Cohesion in Cohesion in

EnglishEnglishHelena I.R. Agustien

FBS-Unnes

Cohesion

0is the grammatical and lexical relationship within a text or sentence

0can be defined as links that hold a text together and give it meaning

Types of Cohesion

0Grammatical: it refers to the structural content* reference, ellipsis, substitution

0Lexical: it refers to the language content* lexical cohesion and conjunction

3 Referential Devices

0Anaphoric reference0Cataphoric reference0Exophoric reference0Homophoric reference

Anaphoric Reference

Anaphoric reference occurs when the writer refers back to someone or something that has been previously identified, to avoid repetition.

E.g. * replacing "the taxi driver" with the pronoun "he" or "two girls" with "they". * formulas such as "as stated previously" or "the aforementioned".

Cataphoric References

Cataphoric reference is the opposite of anaphora: a reference forward as opposed to backward in the discourse.

Something is introduced in the abstract before it is identified. E.g.: "Here he comes, our award-winning host... it's John Doe!" Cataphoric references can also be found in written text, for

example "see page 10".

Exophoric Reference

Exophoric reference is used to describe generics or abstracts found within the text or in the context of situation.

E.g. Generic word such as "everything". That koala over there is really sleepy.

Homophoric Reference

0 Homophoric reference is used to refer to something known in the context of culture.

0 E.g. When I woke up this morning, the sun was shining. (people are supposed to know “the sun” the speaker is referring to)

* Have you fed the cat yet?

Ellipsis

0 Ellipsis is the absence of word(s), or when “something is left unsaid”E.g. * Joan bough some carnations, and Mary some

sweet peas. * The younger child is very outgoing, the older

much more reserved.A: Where are you going?B: To town.

Substitution

0 Substitution happens when a word takes the place of something that is being discussed.

E.g. * Let’s go and see the bears. The polar ones are over on that rock.

* I dropped the ice ice-cream. It was the only one I had.

Conjunction

0 Conjunction creates cohesion using conjunction words:• Temporal (after, before, first, second etc.)• Causal ( because, due to etc.)• Coordinating (and)• Adversative (but, however)• Additive (further)• Discourse markers ( now, well, after all, right, etc.)

Taxis: Clause Complex

0Paratactic relation0Hypotactic relation