International RelationsInternational Relations

Unit 5Unit 5

Beginnings of the Cold WarBeginnings of the Cold War

Yalta ConferenceYalta Conference

War time meeting in February of War time meeting in February of 1945 between:1945 between:

• United States: Franklin RooseveltUnited States: Franklin Roosevelt• United Kingdom: Winston ChurchillUnited Kingdom: Winston Churchill• Soviet Union: Josef StalinSoviet Union: Josef Stalin

Yalta Conference (Con’t)Yalta Conference (Con’t)

Goal of the conference was to establish Goal of the conference was to establish an agenda for post-war Germanyan agenda for post-war Germany

• Soviet’s felt they held the upper hand in the Soviet’s felt they held the upper hand in the conference because the Red Army was 65 conference because the Red Army was 65 miles from Berlinmiles from Berlin

• FDR hoped to gain Stalin’s commitment to FDR hoped to gain Stalin’s commitment to the UNthe UN

Also hoped to get Soviet assurance for support in Also hoped to get Soviet assurance for support in the Pacific theaterthe Pacific theater

• Churchill pushed for free democratic Churchill pushed for free democratic elections in eastern and central Europeelections in eastern and central Europe

Stalin sought Soviet sphere of influence in those Stalin sought Soviet sphere of influence in those countriescountries• Especially PolandEspecially Poland

Yalta Conference (Con’t)Yalta Conference (Con’t)

PolandPoland• Stalin believed a strong Poland as the Stalin believed a strong Poland as the

keystone to Soviet peacekeystone to Soviet peace Yet agreed to allow free-democratic electionsYet agreed to allow free-democratic elections

• Later reneged and installed a communist puppet Later reneged and installed a communist puppet regimeregime

• Red Army strongly held much of Eastern Red Army strongly held much of Eastern Europe at this time as wellEurope at this time as well

The Big Three reinforced the spheres-The Big Three reinforced the spheres-of-influence philosophy post-warof-influence philosophy post-war

““A Novel Burden Far From Our A Novel Burden Far From Our Shores”Shores”

Truman administration between 1945 Truman administration between 1945 and 1953 turned traditional U.S. foreign and 1953 turned traditional U.S. foreign policy assumptions upside downpolicy assumptions upside down

• Unilateralism gave way to multilateralismUnilateralism gave way to multilateralism• Through the containment policy:Through the containment policy:

Signed a host of international commitmentsSigned a host of international commitments Mounted peacetime military buildupMounted peacetime military buildup Created many new programsCreated many new programs

Second World WarSecond World War

Left a broad swath of destruction Left a broad swath of destruction and human misery through the and human misery through the worldworld

• Nearly 60 Million people killedNearly 60 Million people killed• Cities lay in ruins, factories demolished Cities lay in ruins, factories demolished

or idle, roads and bridges destroyed, or idle, roads and bridges destroyed, fields unplowedfields unplowed

Second World War (Con’t)Second World War (Con’t)

Japan, Italy, Germany were defeated and Japan, Italy, Germany were defeated and reduced to second-rank powersreduced to second-rank powers

• Only the United States and the Soviet Union Only the United States and the Soviet Union emerged from the war capable of wielding emerged from the war capable of wielding significant influence beyond their borderssignificant influence beyond their borders

Middle East and South-SE Asia erupted Middle East and South-SE Asia erupted into revolutions against their onetime into revolutions against their onetime colonial masterscolonial masters

• War created the rise and fall of new factions War created the rise and fall of new factions within many countries, increasing instabilitywithin many countries, increasing instability

Also allowing intervention from U.S. and SovietsAlso allowing intervention from U.S. and Soviets

Additional ChangesAdditional Changes Advances in transportation drastically shrank Advances in transportation drastically shrank

distancesdistances• Especially the expansion of aviationEspecially the expansion of aviation

Atomic Bomb destabilized international Atomic Bomb destabilized international relationsrelations

• Many feared that a new war using Nuclear Bombs Many feared that a new war using Nuclear Bombs could be more devastating than WWIIcould be more devastating than WWII

Only the U.S. emerged stronger and richer at Only the U.S. emerged stronger and richer at WWII’s endWWII’s end

• It alone possessed atomic weaponsIt alone possessed atomic weapons• UN was located in New York CityUN was located in New York City

A New Manifest DestinyA New Manifest Destiny• ““We are now concerned with the peace of the entire We are now concerned with the peace of the entire

world”world” To straighten out the mess made by the EuropeansTo straighten out the mess made by the Europeans

TrumanTruman

Became president following the death of Became president following the death of FDRFDR

• Which FDR had kept Truman in the dark in Which FDR had kept Truman in the dark in concerns to public and foreign policyconcerns to public and foreign policy

Saw a complex world in black-and-white Saw a complex world in black-and-white termsterms

• Viewed people, races, and nations through Viewed people, races, and nations through stereotypes and sometimes ethnic slursstereotypes and sometimes ethnic slurs

• He preferred blunt talk to the silky tones of He preferred blunt talk to the silky tones of diplomacydiplomacy

Also used his subordinates much more frequently Also used his subordinates much more frequently than FDRthan FDR

Truman (Con’t)Truman (Con’t)

Sought to use James Byrnes who Sought to use James Byrnes who was FDR “Special Assistant” and was FDR “Special Assistant” and had been present at Yaltahad been present at Yalta

• However used unilateralism, hurt him However used unilateralism, hurt him in the long runin the long run

