Protection. – Respirators often used to protect against

airborne contaminants and oxygen deficient atmospheres.


Respiratory Protection Program • Approvals and program elements.

– Respirators must be NIOSH approved. – Program elements.

• Respirator selection. • Medical evaluation. • Fit testing. • Training. • Use, maintenance, inspection, and more.


Lesson Learned • Important to Inspect Respirators.

– Proper inspection and fit checking before using a respirator in actual conditions can avoid an injury.


Lesson Learned • Discussion of Activities:

– A Waste Management Operator was performing the pre-use inspection and negative pressure user seal check of a respirator, when the exhalation flapper valve was sucked into the respirators exhalation valve body.


Lesson Learned • Investigation

– During routine repair, flapper valve had been replaced with one designed for use with different respirator.

– Comparison of valves found similarities in design and appearance.

– No personnel exposure or injury occurred in this event.


Lesson Learned • Recommended Actions:

– Inspect respirators and remove from service respirators with incorrect flapper valves.

– Brief all personnel of problem and instruct not to replace any flapper valves until correct part obtained, procedure revised.

– This incident had good outcome, failure to properly inspect and fit check have led to serious exposures.


Respiratory Protection • Two main classes.

– Air purifying devices: do not have a separate air source. Purify inhaled through filtering.

– Atmosphere supplying respirators: supply air from an air supply carried by user or located some distance away with connection by an air-line hose.

TIP: The discussion of respiratory protection can be very broad and to meet OSHA’s training requirements you will need additional training if you are required to wear for your job.


Air Purifying Devices • Function

– Cleanse contaminated atmosphere as ambient air passes through air purifying element.

– Much lighter than SCBA. – Enhance wearer mobility. – Cannot be used in IDLH or oxygen deficient

atmospheres. – Have limited duration of protection. – Protects against specific chemicals / specific

concentrations.


Air Purifying Devices • Have Use Limits

– Environments with sufficient oxygen to support life and air contaminant level within use concentrations.

– Generally limited to air contaminants not highly toxic or airborne contaminant levels low.

– Must not be used if air contaminants or their relative concentrations are unknown.


Air Purifying Devices Selectivity and Function.

– Selectively remove specific airborne contaminants from ambient air by filtration, absorption, adsorption, or chemical reactions.

– Two principal types of APRs. • Aerosol / particulate removing respirators for dusts,

fumes, and mists. • Gas / vapor removing respirators.


Case Study: Respiratory Protection • Background

– A 32 year old environmental technician was seriously injured when the respirator that he was wearing was ineffective against a caustic vapor to which the employee was exposed. The employee received burns to the throat and larynx causing permanent scarring.


Case Study: Respiratory Protection • Background

– Collecting samples liquid from unlabeled container. – Liquid contaminated with low level organic

hydrocarbons. – MSDS not immediately available. – Selected full face air purifying respirator with organic

vapor cartridges. – Experienced burning sensation in throat.


Case Study: Respiratory Protection • Acute Injury

– Employee immediately left area and removed respirator.

– Employee not able to talk without serious pain. – Employee rushed to the emergency care unit.


Case Study: Respiratory Protection • Injury and outcome.

– Diagnosis was acute chemical burns to upper respiratory tract.

– Injury resulted in permanent scarring of upper respiratory tract.

– Employee will have difficulty talking for many years to come.


Case Study: Respiratory Protection • Investigation

– More in liquid than low level organic petroleum hydrocarbons.

– Liquid contained caustic ammonia product. – Cartridges in air purifying respirator ineffective. – Caustic vapor passed through organic vapor cartridge,

entering employees upper respiratory tract.


Case Study: Respiratory Protection • Lessons learned included:

– Never assume what chemical in unlabeled containers. – Never pour chemicals into unlabeled containers. – If sampling unknown compounds necessary, wear

supplied air under guidance of a site specific respiratory protection plan prepared by a competent person.


Powered Air Purifying Respirator • PAPR

– Equipped with a filter, chemical cartridge or canister.

– Uses a power source to operate a blower that passes air across the air cleansing element to supply cleansed air to the user.


Atmosphere Supplying Respirators • Hose line or self contained.

– Respirators supply breathing atmosphere to the user from an uncontaminated source of air.

– Breathing air must meet strict air quality standards. – Used in atmospheres that lack sufficient oxygen and

environments contaminated with air contaminants relatively toxic and / or highly concentrated.

