Cohesion and Norm Enforcement

Cohesion = Norm Enforcement

EG Social Capital

EG Collective Efficacy

Cohesion ≠ Norm Enforcement

Empirical Findings

Theory

Cohesion = Norm Enforcement

OR

Cohesion ≠ Norm Enforcement

How is cohesion related to social norms?

????

Cohesion Social Norms

Theory

• Benefits of Norms– Direct

• Valued in and of themselves

– Indirect• Enhance ability to exchange

• Cohesion• Enhance interest in exchange

Indirect x Cohesion Benefits

Metanorms

Norms

Hypotheses

H1: Indirect benefits x Cohesion Norms

H2: Indirect benefits x Cohesion Metanorms

H3: Metanorms Norms

Experiment

Design

Indirect

Benefit

No Indirect Benefit

Cohesion

No Cohesion

Procedures

Overview

- Receive Income

Receive Income_______________________________________________

Your personal income is 30. 30 Personal Income

0 TotalSavings

_______________________________________________

Overview

- Receive Income

- Deviance

Deviance________________________________________________________

V has stolen 10 points from W.30Personal Income

0Total Savings

_________________________________________________________

Overview

- Receive Income

- Deviance

- Sanctioning decision

Sanctioning Decision________________________________________________________

Please wait for W to decide what to do.30PersonalIncome

0Total Savings

________________________________________________________

Sanctioning Decision_______________________________________________________

W decided to punish V. 33Personal

As a result of W’s choice, Income3 points are given to you, W, Y, and Z. 0

Total Savings

________________________________________________________

Overview

- Receive Income

- Deviance

- Sanctioning decision

- Rewarding decision

Rewarding Decisions________________________________________________________1 point from giver = 3 points for receiver

33You may decide what to do with Personalyour income points. Income

Keep __ points in your personal income 0Give __ points to W. TotalGive __ points to Y. SavingsGiver __ points to Z. _______________________________________________________

Rewarding Decisions______________________________________________________1 point from giver = 3 points for receiver

??You kept __ points. Personal

IncomeYou gave: You received:__ to W __ from W 0__ to Y __ from Y Total __ to Z __ from Z Savings

______________________________________________________

Overview

- Receive Income

- Deviance

- Sanctioning decision

- Reward decisions

- End of trial

End of Trial and Beginning of New Trial_______________________________________________

Points from your personal income 30have been moved into your Personalsavings. Income

Your new personal income is 30 points. ??TotalSavings

_______________________________________________

Independent Variables

Benefits of Sanctioning

Indirect Benefit Benefits of sanctioning placed in Personal Income and can be used in exchange.

No Indirect Benefit Benefits of sanctioning placed in Total Savings and cannot be used in exchange.

Sanctioning Decision______________________________________________

W decided to punish V. __Personal

As a result of W’s choice, Income3 points are given to you, W, Y, and Z. __

Total Savings

______________________________________________

Cohesion

Cohesion

Points received from others worth 3 times one’s own points. (1:3)

No Cohesion

Points received from others worth the same as one’s own points. (1:1)

Rewarding Decisions________________________________________________________1 point from giver = 3 points for receiver1 point from giver = 1 point for receiver

33You may decide what to do with Personalyour income points. Income

Keep __ points in your personal income 0Give __ points to W. TotalGive __ points to Y. SavingsGiver __ points to Z. _______________________________________________________

Dependent Variables

Norms

Punishment rate for the group.

Metanorms

Difference between rewards given to victims who punished and to victims who did not punish.

Results

Table 1. Mean Norms and Metanorms

Indirect Benefit

No Indirect Benefit

Cohesion Norms

Metanorms

.898 (.136)

5.47* (1.96)

.597 (.293)

2.58* (2.81)

No Cohesion

Norms

Metanorms

.690 (.182)

2.82 (1.43)

.745 (.149)

3.19 (1.58)

N=14 except for starred items where N=13.

Table 2. Regression ResultsModel 1a

Norms

Model 2b

Metanorms

Model 3b

Norms

Intercept .745**** (.0535) 3.19**** (.535) .631**** (.0640)

Cohesion -.148+ (.0756) -.609 (.771) -.157* (.0709)

Indirect Benefit -.0543 (.0756) -.370 (.756) -.0412 (.0693)

Cohesion * Indirect Benefit

.356*** (.107) 3.27*** (1.09) .263* (.108)

Metanorms ----- ----- .0356** (.0129)

R-square .24 .26 .37

a N=56; b N=54

**** p<.0001; *** p<.005; ** p<.01; * p<.05; + p<.1

Indirect x Cohesion Benefits

Metanorms

Norms

Relative size and direction of direct and indirect benefits

EG American South

Norm content and indirect benefits?

EG Reciprocity

Social institutions and indirect benefits?

EG Formal Rules

If we can identify

direct and indirect benefits, and

the structure of social relations

Then we can more accurately predict norms.