U.S. FearsU.S. Fears After V-J Day (Victory over Japan Day), After V-J Day (Victory over Japan Day),

the U.S. was at the pinnacle of powerthe U.S. was at the pinnacle of power• Yet felt insecure and threatened from events Yet felt insecure and threatened from events

in “Korea to Timbuktu”in “Korea to Timbuktu” Feared that an aggressive Stalin might Feared that an aggressive Stalin might

exploit global instabilityexploit global instability• Thus branding the one-time ally an enemyThus branding the one-time ally an enemy

Americans felt that the atomic monopoly Americans felt that the atomic monopoly wielded them enormous power over wielded them enormous power over other countriesother countries

• Yet the Soviets balked at threats to their own Yet the Soviets balked at threats to their own national interestsnational interests

Soviet’s PowerSoviet’s Power

Eastern Europe played a critical role in Eastern Europe played a critical role in the postwar transformation of the postwar transformation of American attitudes toward the USSRAmerican attitudes toward the USSR

• Moves to nationalize major industries was Moves to nationalize major industries was seen as a threat to a healthy world seen as a threat to a healthy world economy, according to the U.S.economy, according to the U.S.

• Political oppression and limited press Political oppression and limited press increased U.S. fearsincreased U.S. fears

Over western allies protests, the Over western allies protests, the Soviets kept troops in Iran and Soviets kept troops in Iran and ManchuriaManchuria

StalinStalin

The Soviet dictator was a cruel tyrant The Soviet dictator was a cruel tyrant who presided over a brutal police who presided over a brutal police statestate

• He Ruthlessly promoted his own power He Ruthlessly promoted his own power and security of his stateand security of his state

• Determined to have friendly Determined to have friendly governments, or buffer zonesgovernments, or buffer zones

To guard against German threatTo guard against German threat ““He was devious yet cautious, He was devious yet cautious,

opportunistic yet prudent, ideological opportunistic yet prudent, ideological yet pragmatic.”yet pragmatic.”

Council of Foreign MinistersCouncil of Foreign Ministers

Met in Moscow in December of 1945Met in Moscow in December of 1945 Reinforced sphere-of-influence Reinforced sphere-of-influence

principles in regards to East Asia and principles in regards to East Asia and Eastern EuropeEastern Europe

Even developed a proposal for Even developed a proposal for international control of atomic energyinternational control of atomic energy

• Truman viewed this agreement as an Truman viewed this agreement as an “Appeasement Document”“Appeasement Document”

Council of Foreign Ministers Council of Foreign Ministers (Con’t)(Con’t)

Began a more hard-line foreign Began a more hard-line foreign policy of tough talk and no policy of tough talk and no concessionsconcessions

• Actions the following months only Actions the following months only reinforced that U.S.-Soviet differences reinforced that U.S.-Soviet differences were irreconcilablewere irreconcilable

Long TelegramLong Telegram

An eight-thousand word missive that An eight-thousand word missive that assessed Soviet policies in the most assessed Soviet policies in the most gloomy and ominous fashiongloomy and ominous fashion

• Written by George F. KennanWritten by George F. Kennan Stressed that Communist ideology Stressed that Communist ideology

reinforced traditional Russian reinforced traditional Russian expansionismexpansionism

• Confirmed the futility and even danger of Confirmed the futility and even danger of further negotiations and prepared the way further negotiations and prepared the way for a policy called the “Containment Policy”for a policy called the “Containment Policy”

Using military, economic and political mechanisms Using military, economic and political mechanisms to deter the spread of Communismto deter the spread of Communism

Sinews of PeaceSinews of Peace

On March 5, 1945 Winston Churchill gave a On March 5, 1945 Winston Churchill gave a speech in Fulton, Missouri at Westminster speech in Fulton, Missouri at Westminster CollegeCollege

Churchill warned that from “Stettin in the Churchill warned that from “Stettin in the Baltic to Trieste in the Adriatic, an Iron Baltic to Trieste in the Adriatic, an Iron Curtain has descended across the Curtain has descended across the (European) Continent”(European) Continent”

• The coining of a phrase used during the rest of The coining of a phrase used during the rest of the Cold Warthe Cold War

Initially the speech was received very Initially the speech was received very negatively by many in the U.S.negatively by many in the U.S.

GermanyGermany

Throughout 1945-46 the former allies Throughout 1945-46 the former allies attempted to negotiate a peace treatyattempted to negotiate a peace treaty

• However their actions spoke louder than wordsHowever their actions spoke louder than words Soviet vengeful treatment of Germans, promotion of Soviet vengeful treatment of Germans, promotion of

leftist political parties, incessant demand for leftist political parties, incessant demand for additional reparations, all reinforced U.S. suspicionsadditional reparations, all reinforced U.S. suspicions

The western occupation zones merged, among loud The western occupation zones merged, among loud Soviet protestsSoviet protests

Byrnes gave speech in September 1946 Byrnes gave speech in September 1946 stating U.S. intentions to preserve and stating U.S. intentions to preserve and protect a democratic Germanyprotect a democratic Germany

Achieving Grand GoalsAchieving Grand Goals

Unprecedented economic aid Unprecedented economic aid programs were developed to combat programs were developed to combat ongoing insurgencies and clear up ongoing insurgencies and clear up breeding grounds of economic want breeding grounds of economic want in which they believed Communism in which they believed Communism would flourishwould flourish

• Formed an alliance with Western Formed an alliance with Western European nations that involved a binding European nations that involved a binding commitment to intervene militarilycommitment to intervene militarily