– The use of all respirators requires proper selection, use, inspection and maintenance, training, fit and other factors.

Tip and Link: Check out NIOSH’s Respirator Selection Decision Logic – 2004 webpage at http://www.cdc.gov/niosh/docs/2005-100/default.html


Atmosphere Supplying Respirators • Use Requirements:

– Atmospheres that lack sufficient oxygen. – Environments contaminated with airborne

contaminants which are relatively toxic and / or highly concentrated.

– Use requires proper selection, use, inspection and maintenance, training, fit and other factors.


Emergency Escape Respirator • Characteristics

– Type provides clean air to the wearer from a small self contained cylinder or oxygen generating chemical.

– Approved for escape only. – Cannot be used for entry. – Have limited service life ( 5 to 15 minutes)

depending on model and breathing rate.


Respirator Types • Positive vs. negative pressure.

– Positive pressure respirators provide positive pressure within the face piece during both inhalation and exhalation.

– Positive pressure respirators minimize potential for respirator leakage.

– Any leaks or cracks in negative pressure system will allow air contaminants into face piece exposing the wearer.


Face Piece • Different types.

– Quarter mask, half mask and full face. – Full face mask provides greatest level of protection. – Assigned Protection Factor (APF) = level of protection a

particular type of respirator can be expected to provide 95% of time.

– APF for Half face = 10. – APF for Full face = 50.

Body Protection

Protective Body Clothing • Includes:

– Fully and non-encapsulating suits. – Aprons, leggings, sleeve protectors. – Heat, firefighters protective suits. – Blast and fragmentation suits. – Cooling protective garments. – Radiation protective suits. – Coveralls made of impervious materials to prevent

contact with hazardous chemicals and substances.

Body Protection

Protective Body Clothing • Wide range of materials

– To protect against physical, chemical, biological hazards.

– Rubber, plastic films, leather, synthetic fibers, cotton and more are used for protective garments.

– Designed to provide protection or a shield against acids, alkalis, temperature extremes, moisture, oils and more.

Body Protection

Levels of Protection • Chemical hazard body protection.

– Established by OSHA / EPA. – Standardized for hazardous waste operations. – Includes Level A, Level B, Level C, and Level D.

Tip and Link: Check out OSHA’s General description and discussion of the levels of protection

and protective gear. http://www.osha.gov/pls/oshaweb/owadisp.show_document?p_table=STANDARDS&p_id=9767

Body Protection

Levels of Protection • Recommended Level A protection includes:

– Positive-pressure, full face-piece, self-contained breathing apparatus (SCBA), or positive pressure supplied-air respirator with escape SCBA.

– Totally-encapsulating chemical-protective suit. – Inner and outer chemical resistant gloves – Boots, chemical-resistant, steel toe and shank. – Hard hat (under suit). – For all levels of protections, options available.

Body Protection

Levels of Protection • Recommended Level B protection includes:

– Positive-pressure, full-face-piece, self-contained breathing apparatus (SCBA), or positive-pressure supplied-air respirator with escape SCBA (NIOSH approved).

– Hooded chemical-resistant clothing. – Inner and outer chemical-resistant gloves. – Boots chemical-resistant steel toe and shank. – Hard hat and face shield if appropriate.

Body Protection

Levels of Protection • Recommended Level C protection includes:

– Full-face or half-mask, air-purifying respirators (NIOSH approved).

– Hooded chemical-resistant clothing. – Inner and outer chemical-resistant gloves. – Boots (outer), chemical-resistant steel toe and shank

or disposable boot covers. – Hard hat, escape mask, and face shield as appropriate.

Body Protection

Levels of Protection • Recommended Level D protection includes:

– Coveralls. – Gloves. – Chemical resistant steel toe and shank boots (chemical

exposure). – As appropriate:

• Safety glasses or chemical splash goggles. • Hard hat, escape mask, and face shield.

Fall Protection

Fall Protection • Fall Protection is:

– Intended to prevent death and serious injury to fall hazards.

– Deaths from falls is ranked second behind motor vehicle accidents with respect to workplace fatalities.

– Designed to prevent worker from falling off of edges, through floors, room openings, off of equipment, and more.

