Colorado Coalition Colorado Coalition for School …Arizona bark scorpions are active for most of...

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Colorado Coalition for School IPM Newsletter | June 2018

Colorado Coalition

CCSIPM School District Spotlight: St. Vrain

Inside this issue:• School District: St. Vrain• Partner Spotlight: University of Arizona (Scorpions)• Featured Pests of the Month: Ants• Is Non-Registered Applicator Training Required for Your School?• Current Pests

Colorado Coalition for School IPM NewsletterJune 2018

St. Vrain Valley School District - IPM is a culture change – it takes everyone to contribute.

By Kent Holle

In the summer of 2015, the St. Vrain Valley Schools operations team received a report that an insect that looked like a small cockroach had been spotted in the teacher’s lounge of an elementary school.

“I do not ever remember having a cockroach problem in any of our schools at any time, and surely thought

it was another kind of insect that someone thought looked like a cockroach,” said Kent Holle, IPM Technician.

During the initial investigation, the responding staff member surveyed the space - a small room with a table, chairs, counter, sink, dishwasher soda machine and refrigerator. Dirty dishes were piled in the sink as well as food crumbs on the counter and open food containers.

Monitoring traps were set to see if any the team could collect any evidence of a cockroach infestation. When the monitoring traps were checked the next day, all six traps were full of German cockroaches.

As the investigation continued, hundreds of cockroaches were found underneath the refrigerator. The floor was wet, as was the inside area underneath of the appliance. Upon further inspection the ice maker line had a slow leak and was creating a perfect harborage with the heat of the motor and pump.

“The moisture from the ice maker line, as well as the dirty dishes and food scraps on the counter made the perfect environment for an infestation,” said Kent. “Who knows how they got in there in the first place, but we knew we needed to take action.”

The school custodian met with the facility operations team and we decided on an Integrated Pest Management (IPM) strategy to get these things under control. The first thing was to deep clean the room. All shelves, clutter and dishes were removed, cleaned and disinfected. The area underneath the sink, was

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also de-cluttered and clean. Teachers and staff were instructed to not leave any dirty dishes in the sink, and to be mindful of what they leave behind. The refrigerator was removed at once, and replaced a little later

“The next day when I returned it was awesome how clean this room was. It was pretty interesting to see that just these few integrated pest management steps really put stress on this cockroach population – they were in disarray already.” As the team continued to work on eradicating the insects, some pesticides were used after the initial cleaning to bring the cockroach population under control, in addition to some crack and crevice treatments for walls and under sinks. Bait stations and an insect growth regulator were also used.

The population was closely monitored over the next couple of weeks, with significant population decreases seen each day. Finally, with 6 monitoring traps set, I came in to find just 1 cockroach on those traps one morning, and then none. And, there hasn’t been one since.

Since that outbreak, the school staff and faculty have kept the lounge very clean and the custodian has expanded this strategy into other areas of the school. For example, they keep all areas of the school clean and order clean trash dumpsters when the current ones become very dirty. These things have helped with reducing other pest issues such as flies, yellowjackets and mice.

I cannot stress enough, the effectiveness of the cooperation of the custodial staff at this school, the ownership they took, as well as all the other staff in getting this situation under control. “One person would never have achieved these results.”

Points to Ponder

• IPM is NOT hanging an IPM sign on your door or title and saying that you are implementing IPM

• IPM is NOT a one-person job.

• IPM is NOT hard to do.

• IPM is training, communication and cooperation. You may still have to use some pesticides occasionally, but generally at a greatly reduced level.

• IPM is a culture change – it takes everyone to contribute. One person storing unprotected food in a facility will bring pests in.

Happy pest controlling!

Colorado Coalition for School IPM Agency Partner Spotlight:

University of Arizona

Managing Scorpions

Authored by Dawn H. Gouge, Shujuan (Lucy) Li, Christopher Bibbs, and Shaku Nair, University of

Arizona.

There are close to 2,000 described species of scorpions worldwide, at least 100 in the U.S., and more than 50 species in the desert southwestern states. Scorpions have long been of concern and interest to humans primarily due to their ability to give painful, and sometimes life threatening stings, but also because they are important and beneficial components of many ecosystems.