U.S. canceled some of the UK war debtU.S. canceled some of the UK war debt

The Cold WarriorsThe Cold Warriors Byrnes retired as Secretary of State and was Byrnes retired as Secretary of State and was

replaced by George C. Marshallreplaced by George C. Marshall• Greatly supported by Dean Acheson and KennanGreatly supported by Dean Acheson and Kennan

Known as the Wise Elihu RootKnown as the Wise Elihu Root• They were appalled by Marxist Dogma and Soviet They were appalled by Marxist Dogma and Soviet

totalitarianismtotalitarianism New task was to restructure government for a New task was to restructure government for a

new era of global involvementnew era of global involvement• Organize its institutions and mobilize its resources to Organize its institutions and mobilize its resources to

wage the Cold Warwage the Cold War Passed the National Security Act of July 1947Passed the National Security Act of July 1947

• Created the Joint Chiefs of Staff, National Security Created the Joint Chiefs of Staff, National Security Council and the Central Intelligence AgencyCouncil and the Central Intelligence Agency

A Containment PolicyA Containment Policy

Economic and military aid were Economic and military aid were given to Greece and Turkeygiven to Greece and Turkey

A Leftist victory could have a A Leftist victory could have a bandwagon effect on the already bandwagon effect on the already fragile political institutions in fragile political institutions in France and Italy as wellFrance and Italy as well

• Could create a Domino EffectCould create a Domino Effect U.S. assumption in all the revolutions, that U.S. assumption in all the revolutions, that

the Soviets had a hand in the rise of leftist the Soviets had a hand in the rise of leftist groupsgroups

A Containment Policy (Con’t)A Containment Policy (Con’t)

Became known as the Truman Became known as the Truman DoctrineDoctrine

• The U.S. needed to “Support free The U.S. needed to “Support free peoples who are resisting attempted peoples who are resisting attempted subjugation by armed minorities or subjugation by armed minorities or outside pressures.”outside pressures.”

Became the foundation for interventionism Became the foundation for interventionism throughout the Cold Warthroughout the Cold War

Marshall PlanMarshall Plan

United States, unlike the years United States, unlike the years following WWI, gave in huge sums, following WWI, gave in huge sums, money to help stabilize Europemoney to help stabilize Europe

• Viewed Germany as most vital to Viewed Germany as most vital to European recoveryEuropean recovery

• Americans pushed European countries Americans pushed European countries to integrate their economies and to to integrate their economies and to create multilateral tradecreate multilateral trade

Marshall Plan (Con’t)Marshall Plan (Con’t)

The Marshall Plan was passed in The Marshall Plan was passed in April 1948, with the price tag of $13 April 1948, with the price tag of $13 BillionBillion

• Provided capital to Western Europe Provided capital to Western Europe without sparking inflationwithout sparking inflation

• Started the process of integration that Started the process of integration that led to the Common Market and led to the Common Market and ultimately the European Unionultimately the European Union

One of the Most successful 20th One of the Most successful 20th century initiativescentury initiatives

Covert OperationsCovert Operations Truman Administration employed many Truman Administration employed many

of its new national security mechanism, of its new national security mechanism, including CIA covert operations, in order including CIA covert operations, in order to prevent Communist victoriesto prevent Communist victories

• Successful initially during the Italian election Successful initially during the Italian election of 1948, producing an inflated faith in the of 1948, producing an inflated faith in the utility of covert operationsutility of covert operations

Operation Rollback sought to use Operation Rollback sought to use sabotage, guerrilla operations and sabotage, guerrilla operations and propaganda to stir up rebellion in Soviet propaganda to stir up rebellion in Soviet Bloc countriesBloc countries

• Results were disastrousResults were disastrous Either spies were captured or rebellions did not Either spies were captured or rebellions did not

receive the type of support they anticipated from receive the type of support they anticipated from the U.S.the U.S.

Berlin AirliftBerlin Airlift In July 1948, when U.S. began moving In July 1948, when U.S. began moving

western Germany toward a nation, the western Germany toward a nation, the Soviets sealed access to the city of Soviets sealed access to the city of Berlin by highway, rail and waterBerlin by highway, rail and water

• Blockade posed a major challenge for the Blockade posed a major challenge for the U.S. and its alliesU.S. and its allies

Created a volatile situation in which the slightest Created a volatile situation in which the slightest misstep could provoke conflictmisstep could provoke conflict

• U.S. for eleven months flew 250 missions a U.S. for eleven months flew 250 missions a day around the clock in order to maintain day around the clock in order to maintain some semblance of a functioning economy in some semblance of a functioning economy in west Berlinwest Berlin

This action greatly backfired on Stalin and backed This action greatly backfired on Stalin and backed down from the blockadedown from the blockade

North Atlantic Treaty North Atlantic Treaty OrganizationOrganization

Started after Britain and four European Started after Britain and four European nations formed the Brussels Pactnations formed the Brussels Pact

• A mutual defense treatyA mutual defense treaty Europeans feared Soviet intimidation Europeans feared Soviet intimidation

and subversion more than its military and subversion more than its military power, thus seeking support from U.S. power, thus seeking support from U.S. and Canadaand Canada

• Nations would join together to protect one Nations would join together to protect one another from Communist intervention, using another from Communist intervention, using force if necessaryforce if necessary

U.S. Senate approved the treaty in July 1949U.S. Senate approved the treaty in July 1949