Tip: In 2006, the Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS) reported that fatal work injuries involving falls increased 5 percent in 2006 after a sharp decrease in 2005. The 809 fatal falls in 2006 was the third highest total since 1992, when the fatality census began.

Fall Protection

Fall Protection • When necessary and types.

– Required when worker faces serious risk, at OSHA specified heights.

– Two basic types of personal fall protection systems: fall arrest and travel or fall restraint.

TIP: Fall protection systems are discussed in more detail in ClickSafety’s Click Level 2 fall protection course.

Fall Protection

Fall Arrest Systems • Prevents a serious fall!

– Stop a fall within a few feet of the worker’s original position.

– Typically requires a full body harness, a lanyard, a rope grab, a lifeline, and a lifeline anchor, all rated at 5000 lbs. breaking strength for most applications.

– Maximum free-fall 6 feet (4 feet California). Link:

http://www.osha.gov/pls/oshaweb/owaquery.query_docs?src_doc_type=INTERPRETATIONS&src_anchor_name=1910.134&src_ex_doc_type=STANDARDS&src_unique_file=1910_0134

Fall Protection

Travel or Fall Restraint System • Purpose of travel or fall restraint:

– Restrains a worker from getting too close to an unprotected edge.

– Typically requires a full body harness, a lanyard, a rope grab, a lifeline, and a lifeline anchor all rated at 5000 lbs. Breaking strength for most applications.

TIP: It is very important to understand that whenever feasible, OSHA requires that instead of having workers rely on fall protection equipment and tying off, temporary floors, guardrails, toe boards, or other physical barriers to falls be installed instead. These barriers, such as guardrails, need to meet minimum specifications (such as 42 inch height) spelled out in the standards.

Fall Protection

Physical Barriers • Physical barriers are first line of defense!

– Whenever feasible, OSHA requires temporary floors, guardrails, toe boards, or other physical barriers to prevent falls.

– These barriers, such as guardrails, need to meet minimum specifications (such as 42 inch height) spelled out in the standards.

High Visibility Apparel

High-Visibility Safety Apparel • Can save your life!

– There are lots of jobs and work activities that may expose you to motorized vehicles (cars, trucks, vans, and heavy construction equipment).

– Your activity may make it critically important to be seen by motorized equipment operators.

– High Visibility Apparel is PPE intended to save your life.

Tip and Link: Check out the Revised American National Standard for High-Visibility Safety Apparel and Headwear, ANSI/ISEA 107-2004. Link: http://www.safetyequipment.org/hivisstd.htm


Case Study: High Visibility Apparel • Incident background.

– Like much of nations climate, weather in Colorado, just east of The Rockies can change quickly. On this particular site, activities involved heavy equipment, and a field crew on ground.


Case Study: High Visibility Apparel • Incident background.

– Three members of a survey crew, working in a relatively remote location was busy setting up their equipment nearing end of day. No vehicle nor heavy equipment traffic in area they were setting up.


Case Study: High Visibility Apparel • Crew statement.

– Reported as “the fog cloud just came out of nowhere” the crews day turned into night. The whole site quickly became engulfed in a cold, damp fog that lowered visibility to nearly zero.


Case Study: High Visibility Apparel • Heavy equipment on the move.

– At another location on the site, a heavy equipment operator was involved in scraping and loading activities, saw the fog begin to develop and as the workday was nearly over, operator made an attempt to move the equipment to the site equipment yard.


Case Study: High Visibility Apparel • Rumbling in the mist.

– In mist and fog, equipment operator became disoriented, wandered into area of survey crew.

– Even going slowly in poor visibility, conditions were right for disaster.

– Survey crew hearing approaching scraper could do nothing but attempt to get to vehicle for cover.


Case Study: High Visibility Apparel • Nearly crushing the crew.

– At about 15 feet away, seeing nothing but gray white, scraper operator identified three reddish glows directly in his path of travel and nothing else.

– Scraper operator immediately stopped the multi ton vehicle just in time to avert running over and crushing the survey crew.


ANSI/ISEA • Industry standard.

– American National Standard for High-Visibility Safety Apparel ANSI/ISEA 107-1999.

– Developed standard in response to concerns workers exposed to low visibility hazards are not wearing appropriate visibility-enhancing apparel.


ANSI / ISEA Standard Highlights

– Specifies minimum amounts of background fabrics and retro reflective materials for high-visibility garments.

– Fabrics must be fluorescent yellow-green, fluorescent orange-red or fluorescent red.