Arizona bark scorpion Centruroides sculpturatus (Fig. 1) is one of the most commonly occurring scorpion species in the low desert southwest. This species also colonizes small parts of California, Nevada, New Mexico, Utah, Colorado, Texas, and northwestern Mexico.

Adults are 2-3 inches in length, have relatively slender appendages and a long, slender tail. Their coloration and markings are highly variable, some being pale in color, others darker with stripes or checkered patterning.

Fig. 1. Arizona bark scorpion (2 inches in length), Chloe Fung (UA intern 2017)

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The Arizona bark scorpion is the only scorpion of medical concern in the U.S. (Curry et al. 1983), and while all native scorpions can sting, only Arizona bark scorpion stings are hazardous to human health.

The Arizona bark scorpion is typically associated with “crevice” harborage during daylight hours. They are found in walls, and under rocks, logs, tree bark, and other surface objects. They may also be found in small animal burrows and other protected places, including inside building wall voids. In fact, the Arizona bark scorpion is common around buildings of all kinds in low desert areas, and is often associated with homes and hollow-block perimeter walls. The scorpions live for 5-7 years feeding on crickets, cockroaches and many other insects, and can be seen drinking from small pools of standing water (Fig. 2).

They are not territorial, and are usually found living with others, sometimes in dense populations if resources are plentiful. Homes and buildings with irrigated landscapes can support healthy populations much higher than in desert wild-land areas. Around buildings, they usually go undetected unless they gain access to the interior of buildings. They enter under and around poorly fitted doorways (Fig. 3), through window vents, and under exterior walls with openings, and even via weep-holes in the weep screed (which allows water to exit from wall voids).

Once inside walls, they can easily move throughout the envelop of a building and access interior spaces around electrical faceplates, pipe collars, etc.

Fig. 2. Arizona bark scorpion eating a cricket, top, and drinking water, below, Melisa Sikes and Chloe Fung (UA intern 2017)

Fig. 3. The scorpion likely entered through a gap in the weather-stripping around the door

The Arizona bark scorpion (0.25-3 inches in length) is the most commonly encountered “house scorpion”. Kang and Brooks (2017) compiled all scorpion species exposures reported to U.S. Poison Help Hotlines from 2005 – 2015, and documented that 98% of exposures occur in or around homes.

In research studies investigating the harborage preferences of Arizona bark scorpions, 95% of the scorpions preferred hollow block walls as refuge places compared with the many other options around buildings and landscapes. Vegetation (including tree bark and pine cones), ground cover, and underground burrows are also used as harborage by the scorpions, but hollow block walls are preferred.

The Arizona bark scorpion is a proficient climber, it will make its way across interior flooring, can scale walls, and traverse across ceilings. Scorpions may fall from ceilings, landing in beds, sinks (Fig. 4), bathtubs, toilet bowls, etc.

If you find a scorpion in a pool or spa, do not assume it is dead or unable to sting. They can remain alive entirely

submerged for surprising amounts of time in chlorinated pool water, and recover well enough to defend themselves if fished out by hand. Educate children to hang pool towels and clothing up off the floor, as damp discarded pool towels are extremely attractive to scorpions seeking moisture. If you find scorpions in your washing machine or clothes dryer, they likely stowed away in discarded towels or clothing left on the floor, that were then placed in the washing machine.

Arizona bark scorpions are capable of dispersing significant distances, and a number of factors are known to motivate their movement. Researchers observed that light motivates bark scorpions to move, and a maximum travel distance of 114 yards (nearly the length of a football field), has been recorded under full light. Scorpions will move to harborage areas to escape extremely high temperatures, move when flooded out of refuge areas after irrigation

Fig. 4. Arizona bark scorpions may fall from walls and ceilings, and get caught in sinks and bathtubs from which they cannot escape

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or monsoon rains, and often relocate if disturbed by earth movement associated with building or landscape changes. Typical foraging distances around buildings, measured using telemetry tags, are relatively short distances (less than 35 yards in a night), often just enough to acquire water or harborage. Most movement occurs between 7pm-11pm, and 3am and sunrise. Males typically travel further than females, and gravid (pregnant) females move the least.