Cold War Policies in Latin Cold War Policies in Latin AmericaAmerica

U.S. shifted from neglect to concern to U.S. shifted from neglect to concern to active involvement centered around active involvement centered around Anti-CommunismAnti-Communism

• However initially gave limited technical However initially gave limited technical assistance, loans, private capital, and assistance, loans, private capital, and increased tradeincreased trade

• Created the Organization of American States Created the Organization of American States to enforce regional securityto enforce regional security

Passed an anti-Communist resolution sponsored by Passed an anti-Communist resolution sponsored by the U.S. delegationthe U.S. delegation

U.S. viewed Latin America as especially U.S. viewed Latin America as especially susceptible to Communist penetrationsusceptible to Communist penetration

Cold War Policies in the Middle Cold War Policies in the Middle EastEast

In dealing with the Arab-Israeli conflict, In dealing with the Arab-Israeli conflict, the U.S. was in a difficult positionthe U.S. was in a difficult position

• Recognize an independent Israel in the Recognize an independent Israel in the Palestinian territoryPalestinian territory

• Refuse Recognition of an independent IsraelRefuse Recognition of an independent Israel Either way isolate a either group and allow the Either way isolate a either group and allow the

Soviets an opportunity to gain more supportersSoviets an opportunity to gain more supporters Ultimately the U.S. recognized the new Ultimately the U.S. recognized the new

Jewish government within eleven Jewish government within eleven minutes of it’s establishmentminutes of it’s establishment

• Infuriated the Arabs and represented the first Infuriated the Arabs and represented the first step in building what would be the U.S.-step in building what would be the U.S.-Israelis special relationshipIsraelis special relationship

Cold War Policies in East AsiaCold War Policies in East Asia

Marshall, before being tapped to Marshall, before being tapped to Secretary of State, was sent to negotiate Secretary of State, was sent to negotiate a truce between Nationalist Chiang Kai-a truce between Nationalist Chiang Kai-Shek and Communist Mao ZedongShek and Communist Mao Zedong

• Tried to create a “U.S. styled Democracy,” Tried to create a “U.S. styled Democracy,” with Chiang Kai-Shek having the upper handwith Chiang Kai-Shek having the upper hand

Considered by many the most thankless missions Considered by many the most thankless missions every undertaken by a U.S. diplomatevery undertaken by a U.S. diplomat

Cold War Policies in East Asia Cold War Policies in East Asia (Con’t)(Con’t)

Nationalist began collapsing, creating a Nationalist began collapsing, creating a difficult situation for U.S. officialsdifficult situation for U.S. officials

• Intervene to prevent the spread of Intervene to prevent the spread of Communism?Communism?

• Ultimately they viewed that Chiang was Ultimately they viewed that Chiang was insufficient as leader and that China was a insufficient as leader and that China was a “Secondary Theater”“Secondary Theater”

Japan gained even more importance Japan gained even more importance following the demise of the Nationalist following the demise of the Nationalist within Chinawithin China

• U.S. General Douglas MacArthur was given U.S. General Douglas MacArthur was given the task of creating a “Switzerland of the the task of creating a “Switzerland of the Pacific” in JapanPacific” in Japan

Cold War Policies in East Asia Cold War Policies in East Asia (Con’t)(Con’t)

Vietnam Revolution against FranceVietnam Revolution against France• 1949 U.S. recognized the French puppet 1949 U.S. recognized the French puppet

government headed by emperor Bao Daigovernment headed by emperor Bao Dai Vietnamese independence movement was Vietnamese independence movement was

headed by longtime Communist operative Ho headed by longtime Communist operative Ho Chi MinhChi Minh• U.S. viewed Ho as a puppet of the KremlinU.S. viewed Ho as a puppet of the Kremlin

The Tumultuous Years from The Tumultuous Years from 1949-19501949-1950

A series of stunning events sharply A series of stunning events sharply escalated Soviet-American tensionsescalated Soviet-American tensions

• Truman administration officials globalize the Truman administration officials globalize the containment policycontainment policy

Assumed commitments in the world wide struggle Assumed commitments in the world wide struggle against Communism and increased full-scale, against Communism and increased full-scale, peacetime rearmamentpeacetime rearmament

• Soviet explosion of an atomic bomb in Soviet explosion of an atomic bomb in September 1949 challenged the U.S. September 1949 challenged the U.S. superioritysuperiority

U.S. began development of the Hydrogen Bomb, U.S. began development of the Hydrogen Bomb, even more powerful than the Atomic Bombeven more powerful than the Atomic Bomb

The Tumultuous Years from The Tumultuous Years from 1949-1950 (Con’t)1949-1950 (Con’t)

A series of stunning events sharply A series of stunning events sharply escalated Soviet-American tensions escalated Soviet-American tensions (Con’t)(Con’t)

• Fall of China seemed to shift power Fall of China seemed to shift power struggle toward Communismstruggle toward Communism

Began creating domestic turmoil in U.S. Began creating domestic turmoil in U.S. over “Communist sympathizers… over “Communist sympathizers… undermined efforts… within the State undermined efforts… within the State DepartmentDepartment• Began the Red Scare by Joseph R. McCarthyBegan the Red Scare by Joseph R. McCarthy

The Tumultuous Years from The Tumultuous Years from 1949-1950 (Con’t)1949-1950 (Con’t)

NSC-68NSC-68• Drafted in late 1949 that proclaimed Drafted in late 1949 that proclaimed

defending freedom across the world in defending freedom across the world in order to save it at homeorder to save it at home