– Three classes of high-visibility safety clothing. Class 1, 2, and 3.

TIP: High visibility apparel Class 1 has the least amount of fluorescent and retro reflective trim, and designed for workers in occupations such as parking lot attendants, shopping cart retrievers, warehouse workers, and similar activities.


ANSI / ISEA • High-visibility apparel Class 1

– Least amount of fluorescent and retro reflective trim. – Parking lot attendants. – Shopping cart retrievers. – Warehouse workers. – Roadside or sidewalk maintenance workers. – Delivery vehicle drivers.


ANSI / ISEA • High-visibility apparel Class 2

– “Superior visibility for wearers," – Worn where risk levels exceed those of Class 1, – Roadway construction, utility repair, survey crews,

railway workers, school crossing guards, parking or toll-gate personnel, airport baggage handlers/ground crew, emergency response personnel, law enforcement personnel, accident site investigators.


ANSI / ISEA • High-visibility apparel class 3

– Inclement weather, under heavy traffic conditions, or when complex backgrounds impair visibility.

– Intended to provide conspicuity in hazardous situations.

– Fluorescent lime-yellow trim enhances visibility under any light conditions during day, while reflective trim is brightly visible under illumination by vehicle headlights in low light or dark conditions.

Working Over or Near Water

Working Over / Near Water PPE • OSHA specifies.

– Appropriate life saving equipment (i.e. personal flotation devices, PFDs) be available and worn when employees are working over or near water, where the danger of drowning exists.

Tip: Recently a 56-year old bridge inspector drowned after falling from a seawall. The victim and a coworker were inspecting a highway bridge over a waterway that connected two bays of a large lake. Although life vests were available in the inspectors vehicle, they were not being worn at the time of the incident.


Case Study: Contract Worker Drowns • Background

– A fundamental lesson for both commercial and recreational mariners.

– Worker drowned after falling into water when workboat on which he was a passenger was struck by a barge being pushed by a tow boat.

– Three workers, all wearing Personal Flotation Devices (PFD), fell from workboat into water. Two made their way back to dredge.


Case Study: Contract Worker Drowns • Body of Third Worker

– Finding third person was difficult because of darkness but his body was found approximately 30 minutes later, about 200 feet downstream from dredge. Water temperature was 46 degrees Fahrenheit which could have contributed to death of drowned victim.


Case Study: Contract Worker Drowns • Not Just a PFD

– Victim wore a proper personal flotation device, his PFD did not have a light, making recovery extremely difficult.

– Another possible contributing factor was lack of proper clothing to insulate against cold water.


Case Study: Contract Worker Drowns • Summary recommendations

– Wear proper personal equipment. – Always wear a PFD and make sure it is

equipped with a light and sound-making device.

– A water-activated light and whistle for night operations.


Lifesaving Equipment • Drowning Hazards

– If exposed to a drowning hazard and unprotected by railings, nets, safety belts or other means, must have available:

– Personal floatation devices, PFD’s. – Ring Buoys. – Lifesaving boats. – Lifelines. – Water activated light and whistle for night operations.

Tip: Life jackets or buoyant work vests must be provided to employees where the danger of drowning exists. These must be inspected for defects before and after each use


Lifesaving Equipment • Personal Floatation Devices (PFDs)

– Approved by United States Coast Guard as Type I PFD, Type II PFD, Type III PFD, or equivalent, pursuant to Coast Guard Lifesaving Equipment Specifications.

– PFDs maintained in good condition. Removed from service when damaged that affect their buoyant properties or capability of being fastened.

– PFDs must support an unconscious persons head above water.


Lifesaving Equipment • Ring buoys must:

– Be U.S. Coast Guard approved. – Be 30 inches in diameter. – Equipped with 90 feet of line. – Placed in visible and accessible locations. – Spaced at intervals of 200 feet maximum. – Some states with more stringent requirements. – In CA. ring buoys must have 150’ of 600# test line.


Lifesaving Equipment • Lifesaving Boats

– Federal OSHA requires that at least one lifesaving skiff be immediately available at locations where employees are working over or adjacent to water.


Lifesaving Equipment • Lifesaving boats – some states (i.e. California)

elaborate. – Some states (i.e. CA.) specify lifesaving boats, manually

or power operated, readily accessible, properly maintained, equipped with oars, oarlocks attached to gunwales, boathook, anchor, ring buoy with 50 feet of 600 # capacity line, two life preservers.

