COLD WARCOLD WAR

BALANCE OF POWERBALANCE OF POWER

#1 East vs. WestWest supported by

US & GB.Democracy & free enterprise restored Western countriesEastern Europe had pro-communist govts supported by

the Soviet UnionEurope divided by

imaginary line: Iron Curtain

#2 West German Govt Germany divided into 4

zones - eventually, Western three

combined into 1Berlin is also divided in

4, but in Soviet zoneNazis outlawed, tried

at NurembergGermans wrote a

constitution1949, Federal Republic

of GermanyGuaranteed asylum for

political reasons (sanctuary)

#3 Holocaust Lessons

Germans want to be sure it doesn’t happen again

Today, strong ties to IsraelAttempt to compensate

financially some victimsWill grant asylum to

anyone escaping political persecution

#4 Japan’s Constitution

Want to end militarism and

ensure democracyConstitution drafted by Gen.

Douglas MacArthur & advisors

Constitutional monarchy;

representatives elected to Diet;

women can vote; basic rights guaranteed

#5 Cold War2 superpowers emerge

after WWII - US & Soviet Union

A continuing state of tension & hostility btwn

them.Armed battle did not occur

directly- stakes are 2 high!Soviets have atomic bomb

in ‘49, hydrogen bomb ‘53Marxist Communism vs.

American Capitalism - ideological conflict;

hatred!

#5 Cold War begins

Stalin forced Eastern European countries to

adopt pro-communist govtsThe Soviets did not trust

the West, won’t give up lands they gained in war

Stalin puts pressure on Greece & Turkey, we step

in.

#6 Satellite?Not that kind of

satellite!A country that

was forced to be pro-

communist 7 of them:

Poland, Czechoslovakia, East Germany,

Hungary, Romania,

Yugoslavia, Bulgaria

#7 Truman Doctrine 3/47, President Truman establishes military & economic policy to help other nations resist Soviet

aggression Theory of

Containment - limit commies from

spreading Sends $400 million in

military & economic aid to Greece &

Turkey War on Communism

“It must be the policy of the United States to support free peoples

who are resisting attempted subjugation by armed minorities or by outside pressures.”

— Harry S Truman

#7 Marshall PlanEconomic aid

package to strengthen

democratic govts in W. Europe, help them

rebuild$13 Billion

Extremely successful, source of

embarrassment for Stalin when W.E.

recovers, E.E. doesn’t

#8 Crisis in Germany

Tension btwn democratic West and

communist EastStalin feared a strong,

united GermanyW. Germany is doing

better, industry up 600%, currency better

in West than EastBerlin was in East,

blockaded by Stalin to stop supplies

Berlin Airlift

#8 Berlin Airlift 1948 Allies bring in food & supplies through the air to Berlin for nearly a year Blockade is ineffective

Led to the formal creation of West Germany (1949)

1961, East German govt builds wall separating East Berlin from West Berlin - shoot anyone

trying to escape

#9 Opposing AlliancesNorth Atlantic Treaty

Organization - NATODesigned to make

sure Soviets don’t grab any more of

EuropeWarsaw Pact - Soviet

alliances w/ 7 of its satellites

Critics said the purpose of NATO was:

“to keep the Russians out, the Germans down, and the Americans in.”

#10 Soviet Repression

Stalin dies in 1953, glitter of hope

But Soviets keep their thumb on satellite

countriesSoviets put down revolts by rolling tanks, show the West they will use force to support communism

#11 Revolts

1956, Imre Nagy - Hungarian nationalist &

communist seeks independence

Soviets roll in tanks, Nagy executed & thousands of

others dieSoviets crush dissent by

force

Time magazine’s Man of the Year in 1956 was the

Hungarian freedom fighter

#11 Czechoslovakia 1968, “Prague Spring” movement among students

Alexander Dubcek became Communist Party leader,

called for liberal reforms & easing of communist

controls “Socialism w/ a human

face” Tanks rolled, new govt

installed Again, use force when

necessary

#12 Arms RaceDistrust & fear permeate in

cold war societyBoth sides stockpile atomic

weapons, position them “in case of attack!” - fear

1960 - US U2 Spyplane shot down over Soviet airspace prior to East-West summit

meeting in ParisAmericans deny, Soviets

produce evidence, captured pilot - Relations fall apart

#12 Space Race

1957 Sputnik, a Soviet satellite, is first man-made

object to orbit the Earth US shocked, Soviets are

Better? WTH? NASA started - major $$$$$$$

for science and math education1961 - Soviets 1st man in space

1969 - US on moon

#13 East Asia

By supporting govts or rebel groups in other

countries, the superpowers could exert

their influence w/out engaging directly (through

surrogate means).Korean War, 1950-1953Vietnam, 1954-1975 Provided eco. aid, advisors, & troops to contain communism