Painted a zero-sum world in which any Painted a zero-sum world in which any gain for Communism was automatically a gain for Communism was automatically a loss for the “Free World”loss for the “Free World”• Pressed for shoring up Western European Pressed for shoring up Western European

countriescountries• Huge boost to defense spendingHuge boost to defense spending

Korean WarKorean War Conflict began from occupation zones Conflict began from occupation zones

hastily carved out at WWII’s endhastily carved out at WWII’s end• Divided between U.S. and Soviet at 38th Divided between U.S. and Soviet at 38th

parallelparallel• Regimes emerged in each zone bearing the Regimes emerged in each zone bearing the

distinct imprint of the occupying powerdistinct imprint of the occupying power U.S. backed Syngman RheeU.S. backed Syngman Rhee Soviets supported Communist zealot Kim Il-SungSoviets supported Communist zealot Kim Il-Sung

• Initially U.S. left South Korea out of its Initially U.S. left South Korea out of its “Defense Perimeter”“Defense Perimeter”

However Communist victory in China reinforced However Communist victory in China reinforced necessity in a buffer through Koreanecessity in a buffer through Korea

Korean War (Con’t)Korean War (Con’t)

Kim Il-Sung pressed Stalin for the Kim Il-Sung pressed Stalin for the go-ahead to invade the Southgo-ahead to invade the South

• Stalin approved it provided that Kim Stalin approved it provided that Kim got a quick victorygot a quick victory

To Soviet surprise, the Truman To Soviet surprise, the Truman administration responded promptlyadministration responded promptly

• Received UN support to back the Received UN support to back the military of the South Koreansmilitary of the South Koreans

Korean War (Con’t)Korean War (Con’t) Though the South was initially losing, UN Though the South was initially losing, UN

commander General MacArthur devised a plan commander General MacArthur devised a plan for an amphibious assault on the northern for an amphibious assault on the northern coastlinecoastline

• An incredibly dangerous plan, that was extremely An incredibly dangerous plan, that was extremely successfulsuccessful

The South pushed the North Koreans back to the 38th The South pushed the North Koreans back to the 38th ParallelParallel

• However Chinese intervention by 1950 ultimately However Chinese intervention by 1950 ultimately helped stall the war near the 38th parallelhelped stall the war near the 38th parallel

Ultimately the fighting ended under EisenhowerUltimately the fighting ended under Eisenhower• MacArthur was suspended for insubordination before MacArthur was suspended for insubordination before

wars endwars end Major victory for Chinese Communist partyMajor victory for Chinese Communist party

Coexistence and Crises, 1953-Coexistence and Crises, 1953-19611961

By March 6, 1953 Joseph Stalin was By March 6, 1953 Joseph Stalin was pronounced deadpronounced dead

• His death, along with the development His death, along with the development of nuclear weapons, fundamentally of nuclear weapons, fundamentally changed the Cold Warchanged the Cold War

New leaders on both sides struggled to New leaders on both sides struggled to cope with a more complex and menacing cope with a more complex and menacing worldworld

Coexistence and Crises, 1953-Coexistence and Crises, 1953-1961 (Con’t)1961 (Con’t)

By 1950’s, the Cold War was prominently By 1950’s, the Cold War was prominently between the U.S. and Soviet Unionbetween the U.S. and Soviet Union

• Each side saw each other as completely Each side saw each other as completely hostilehostile

They used imaginable weapons, alliances, They used imaginable weapons, alliances, economic and military aid, espionage, proxy wars, economic and military aid, espionage, proxy wars, targeted assassinations and arms racetargeted assassinations and arms race

• Both sides primarily chose to wage conflict Both sides primarily chose to wage conflict through client states, diplomacy, through client states, diplomacy, propaganda, and threats of forcepropaganda, and threats of force

Coexistence and Crises, 1953-Coexistence and Crises, 1953-1961 (Con’t)1961 (Con’t)

During this time nearly 100 new During this time nearly 100 new nations were creatednations were created

• Created a fertile breeding ground for Created a fertile breeding ground for great power competitiongreat power competition

These countries were labeled “Third These countries were labeled “Third World” CountriesWorld” Countries

• Areas were used for proxy warsAreas were used for proxy wars

Life Post-WWIILife Post-WWII U.S. citizens were accustomed to conscriptionU.S. citizens were accustomed to conscription

• Nearly 3.5 million people were serving through the Nearly 3.5 million people were serving through the draftdraft

Through a global network of alliances, the U.S. Through a global network of alliances, the U.S. was committed to defend forty-two nationswas committed to defend forty-two nations

Intelligence agencies used any means to Intelligence agencies used any means to monitor USSR actionsmonitor USSR actions

• To win global competition for hearts and minds, To win global competition for hearts and minds, Americans stationed abroad helped grow crops, build Americans stationed abroad helped grow crops, build schools, train military personnel, and manipulate the schools, train military personnel, and manipulate the outcome of electionsoutcome of elections

Public relations firms sought to boost their U.S. Public relations firms sought to boost their U.S. images and secure maximum economic and images and secure maximum economic and military assistancemilitary assistance

Communist HysteriaCommunist Hysteria

Communist threat created a near Communist threat created a near hysterical fear and suspicion that “…hysterical fear and suspicion that “…Communist were everywhere…”Communist were everywhere…”

• ““Busy undermining your government, Busy undermining your government, plotting to destroy your liberties and try to plotting to destroy your liberties and try to aid the Soviet Unionaid the Soviet Union