Arizona bark scorpions are active for most of the year in low-desert areas, and nighttime temperatures above 70° F are ideal. During the coolest months (November-March) they are less active, and during the coldest periods they cluster as groups (Fig. 5) in weather protected, enclosed, and undisturbed spaces called hibernacula. Groups may be found when residents undertake construction work during the winter months and block walls are removed, or building walls are opened up during remodeling efforts.

Living With and Managing Scorpions

In the desert southwest, we share our space with the medically important Arizona bark scorpion, and our homes provide these amazing and adaptable scorpions with plentiful food, water, and shelter. To eliminate scorpions from our landscapes would require extremely unhealthy and illegal chemical use that would at best, be a temporary eradication of the pest. A far healthier and sustainable approach is to accept that scorpions are part of the natural landscape, and take precautions to exclude the creatures from the interior of homes and buildings. The following are useful tips for the safe and harmonious sharing of our incredible desert landscape.

• Educate children not to touch scorpions and report scorpion sightings to an adult caregiver.

• Be vigilant while walking outdoors at night; wear shoes. Be vigilant indoors at night; wear slippers or flip-flops.

Fig. 5. Bark scorpions aggregate in groups to over-winter in protected spaces

• Do not store shoes on the floor, especially outdoors (Fig. 6). .

• Do not allow towels or clothing to be discarded on the ground indoors or outdoors.

• Be careful when camping or during other outdoor activities to ensure that a scorpion has not made a home in your clothes, shoes or sleeping bags.

• Do not allow wood, rocks, clutter or debris to build up against the home.

• Scorpions glow brightly under Ultraviolet light (UV or black light), use a UV light to inspect inside your home for scorpions before bedtime (Fig. 7).

• Conduct UV light collections several times during summer months between 8-11pm. Make sure that you wear boots and have long tongs if you want to capture the scorpions to move them. As they are beneficial to our environment please consider collecting and releasing the scorpions into the natural desert rather than killing them.

• Keep grass closely mowed near buildings. Prune bushes and overhanging tree branches away from the structure. Tree branches can provide a path to the roof for scorpions. Minimize low growing ground cover vegetation.

• Store garbage containers in a frame that allows them to rest above ground level.

• Install weather-stripping around doors and windows and ensure a snug fit.

• Ensure door sweeps are tight fitting with no gaps.

Fig. 6. An Arizona bark scorpion finds a cozy harborage site in a child’s shoe

Fig. 7. Arizona bark scorpion fluorescing under UV light

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• Screen weep holes in brick veneer or weep screed with coarse steel mesh (the holes should not be plugged or sealed as they are important for the ventilation of wall spaces).

• Caulk around roof eaves, pipes and any other points and wall penetrations into the building.

• Keep window screens in good repair. Make sure they fit tightly in the window frame.

• Stucco and cap hollow-block walls to make them less inviting harborage zones.

• Keep your tetanus shots and vaccinations up-to-date.

Scorpions are extremely difficult to eradicate. If you regularly find scorpions inside your home, call a pest management professional experienced in the management of scorpions. Eliminating their food sources (crickets and other insects) can help, but will not eliminate scorpions from around the home. If a reduced scorpion population is desirable, additional steps can be taken. However, scorpions are difficult to manage with pesticides alone. Pest-proofing your home or structure is by far the most effective way to reduce scorpion contact and potential scorpion stings.

If you would like to know more, please read “Scorpions of the Desert Southwest United States” https://extension.arizona.edu/sites/extension.arizona.edu/files/pubs/az1768-2018.pdf

References

Curry, S. C., Vance, M. V., Ryan, P. J., Kunkel, D. B. and Northey, W. T. 1983. Envenomation by the Scorpion Centruroides sculpturatus. Journal of Toxicology: Clinical Toxicology Vol. 21, Issue 4-5: 417-449.

Kang, A. M. & Brooks, D. E. 2017. Geographic distribution of scorpion exposures in the United States, 2010-2015.