Tens of thousands die not fighting Soviets, but other

communists

#14 Middle East

1950s, Gamal Abdar Nasser rules Egypt,

Soviets help him with Aswan Dam

Fights 2 wars vs. Israel, backed by

SovietsUS backs Israel

#14 Middle East

US & USSR needed oil for their economies -

interfere in Iran & Iraq Iran - US backs anti-communist shah, who

gets overthrown in Islamic Revolution,1979

USSR supports socialist dictator in Iraq after

military coup overthrows monarchy

#15 Africa

Congo - free from Belgium in 1960 - Soviets help new leader suppress rebels

Anti-communist dictator Mobutu Sese Seko gets support from the west & takes control, renames it

ZaireStays in power until late ‘90s.

#16 Latin America

Cuba - Fidel Castro establishes communist

dictatorship in 1959Very close to US

Bay of Pigs invasion to overthrow Castro

fails, 19611962 Cuban Missile

Crisis

Castro & Khrushchev

#17

Nonaligned nations - did not choose a side in the Cold War, but chose to

make economic progress a goal

Accepted aid from both U.S. and Soviet Union

India, Yugoslavia, many African nations

#18 United Nations

The UN was a place that representatives from the

USSR and the US could voice their differences peacefullyMember countries would

side w/ one of the superpowers in votes

though, limiting the UN’s effectiveness

Soviet World Crumbles

#19- détente – btwn 1963-1981, a lessoning of

tensionsDétente involved arms

control talks and treaties (like SALT, Strategic Arms

Limitation Treaties ’69, ‘79)Cultural exchangesTrade agreements

Joint Apollo Soyuz Space Mission

Joint Apollo Soyuz Space Mission

#20 Afghanistan Soviets launch war in Afghanistan, 1979 to keep the pro-communist govt in power - West sees Soviets as still

aggressive US backs Mujahideen “freedom

fighters” (led by Saudi Arabian, Osama bin Laden) CIA trains and arms

them through Pakistani secret services

Unpopular in Soviet Union, lots of casualties on both sides “USSR’s Vietnam”

After Soviet withdrawal in 1989, all sides forget Afghanistan - warlords control country, then Taliban wins

civil war Taliban harbors Al-Qaeda –> 9/11/01

#21Perestroika Under Soviet Premier

Mikhail Gorbachev He reformed the USSR so

much it crumbled Restructured the failing state-run economy to create

growth, efficiency Free market reforms – led to

inflation, shortages of food & medicine

People got something for doing little for so long,

didn’t know how to make things on their own

Mikhail Gorbachev

Mikhail Gorbachev

#21 Glasnost

Means “openness”Ended censorship, so

people could discuss problems openly

Stalin is rolling in his grave!

Nationalist sentiments are opened up – Soviet

empire will collapse (Freedom please)

#22

When Gorbachev introduces democracy,

the Soviet Union crumbles

#23 – Gorbachev 1985-1991

Wants to shake Soviet society from top to bottom

World had changed –3 worlds – Capitalist, Communist,

3rd World radio & TV makes world smaller, sense of connectivity, capacity to

destroy humanity, world capitalism (McDonald’s, Coca-

Cola) Perestroika & Glasnost

#23 Yeltsin Coup led by Gen. Yennaiev

to overthrow Gorbachev fails

Boris Yeltsin saved Gorbachev, takes over

when Gorbachev resigns Struggles to make

transition from communism to capitalism

“We pretend to work as they pretend to pay us.” – no incentive to work hard,

laziness is a way of life under communism

Yeltsin retires in 1999

#23 Vladimir PutinFormer KGB officer1st time in Russian

history that power passed peacefully from 1 elected leader to anotherHas suppressed dissent

(jailed opponents), curbed power of regional

leaders and DumaNuclear arms reduction

w/ U.S. and cooperation w/ NATO

#24 Poland is 1st country to break

up Eastern Bloc Strikes in Gdansk shipyards,

labor unrest, rising prices lead to union movement –

Solidarity led by Lech Walesa

Free elections 1989, he is President – Comm Party loses

monopoly on power Hungary – Comm party is

broken up, opens borders to West

East Germany – Nov 9, 1989 – Berlin Wall comes down

#24 Bulgaria – Comm dictator

Zhivkov resigns, 1989 Czechoslovakia – Vaclav Havel, a poet elected Dec.

26, 1989Romania – Nikolai Ceaucescu,

brutal dictator sends out army to break up protests – they arrest, kill him instead Yugoslavia – Lead by Tito,

declares itself separate

#25Ethnic Tension erupts in former Soviet bloc as they

struggle for democracy Czechoslovakia splits

Armenians vs AzerbaijanYugoslavia torn apart in

Balkans (Milosevic) Chechens vs. Russia

(terror) U.S. is #1