U.S. government deported real and U.S. government deported real and suspected Communists and even suspected Communists and even encouraged citizens to spy on each otherencouraged citizens to spy on each other

• Church membership soared during this Church membership soared during this period as wellperiod as well

Dwight D. Eisenhower had “In God We Trust” Dwight D. Eisenhower had “In God We Trust” added to coinsadded to coins

Communist Hysteria (Con’t)Communist Hysteria (Con’t)

Some U.S. officials viewed the Cold war Some U.S. officials viewed the Cold war as equivalent to a holy waras equivalent to a holy war

Republican Joseph R. McCarthy wreaked Republican Joseph R. McCarthy wreaked havoc through investigations of alleged havoc through investigations of alleged Communist influence in the governmentCommunist influence in the government

• Claimed to have the names of known Claimed to have the names of known communist operatives within the U.S. communist operatives within the U.S. government other influential positionsgovernment other influential positions

Ultimately became so ridiculous that Congress Ultimately became so ridiculous that Congress censured himcensured him

• Ultimately ruining the lives of many Ultimately ruining the lives of many dedicated public servants and eliminated dedicated public servants and eliminated much of its expertise on East Asiamuch of its expertise on East Asia

A New U.S. CastA New U.S. Cast

Dwight D. EisenhowerDwight D. Eisenhower• Personified the values the nation clung Personified the values the nation clung

to under external threatto under external threat• Also had a lifetime of experience in the Also had a lifetime of experience in the

national security matters that now national security matters that now held top priorityheld top priority

He kept his military advisers at arm’s He kept his military advisers at arm’s lengthlength

• Had the NSC meet weekly or moreHad the NSC meet weekly or more

A New U.S. Cast (Con’t)A New U.S. Cast (Con’t)

John Foster DullesJohn Foster Dulles• Became the nation’s Secretary of StateBecame the nation’s Secretary of State

Related to previous famous secretary of Related to previous famous secretary of statesstates

• A cool pragmatist with a sophisticated A cool pragmatist with a sophisticated view of the world and ample tactical view of the world and ample tactical skillsskills

Handling Post-Stalin USSRHandling Post-Stalin USSR New leaders Molotov, Beria and Malenkov New leaders Molotov, Beria and Malenkov

attempted to shift toward a less attempted to shift toward a less confrontational mode with the U.S.confrontational mode with the U.S.

• However coolly received by U.S. officialsHowever coolly received by U.S. officials• U.S. officials viewed the peace overtures by U.S. officials viewed the peace overtures by

USSR as designed to undermine Western USSR as designed to undermine Western morale and hold back Western rearmamentmorale and hold back Western rearmament

Yet U.S. officials began moving away from Yet U.S. officials began moving away from NSC-68 toward The NEW LOOK strategyNSC-68 toward The NEW LOOK strategy

• Relied more heavily on nuclear weapons and Relied more heavily on nuclear weapons and collective security to maintain the containment collective security to maintain the containment policypolicy

• Also believed even greater in propaganda and Also believed even greater in propaganda and psychological warfarepsychological warfare

East Asian Success and New East Asian Success and New ProblemsProblems

Eisenhower was able to negotiate an end Eisenhower was able to negotiate an end to fighting on the Korean peninsulato fighting on the Korean peninsula

• Yet there has never been an actual peace Yet there has never been an actual peace treatytreaty

Indochina became the new hotspot for Indochina became the new hotspot for the Cold Warthe Cold War

• In 1954 France’s 8 year war against the In 1954 France’s 8 year war against the Communist-led Vietminh seemed to be Communist-led Vietminh seemed to be tipping away from Francetipping away from France

• U.S. sought to help due to the famous U.S. sought to help due to the famous domino theory,domino theory,

Warning that if Vietnam should fall to the Warning that if Vietnam should fall to the Communist, the rest of SE Asia might soon followCommunist, the rest of SE Asia might soon follow• Possibly leaving affects in Middle East and JapanPossibly leaving affects in Middle East and Japan

East Asian Success and New East Asian Success and New Problems (Con’t)Problems (Con’t)

Indochina became the new hotspot Indochina became the new hotspot for the Cold War (Con’t)for the Cold War (Con’t)

• Despite agreements reached at Despite agreements reached at Geneva to allow free elections, the Geneva to allow free elections, the U.S. the non-communist leaders U.S. the non-communist leaders refusal to participate in the national refusal to participate in the national electionselections

Fear that he would lose to Ho Chi MinhFear that he would lose to Ho Chi Minh

• Dulles negotiated the Southeast Asia Dulles negotiated the Southeast Asia Treaty Organization (SEATO)Treaty Organization (SEATO)

Similar in design and purpose to NATOSimilar in design and purpose to NATO

East Asian Success and New East Asian Success and New Problems (Con’t)Problems (Con’t)

China-TaiwanChina-Taiwan• U.S. in 1955, fearful of Chinese intentions, U.S. in 1955, fearful of Chinese intentions,

recognized Chiang Kai-Shek’s establishment recognized Chiang Kai-Shek’s establishment of an independent country on the island of of an independent country on the island of TaiwanTaiwan

• With yet another country, we signed a With yet another country, we signed a mutual-protection agreementmutual-protection agreement

Today still a hot-bed issueToday still a hot-bed issue

• Possibly the start of Chinese desire for Possibly the start of Chinese desire for Nuclear weaponsNuclear weapons