– Oars not required on boats that are powered by inboard motor.


Lifesaving Equipment • Lifelines

– Some states (i.e. CA) allow lifelines be used in place of lifeboats if current too swift.

– Lifeline must stretch across stream and equipped with taglines or floating planks at 6 foot spacing.

– Check your individual state requirements relative to working over or near water.


Case Study: Boat Capsizes • The Project

– A three person geotechnical survey crew. – Scope to map ocean floor and currents at a

location approximately 300 feet offshore. – Seaworthy, deep V hulled boat loaded with

expensive geotechnical survey equipment. – Crew were experienced and trained to do this

type of work.


Case Study: Boat Capsizes • First Day of Project

– Crew set out with equipment in workboat. – Following established safe work practices. – All wearing their US Coast Guard floatation

equipment designed for cold water work.


Case Study: Boat Capsizes • A Beautiful Day

– As day progressed, weather improved, sun came out and began to warm, a beautiful day. At 300 feet offshore, work going smooth, crew working in gentle rolling water decided day was so nice, they would remove cold water PFD’s. Believed absolutely nothing would go wrong.


Case Study: Boat Capsizes • The Incident

– After the crew removed their floatation devices, the gentle rollers increased, a “sleeper wave” appeared, throwing the crew overboard and capsizing boat. One crew member was struck on head by capsizing boat or lose equipment.

– Expensive equipment sank to ocean floor. – Crew members struggled for their lives in cold water,

rolling surf, and treacherous currents.


Case Study: Boat Capsizes • Looking for something to hold onto.

– Crew managed to surface and survey area for anything that would float and found nothing. Crew member that was struck on head sustained only a minor injury and was conscious.

– All three miraculously survived.


Case Study: Boat Capsizes • Crew Statements

– All crew members survived. – “To never take water for granted and always, always

wear PFD’s when working near, over or in water.” – Crew expressed that had they secured the expensive

scientific equipment worth tens of thousands of dollars it may have been spared as well as valuable collected data.

Summary

Summary • PPE is only a tool in fight against workplace hazards. • PPE is not first line of defense. Engineering controls:

ventilation, isolation, enclosures are the preferred method.

• Before acquiring PPE, it is important to do a hazard assessment followed by implementation of an effective program of PPE selection, use, maintenance, inspection, care, storage, and employee training.

• For more information, talk with your supervisor, safety officer, equipment supplier or others available to you.

Employer Responsibilities

PPE Standards • OSHA’s primary personal protective equipment standards are in Title 29

of the Code of Federal Regulations (CFR), Part 1910 Subpart I, and equivalent regulations in states with OSHA approved state plans, but you can find protective equipment requirements elsewhere in the General Industry Standards (e.g. 29 CFR 1926.95-106 covers the construction industry).

• OSHA’s general PPE requirements mandate employers conduct a hazard assessment of their workplaces to determine what hazards are present that require the use of protective equipment, provide workers with appropriate protective equipment, and require them to use and maintain it in sanitary and reliable condition.

TIP: Using personal protective equipment is often essential, but it is generally the last line of defense after engineering controls, work practices, and administrative controls. Engineering controls involve physically changing a machine or work environment. Administrative controls involve changing how or when workers do their jobs, such as scheduling work and rotating workers to reduce exposures. Work practices involve training workers how to perform tasks in ways that reduce their exposure to workplace hazards.


PPE Assessment • Employers must assess the workplace to …

– Determine if hazards are present that require the use of personal protective equipment.

– If such hazards are present, an employer must select protective equipment and require workers to use it, communicate the protective equipment selection decisions to workers, and select personal protective equipment that properly fits the workers.


Additionally • Employers must train workers who are required to wear

PPE on how to do the following: – Use protective equipment properly; – Be aware of when personal protective equipment is necessary; – Know what kind of protective equipment is necessary; – Understand the limitations of personal protective equipment in

protecting workers from injury; – Put on, adjust, wear, and take off personal protective equipment;

and – Maintain protective equipment properly.

TIP: For additional information concerning protective equipment view the publication, Assessing the Need for Personal Protective Equipment: A Guide for Small Business Employers (OSHA 3151). LINK: http://www.osha.gov/Publications/osha3151.pdf

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