Acknowledgements

This material is based upon work that is supported in part by the National Institute of Food and Agriculture, U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA NIFA), under award number 2014-70006- 22488, which provides Extension IPM funding to University of Arizona. Any opinions, findings, conclusions, or recommendations expressed in this publication are those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect the view of the U.S. Department of Agriculture. Additional support is provided by the University of Arizona – Arizona Pest Management Center (APMC).

Featured Pest of the Month:Ants

Management of Household Ants (II)

Colorado household ants, namely pavement ants, field ants, carpenter ants, cornfield ants, odorous ants and pharaoh ants and their life history was published in May issue of the School IPM Newsletter.

The first and most important step to reducing problems with ants occurring in homes/buildings is to eliminate sources of food and water that are attractive. In addition to obvious sources of food left on counters, sinks or floors, spilled food in cupboards and food associated with trash baskets may also be visited by foraging ants. Dripping faucets and leaking pipes may also be important water sources that ants will use. Also, if ants have been foraging in a home, wash down counters or floors with some household cleaner to eliminate the odor trails the ants have established to locate sources of food or water.

Most ants found in homes nest outdoors, sometimes adjacent to building foundations. Heavy mulch, piled leaves or ground covers that abut buildings can provide cover for ant colonies and can increase the likelihood of their subsequent occurrence in a house. Keeping the area around the building foundation free of cover can reduce the likelihood of ants foraging indoors.

Alternatives to insecticides are sometimes sought. Boiling water can kill small colonies that do not extend too deeply. Large colonies spread over a wide area, those that extend deeply into the ground, and those that are in sites cannot be managed by this method. Furthermore, the hazards of handling boiling water generally exceed that of using currently available ant insecticides, with less likelihood of success.

Insecticides can be useful to control ants and a wide range of ant control products are available. These are primarily used either to: 1) generally suppress ant numbers in a yard; 2) establish perimeter barriers around a home; 3) spot treat foraging ants found in homes; or 4) incorporate into baits to kill colonies.

General Suppression of Ants in Yards. Products used for general ant suppression include various sprays, dusts or granules applied to lawns (Colorado State University Extension fact sheet #5.518). These surface-applied treatments can temporarily reduce numbers of ants foraging through lawns and on garden beds.

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However, such treatments do not penetrate into colonies nor do they affect ants that use below-ground tunnels for much of their travel.

Similarly, applications of such insecticides made directly to nests will often kill only surface foragers, again providing only temporary control. The great majority of the ants within the nest will not be affected unless insecticides thoroughly penetrate into the colony, which may extend a few feet deep. Where entrance areas are disturbed by insecticides or other activities, colonies will often abandon the treated area and establish new entrances at a different location.

Perimeter Treatments of Buildings. Most ants that occur within homes originate from outdoor colonies. An insecticide barrier maintained around the building perimeter can inhibit much of this activity. Such treatments are generally applied as sprays or dusts to the soil immediately adjacent to the building and/or the lower areas of walls. Particular attention should be given to areas where ants are known to be able to enter buildings, such as near foundation cracks or windows. However, such treatments will not be able to well control ants that enter homes through below ground openings in building foundations.

All such perimeter treatments involve insecticides of the pyrethroid class (see fact sheet #5.518) and these typically may persist to control ants for a week to around month under outdoor conditions. One perimeter treatment with a different mode of action is hydramethylnon, an insect growth regulator. Sold in a granule formulation under the Amdro trade name, it acts as a bait that may be accepted by some species of ants that occur in Colorado homes.

Baiting. Use of ant baits will usually provide the most satisfactory control. This strategy involves use of acceptable food into which a small amount of an insecticide is incorporated. The ants feed on the bait and return it to the colony where it is shared with nest mates (trophyllaxis).

The types of insecticides used for baiting ants are very different than those used as sprays around building perimeters or in spot treatments. Instead of being fast acting, these have slower effects that allow the forager ant time to carry the treated food back to the nest. Boric acid, borax and arsenic trioxide are some of the older insecticides used as baits. Others act as insect growth regulators (e.g., hydramethylnon), affecting insect hormones that affect growth or prevent queens from producing fertile eggs. In recent years, several new insecticides have been marketed that have different activity allowing highly effective disruption of ant colony functions.

