Cold War Cont.Cold War Cont.1970’s Richard Nixon/ Leonid Breznev sign SALT 1970’s Richard Nixon/ Leonid Breznev sign SALT

treatytreatyM.A.D.M.A.D.

U.S. retreats from Saigon 1975- Changes U.S. U.S. retreats from Saigon 1975- Changes U.S. foreign policyforeign policy

Weakness of containmentWeakness of containmentSoviet ascendency?Soviet ascendency?

Late 1970’s Late 1970’s

U.S. troubled economy- Gas prices?U.S. troubled economy- Gas prices? U.S. in malaiseU.S. in malaise Communism advances in Nicaragua Communism advances in Nicaragua

with internal revolutionwith internal revolution Soviets advance against AfghanistanSoviets advance against Afghanistan Hostages taken in Iran 1979Hostages taken in Iran 1979 Perception that U.S. on decline unable Perception that U.S. on decline unable

to stop advancing tide of to stop advancing tide of communism/Soviet powercommunism/Soviet power

1980’s1980’s

• Reacceleration of cold war in early 1980’s with Reacceleration of cold war in early 1980’s with success of Ronald Reagansuccess of Ronald Reagan

• Reagan wins 1980 presidency with tough talk Reagan wins 1980 presidency with tough talk foreign policy against Sovietsforeign policy against Soviets

• Described as evil empire needs to be stopped Described as evil empire needs to be stopped and turned backand turned back

• Many worry of WWIIIMany worry of WWIII• U.S. dramatically increases military fundingU.S. dramatically increases military funding• Cold War issues escalate as U.S. funds anti- Cold War issues escalate as U.S. funds anti-

Communist efforts in Nicaragua and AfghanistanCommunist efforts in Nicaragua and Afghanistan

Mid 1980’s Mid 1980’s

• New Soviet leader: Mikhail GorbachevNew Soviet leader: Mikhail Gorbachev• Younger, more willing to experimentYounger, more willing to experiment• Meets with Reagan immediate liking of the Meets with Reagan immediate liking of the

twotwo• Gorbachev implements Gorbachev implements perestroika and perestroika and

glasnostglasnost• Gorbachev tries small change within Gorbachev tries small change within

Communist world- rolls out of his controlCommunist world- rolls out of his control• Soviet empire included many peoples not Soviet empire included many peoples not

willing to be a part-moment they saw willing to be a part-moment they saw opportunity to leave they took itopportunity to leave they took it

19891989

• Fall of Berlin Wall symbolizes end of Fall of Berlin Wall symbolizes end of European Cold WarEuropean Cold War

• Gorbachev attempts to hold together Gorbachev attempts to hold together S.UnionS.Union

• Appearance of empire-many groups held Appearance of empire-many groups held together want their independencetogether want their independence

• Maps create many new countries in Maps create many new countries in Western Russia and Southern RussiaWestern Russia and Southern Russia

• Soviet Union ceases to be in 1991Soviet Union ceases to be in 1991

Cold War AffectsCold War Affects

• Who most brought about end of cold Who most brought about end of cold war?war?

• Cold War costs billions, many hot Cold War costs billions, many hot wars, who wins? Was it worth it? How wars, who wins? Was it worth it? How does it still affect us today?does it still affect us today?

1990’s Europe1990’s Europe

Germany unitedGermany unitedRussia increasingly becomes Democratic and an ally of Russia increasingly becomes Democratic and an ally of

U.S. U.S. E.U. increasingly powerful- economic union blurring of E.U. increasingly powerful- economic union blurring of

nationalism and borders, common money easy nationalism and borders, common money easy movement etc.movement etc.

One country reluctant to join E.U.?One country reluctant to join E.U.?Some issues with U.S. as one remaining superpower in Some issues with U.S. as one remaining superpower in

worldworldRumsfeld describes old Europe and new Europe Rumsfeld describes old Europe and new Europe

differencedifference

Post WWII S.W. Asia

U.N. creates Israel from Palestine as Jewish homelandTalked of after WWI, no action takenHolocaust in Europe creates impetus for Jewish homelandThousands years earlier Jews dispersed from homeland, promised landLand of course taken from Palestinians in 1948, thus many vow to destroy Israel

S.W. Asia

Oil becomes prime lubricant for world economic engineIssue of Israel creates S. W. Asia as tinderbox for sixty yearsMultiple wars in region 1948, 1956, 1967, 1973 with surrounding Arab nations united against IsraelHow is Israel able to survive and actually win and take extra land?