Eastern EuropeEastern Europe

Even more fervently, Eisenhower Even more fervently, Eisenhower used psychological warfare to win used psychological warfare to win hearts and minds in Eastern Europehearts and minds in Eastern Europe

• Used the Radio Free European radio Used the Radio Free European radio station, despite jamming by the Soviet station, despite jamming by the Soviet UnionUnion

• These actions encouraged the Eastern These actions encouraged the Eastern Europeans countries to revolt, Europeans countries to revolt, ultimately unsuccessfullyultimately unsuccessfully

Sobered U.S. expectations for quick Sobered U.S. expectations for quick uprisings in Eastern Europeuprisings in Eastern Europe

Eastern Europe (Con’t)Eastern Europe (Con’t)

The United States during the 1950’s The United States during the 1950’s even initiated cultural exchanges with even initiated cultural exchanges with the Soviet Union and blocsthe Soviet Union and blocs

• Music and especially jazz became a powerful Music and especially jazz became a powerful weapon in the new arsenal of liberationweapon in the new arsenal of liberation

1955, Voice of America’s “Music of America,” 1955, Voice of America’s “Music of America,” reached an estimated thirty million people in the reached an estimated thirty million people in the Soviet Union and Eastern EuropeSoviet Union and Eastern Europe

• Became a very powerful tool to gain positive Became a very powerful tool to gain positive recognition of the U.S. throughout Eastern recognition of the U.S. throughout Eastern EuropeEurope

Arab-Israeli ConflictArab-Israeli Conflict

By 1955, Krushchev had struck an By 1955, Krushchev had struck an arms deal with Egyptarms deal with Egypt

• Helped increase the West’s fear of Helped increase the West’s fear of Arab nationalism might veer to the left Arab nationalism might veer to the left and that the West must work to keep and that the West must work to keep them from Soviet influencethem from Soviet influence

In return, U.S. signed an arms deal with In return, U.S. signed an arms deal with IsraelIsrael

Arab-Israeli Conflict (Con’t)Arab-Israeli Conflict (Con’t)

Eisenhower and Dulles deepened Eisenhower and Dulles deepened U.S. involvement in the Middle EastU.S. involvement in the Middle East

• Military bases, lines of communication Military bases, lines of communication and huge reservoirs of oiland huge reservoirs of oil

Mounted covert operations to overthrow Mounted covert operations to overthrow unfriendly governmentsunfriendly governments

However not realizing the amount of hate However not realizing the amount of hate throughout the Middle Eastthroughout the Middle East

Arab-Israeli Conflict (Con’t)Arab-Israeli Conflict (Con’t)

Iranian nationalist took control of Iranian nationalist took control of British Anglo-Iranian Oil CompanyBritish Anglo-Iranian Oil Company

• U.S. officials used interventionism, yet U.S. officials used interventionism, yet blurring the lines between local blurring the lines between local nationalism and communismnationalism and communism

• Eisenhower called for CIA to overthrow Eisenhower called for CIA to overthrow the Prime Minister of Iranthe Prime Minister of Iran

Replaced him with the ShahReplaced him with the Shah• A friendly government, yet ended up becoming A friendly government, yet ended up becoming

a brutal dictatorshipa brutal dictatorship Tried same thing in Syria, however Tried same thing in Syria, however

unsuccessfullyunsuccessfully

Arab-Israeli Conflict (Con’t)Arab-Israeli Conflict (Con’t)

In 1954, signed the Baghdad Pact In 1954, signed the Baghdad Pact with Turkey, Iran, Iraq, and Pakistanwith Turkey, Iran, Iraq, and Pakistan

• Viewed by some as the West’s new Viewed by some as the West’s new form of imperialismform of imperialism

• Yet, most Arabian countries viewed Yet, most Arabian countries viewed Israel as a “cancer,” and must be Israel as a “cancer,” and must be removedremoved

The more the U.S. pressed for peace, the The more the U.S. pressed for peace, the more strained Arab-Israeli relations more strained Arab-Israeli relations becamebecame

Suez Canal of 1956Suez Canal of 1956

In 1952, Nasser overthrew British In 1952, Nasser overthrew British puppet King Farouk in Egyptpuppet King Farouk in Egypt

• U.S. sought to win him over by giving U.S. sought to win him over by giving $400 million to help build a dam at $400 million to help build a dam at Aswan on the NileAswan on the Nile

U.S. reneged due to Nasser seeking Soviet U.S. reneged due to Nasser seeking Soviet support as wellsupport as well

Nasser then in 1956 overthrew British Nasser then in 1956 overthrew British controllers of the Suez Canalcontrollers of the Suez Canal

Suez Canal of 1956 (Con’t)Suez Canal of 1956 (Con’t)

In 1952, Nasser overthrew British puppet In 1952, Nasser overthrew British puppet King Farouk in Egypt (Con’t)King Farouk in Egypt (Con’t)

• On October 29, 1956 (Supported, but not by On October 29, 1956 (Supported, but not by France and the U.S.) Israel attacked and France and the U.S.) Israel attacked and seize the Sinai and Gaza without significant seize the Sinai and Gaza without significant oppositionopposition

The West threatened to use sanctions against Israel The West threatened to use sanctions against Israel and Soviet threatened to unleash rockets against and Soviet threatened to unleash rockets against London and ParisLondon and Paris

Through the Eisenhower doctrine, Through the Eisenhower doctrine, interventionism, Nasser became the interventionism, Nasser became the “Champion of Arabs”“Champion of Arabs”