The formulation of insecticides used as ant baits is also different. Historically, baits involved solid food mixtures placed inside a bait station (“ant trap”) that was visited by ants. In recent years food baits that are applied as gel droplets or are in bait stations that provide liquids have been marketed. Solid food-based baits are also available now in a broadcast form for use outside.

Several features determine if ants can be successfully controlled with baits. Perhaps most important is that the bait is acceptable to the ant so that they will feed on it. Feeding habits of the various ants found in homes vary with some preferring sweet materials (e.g., field ants, cornfield ants), others favoring greasy materials (e.g., pavement ants). Another important factor in bait acceptance is moisture content. Baits often become unattractive when they dry out, a common problem in the arid climate of Colorado. For this reason, liquid and gel formulated baits may often be more readily accepted by ants. Carpenter ants are one group of ants that will not visit most solid ant baits but will feed at some liquid or gel sugar-based baits.

Effectively using baits also requires a few steps be taken so that the ants will visit and feed upon the baits. Most important is to deny them alternate food and water sources within the home or building. Thoroughly clean-up food preparation areas and other sites of ant activity. Secure garbage cans to prevent ant foraging. Leaking faucets and other areas providing free water should also be corrected.

Spot sprays of insecticides should not be used in the vicinity of a bait station. The point of effective ant baiting is to get ants to actively visit the bait. Place the baits in areas where ant activity has been observed. Ant baits will need to be reapplied if they dry out or are consumed.

Effects of ant baiting usually start to become apparent within a week or two after they are begun. Under optimum conditions the ant colony may ultimately be eliminated by a bait program.

Homemade ant baits preparation involve incorporating a small percentage (ca 5-10% by weight) of boric acid or borax with some acceptable food. Since feeding preferences of ants vary, test several foods to see if they are visited. Among the commonly available foods accepted by ants are either sweet materials, such as honey or apple jelly, and/or greasy, protein rich materials, such as peanut butter. If these baits are made, they must be applied in a manner so that pets or children cannot reach them. Placement of the bait in a sealed container with punched entry

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holes can produce a more protected bait station. Baits containing boric acid/borax also cannot be applied directly to soils where plants are growing as boron-containing materials can be soil sterilants.

Household spot sprays. Some household insecticides allow use indoors as a surface spray to kill ants that move across treated surfaces. Such treatments are best applied to cracks and crevices used by foraging ants to enter living areas. However, these have very limited and short-term effectiveness as the insecticides degrade and/or the ants change routes of activity. Far more effective are insecticides used as baits, fed on by ants and returned to the nest. Contact sprays should not be used in the vicinity where baits are applied.

Source: Ants in the Home (Colorado State University Extension fact sheet #5.518) by W.S. Cranshaw

Is Non-Registered Applicator Training Required for Your

School?

Thia Walker, CSU Extension Specialist –Pesticide Safety Education

During the 2015 Colorado Legislative session, the Colorado Pesticide Applicators’ Act (CRS Title 35 Article 10) was revised to include a requirement for the training of pesticide non-registered limited commercial and non-registered public applicators. A limited commercial applicator is any person who is applying pesticides in or on property owned or leased by the person or the person’s employer while conducting business other than producing an agricultural commodity. A public applicator is any agency of the state, any county, city and county, or municipality, or any other local governmental entity or political subdivision which applies pesticides.

Non-registered means that the entity or person is not registered or licensed with the Colorado Department of Agriculture (CDA) Pesticide Program as they are only using general use pesticides that do not require applicator licensure.

As a result of the 2015 revision of the Pesticide Applicators’ Act, the owner or their designee of a limited commercial applicator entity and all employees of public applicators must receive training prior to the using pesticides.

Training must occur prior to:

• using any general use pesticide that requires mixing or loading of a pesticide into a separate service container (such as a hand sprayer or backpack sprayer) or application device (ATV or gator sprayers, boom sprayers, etc.).

OR

• the use of any Ready-to-Use (RTU) general use pesticide on the property of schools, children daycare facilities, hospitals and health care facilities that require a license from CDPHE.