Rise of modern terrorismRise of modern terrorism

Many Arab leaders and nations have risen and Many Arab leaders and nations have risen and attempted to unite against Israelattempted to unite against Israel

Multiple wars fought and all lost so new tactics Multiple wars fought and all lost so new tactics employedemployed

1. Oil restrictions O.P.E.C. decreases supply of 1. Oil restrictions O.P.E.C. decreases supply of gasoline to West dramatic hit to U.S. economygasoline to West dramatic hit to U.S. economy

2. Early 1970’s Rise of P.L.O. not from any nation-2. Early 1970’s Rise of P.L.O. not from any nation-state but representing Palestinians, employ state but representing Palestinians, employ terrorism to destroy Israelterrorism to destroy Israel

First prominent appearance at 1972 olympicsFirst prominent appearance at 1972 olympics Through 1980’s-1990’s many suicide bombings, Through 1980’s-1990’s many suicide bombings,

plane hijackings etc. plane hijackings etc.

U.S./ Soviet involvementU.S./ Soviet involvement

U.S. tends to ally with Israel and Soviets tend to U.S. tends to ally with Israel and Soviets tend to assist P.L.O. and other Arab nationsassist P.L.O. and other Arab nations

U.S. always searching for friendly non-communist U.S. always searching for friendly non-communist allies support leader of Iran during allies support leader of Iran during 1950’s/1960’s/1970’s- 1950’s/1960’s/1970’s-

1979 Shah overthrown by fundamentalist Iranians 1979 Shah overthrown by fundamentalist Iranians – U.S. hostages taken and held for a year– U.S. hostages taken and held for a year

U.S. then supports new leader of Iraq to U.S. then supports new leader of Iraq to counterweight Iran in region-counterweight Iran in region-

Cold War ends 1989Cold War ends 1989 First major conflict early 1990’s in IraqFirst major conflict early 1990’s in Iraq

Persian Gulf WarPersian Gulf War U.S. with U.N. support fights to get Iraq out of U.S. with U.N. support fights to get Iraq out of

KuwaitKuwait Stop aggression and protect oil suppliesStop aggression and protect oil supplies U.S. has allies with Saudi Arabia- many military U.S. has allies with Saudi Arabia- many military

bases in Saudi since 1990bases in Saudi since 1990 Osama Bin Laden- U.S. helps in 1980’s fight Osama Bin Laden- U.S. helps in 1980’s fight

against communism in Afghanistan insulted by U.S. against communism in Afghanistan insulted by U.S. presence vows revengepresence vows revenge

Starts planning for strike against U.S. that will Starts planning for strike against U.S. that will come in 2001come in 2001

Uses Afghanistan as training base – successful Uses Afghanistan as training base – successful resistance to Soviets in 1980’s leads to chaotic resistance to Soviets in 1980’s leads to chaotic fundamentalist Taliban government in 1990’sfundamentalist Taliban government in 1990’s

Sept. 11, 2001Sept. 11, 2001

19 terrorists strike Pentagon, twin 19 terrorists strike Pentagon, twin towers and one crashed planetowers and one crashed plane

U.S. response in Afghanistan and IraqU.S. response in Afghanistan and Iraq Vision to remake the Middle EastVision to remake the Middle East Is it nineteenth century thinking to Is it nineteenth century thinking to

attack a nation-state? Is it 21attack a nation-state? Is it 21stst thinking to remake a region? Is this a thinking to remake a region? Is this a growing unanswered problem since growing unanswered problem since 1972? 1972?

China post World War II

• Chinese Civil War/ Revoltion leads to Communists in power with Mao as leader

• “poor people want change, want to do things, want revolution.”

• Great Redistribution of land to peasants- look for egalitarian society

• Great Proletariat Cultural Revolution- destroy vestiges of capitalism

• Search for utopian communism with Mao as unquestioned leader

• Nixon visits in 1972/ Mao dies in 1976

China

Growing prominence and economic and military power of India and China

• 1989-Tianeneman Square crackdown for Chinese Communists- protests for increased democracy and rights militarily put down

• China increasingly adopting some capitalistic ways

• China close with Clinton administration buys military missle systems

• Increasingly trouble with U.S./ still arguments over Taiwan etc.