Latin AmericaLatin America

U.S. rebuffed Latin American pleas for a U.S. rebuffed Latin American pleas for a hemispheric Marshall planhemispheric Marshall plan

• Insisted instead that modest loans and Insisted instead that modest loans and private investment were the correct path to private investment were the correct path to economic developmenteconomic development

Also warned about the dangers of CommunismAlso warned about the dangers of Communism

U.S. also continued to support dictators, U.S. also continued to support dictators, as long as they were friendlyas long as they were friendly

• Continued the practicing dating back to the Continued the practicing dating back to the 1920’s1920’s

Latin America (Con’t)Latin America (Con’t)

Operation PBSUCCESS in 1954 was Operation PBSUCCESS in 1954 was used to overthrow the Guatemalan used to overthrow the Guatemalan governmentgovernment

• Mainly successful due to Arbenz Mainly successful due to Arbenz resigning, fearful of U.S. doing resigning, fearful of U.S. doing anything to get rid of himanything to get rid of him

• The success of this operation created The success of this operation created complacency and confidence in complacency and confidence in overthrowing unfriendly governmentsoverthrowing unfriendly governments

Cuban RelationsCuban Relations

The rise of Fidel Castro, and his lean The rise of Fidel Castro, and his lean toward Soviet Union, brought the Cold toward Soviet Union, brought the Cold War into the U.S. backyardWar into the U.S. backyard

• With U.S. support, Fulgencio Batista With U.S. support, Fulgencio Batista governed oppressively in Cubagoverned oppressively in Cuba

The Platt amendment had been reneged by 1934, The Platt amendment had been reneged by 1934, however the U.S. domination continuedhowever the U.S. domination continued

• Fidel had tried in both 1953 and 1956 to Fidel had tried in both 1953 and 1956 to overthrow U.S. dominanceoverthrow U.S. dominance

Ended disastrouslyEnded disastrously

• Finally on January 1, 1959, Fidel rode Finally on January 1, 1959, Fidel rode triumphantly into Havana on a tank given to triumphantly into Havana on a tank given to Batista by the U.S.Batista by the U.S.

Cuban Relations (Con’t)Cuban Relations (Con’t)

Castro sought to free Cuba from U.S. Castro sought to free Cuba from U.S. domination and eventually saw the domination and eventually saw the Soviet Union as a means to that endSoviet Union as a means to that end

• He legalized the Communist Party, executed He legalized the Communist Party, executed Batista supporters, purchased weapons from Batista supporters, purchased weapons from the Soviet Unionthe Soviet Union

• In response the U.S. began the Social In response the U.S. began the Social Progress Trust Fund to help stabilize Latin Progress Trust Fund to help stabilize Latin AmericaAmerica

However U.S. launched a full-scale economic However U.S. launched a full-scale economic warfare, including trade embargo, broke relations, warfare, including trade embargo, broke relations, and sought to mobilize opposition groupsand sought to mobilize opposition groups

Beginnings of a Cooling, or Beginnings of a Cooling, or DétenteDétente

At the end of Eisenhower’s 2nd term, At the end of Eisenhower’s 2nd term, politicians began questioning his foreign politicians began questioning his foreign policy, specifically the New Look policy, specifically the New Look ProgramProgram

• October 4, 1957 Soviet Union launched October 4, 1957 Soviet Union launched SputnikSputnik

It created a sense of profound vulnerabilityIt created a sense of profound vulnerability Also used by Democrats like JFK, who said the U.S. Also used by Democrats like JFK, who said the U.S.

was dangerously behind the Soviet Union in was dangerously behind the Soviet Union in weapons of mass destructionweapons of mass destruction

• In response he created NASA, and ordered In response he created NASA, and ordered the construction of super-secret underground the construction of super-secret underground bunker complexesbunker complexes

Beginnings of a Cooling, or Beginnings of a Cooling, or Détente (Con’t)Détente (Con’t)

Both Khrushchev and Eisenhower Both Khrushchev and Eisenhower began to come to agreements on began to come to agreements on nuclear disarmament and nuclear disarmament and inspectioninspection

• Khrushchev was invited to the U.S. in Khrushchev was invited to the U.S. in the fall of 1959the fall of 1959

Ended at Camp David (Named after Ended at Camp David (Named after Eisenhower’s grandson)Eisenhower’s grandson)

• Meetings brought forth worldwide Meetings brought forth worldwide hope for peacehope for peace

Beginnings of a Cooling, or Beginnings of a Cooling, or Détente (Con’t)Détente (Con’t)

On May 1, 1960 all hopes for quick On May 1, 1960 all hopes for quick peace were destroyed when a U.S. peace were destroyed when a U.S. spy plane (U-2) was shot down over spy plane (U-2) was shot down over the Soviet Unionthe Soviet Union

• Constituted an act of warConstituted an act of war• Ultimately each side hardened their Ultimately each side hardened their

stance toward the other, substantially stance toward the other, substantially ending negotiationsending negotiations

Used, among other things, to usher in JFK Used, among other things, to usher in JFK to officeto office

Consequences of the Actions Consequences of the Actions From 1950From 1950

While covert actions seemed necessary While covert actions seemed necessary and sometimes successful, it left long-and sometimes successful, it left long-term negative feelings throughout the term negative feelings throughout the worldworld

The Eisenhower administration left The Eisenhower administration left massive problems for the Kennedy and massive problems for the Kennedy and Johnson administration, that would lead Johnson administration, that would lead to the most dangerous period of the Cold to the most dangerous period of the Cold WarWar