The following flow chart (at the end of the article) may help you determine whether you need training or not.

This training requirement can be met by one of the following:

• Holding a current Qualified Supervisor, Certified Operator or Private Applicator license from the CDA in any license category;

• Taking and passing the Qualified Supervisor or Certified Operator General Core exam or Private Applicator exam within the last 5 years;

• Attending any continuing education course that covers the required core topics; or

• Taking and passing the CDA’s online pesticide training course.

CDA’s Online Pesticide Training Course

CSU Colorado Environmental Pesticide Education Program (CEPEP) worked with CDA to develop the online pesticide training course. The training consists of five interactive modules that are self-paced.

Module content includes core elements of pesticide use including IPM and Laws Governing the Use of Pesticides; Understanding Pesticide Labels and Safety

Training is NOT required for use of the following general use pesticides:

• Use of any anti-microbial pesticide such as those intended to disinfect, sanitize, reduce or mitigate the growth or development of microbial organisms;

• The use of Ready-to-Use (RTU) general use pesticides in areas other than those sensitive sites (schools, children daycare facilities, etc.) already specified in this article.

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Data Sheets; Applicator Safety; Pesticide Application; and Environmental Protection and Public Health. At the conclusion of each module, an “Understanding the Module” quiz will be given. All questions on the quiz must be answered correctly or the participant will be redirected to the information concerning the incorrect response. Upon successful completion of all five modules, a certificate will be issued. This certificate should be retained by the employer for a period of 3 years.

For more information, or to access the training, go to the CEPEP website: http://cepep.agsci.colostate.edu/1-licensing/non-registered-applicator-training-modules/

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Current Pests: What Are You Seeing?

Statewide

• Cooley spruce gall: April: Insects continue development and usually begin to produce egg sack in late April. May: Eggs hatch and young nymphs move to feed on new growth. Galls are initiated.

• Honeylocust plant bug: April - Check trees for newly emerged nymphs. May - Nymphs have hatched and begin to damage new growth. (Except High Country Areas)

• Lilac/ash borer: Flights of adult moths may begin.

• Nightcrawlers: Tunneling activities and associated lawn lumps continue.

• Peach tree borer: Larvae causing peak injury to bases of trees at this time.

• Spider mites on pines: Populations may increase rapidly on ponderosa and other susceptible pines.

• Spiny elm caterpillar: Small colonies of these caterpillars may be seen on willow, hackberry, aspen, elm and other trees. (Except Southwestern counties)

• Spinach leafminer: Egg laying and tunneling begins in older spinach foliage.

• Tick season: The next two months are the peak season for tick activity and spread of Colorado tick fever.

• Tent caterpillars: April - Early season species, mostly associated with cottonwood in low lying areas, should be rapidly developing. Aspen is another common host. May - Tent caterpillars affecting cottonwood in lower elevations may be completing development.

• Slugs: Slugs may cause peak damage to seedlings during cooler weather.

• Southwestern pine tip moth: Egg-laying occurs when new needles emerge on pines.

Arapahoe, Douglas, & Elbert Counties

• Ants: Foraging ants in homes are common until temperatures allow them to seek food outdoors.

• Poplar twiggall fly: Adults emerge and begin to lay eggs in emerging aspen shoots.

• Douglas-fir beetle: In forested areas, adult emergence, flights and tree attacks may begin.

• Brownheaded ash sawfly: Adults may lay eggs during warm days following bud break.

• Zimmerman pine moth: April: Approximate treatment timing for overwintered larvae. May: Period ending during which larval control is possible.

• Turfgrass mites: Clover mites continue to feed on lawns and enter homes in nuisance migrations.

• Midges: Non-biting midges emerge from ponds and mating swarms may be observed over lawns.

• Miller moths: Flights into areas often begin in early May.

• Spider mites: Clover mite populations should be peaking and may begin natural decline.

• Sod webworms, cutworms: Damage to lawns by webworms and cutworms begin at this time.

• Hackberry psyllid: Adults return to trees and lay eggs on the emerging leaves.

• Brownheaded ash sawfly: Pinhole feeding wounds indicate early stage infestations.

• Elm leaf beetle: Adults return to trees and chew holes in leaves.

• Walnut twig beetle: Overwintered adults in trunk bark move to branches and begin tunneling.

• Pine needle scale: Egg hatch may begin during warm seasons.

Eastern Plains Counties

• European elm bark beetle: Preventive sprays should be completed before adults emerge and fly.

• Ash sawfly: Typical period of peak egg laying.

• Poplar twiggall fly: Adults emerge and feed on sap from leaves; egg laying may begin.

• Cutworms: Army cutworm injury may peak at this time. Injury can occur in gardens, lawns, whet and alfalfa fields.

• European paper wasp: Nest initiation usually has begun.

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• Spider mites: Injury by banks grass mite increases. Clover mite populations should be decreasing.

• Miller moths: Flight sometimes begin in early May.

• Millipedes: Cool wet, weather may trigger migrations of millipedes from lawns.



• Honeylocust podgall midge: Adults begin laying eggs on new growth. First generation begins.


• Ash sawfly: Early feeding injury should be present. Optimum time for treatment in most seasons.

• Seedcorn maggot: Early planted beans, corn, and melons are susceptible to seedcorn maggot damage.

• Flea beetles: Larvae chew small holes in many garden plants and may kill seedlings.

• Strawberry injuries: Millipedes and slugs tunnel ripening berries.

El Paso & Teller Counties


• Poplar twiggall fly: Adults emerge and begin to lay eggs in emerging aspen shoots.


• Brownheaded ash sawfly: April- Adults may lay eggs during warm days following bud break. May - Pinhole feeding wounds indicate early stage infestations.

• White pine weevil: Adults move to spruce terminals to mate and lay eggs.

• Zimmerman pine moth: April - Approximate treatment timing for overwintered larvae. May - Period ending during which larval control is possible.

• Clover mites: continue to feed on lawns and enter homes in nuisance migrations.







• Walnut twig beetle: Adults move from overwintering chambers in bark to branches and initiate new tunnels.

High Country Areas


• Aphids on fruit trees: Spray oils on dormant trees to kill overwintered aphid eggs.


• Ips beetles: Ips (engraver) beetles may be active during warm periods. Recently transplanted pines and pines in outbreak areas may need protection.

• White pine weevil: Overwintered adults may become active and move to terminals of spruce to feed and lay eggs if daily temperatures exceed 50F.







• Western spruce budworm: Overwintered larvae begin to tunnel buds and flowers. Check for early stages of infestations.

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Pueblo & Fremont Counties

• European elm bark beetle: Preventive sprays should be completed before adults emerge and fly.

• Ash sawfly: Typical period of peak egg laying.





• Honeylocust podgall midge: Adults begin laying eggs on new growth. First generation begins.


• Ash sawfly: Early feeding injury should be present. Optimum time for treatment in most seasons.




Southwestern Counties


• Aphids on fruit trees: Spray oils on dormant trees to kill overwintered aphid eggs.





• Hackberry psyllid: Adults return to trees and lay eggs on the emerging leaves. Western spruce budworm: Overwintered larvae begin to tunnel buds and flowers. Check for early stages of infestations.

Tri-River Counties

• Poplar twiggall fly: Adults can be found resting on newly emerged and females insert eggs into developing stems.

• Spider mites: Injury by Banks grass mite increases. Clover mite populations should be decreasing.

• Spider mites: Injury by Banks grass mite often increases if dry conditions persist. Clover mite populations should be decreasing.

• Pine needle scale: Egg hatch may begin during warm seasons.




Source: http://bspm.agsci.colostate.edu/outreach-button/insect-information/ (Yard/Garden Insect Calendars)

Editors: Clyde Wilson, U.S. EPA Region 8; Assefa Gebre-Amlak, CSU Extension; Frank Peairs, CSU Extension; Thia Walker, CEPEP.

Design & layout: Kierra Jewell

“Pest of the month” photo(s): Whitney Cranshaw, CSU Professor & Extension Specialist

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Did we miss something? See an error? Please contact Assefa Gebre-Amlak at: [email protected] (970) 491-2666

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