cognitive plasticity of aging handout ROUGH...2 2,5 3 3,5 Motivation Optimierung...

October 2015

© Ursula M. Staudinger 1

Columbia University

Cogni;ve Aging: Opportuni;es and Challenges Ursula M. Staudinger

SIEPR Conference Working Longer and Re;rement SIEPR Building Stanford University October 8-‐9, 2015

Theore;cal Prelude: The Plas;city of Aging

Human Aging in 2015 is only a snapshot in 5me ! Aging and old age has been different in the past and will yet be different in the future. Chronological age is an outdated

4 examples illustrate this impressing posi;ve plas;city:

!  Chronological age is an outdated measure !  Improved cogni;on in old age

!  „Old-‐age personality“ can be changed !  BUT: beware of nega;ve plas;city: the effect of nega;ve age stereotypes

How is this Possible? Human Development is not Determined

Biology

Socio-Cultural

Context & Environment

Thought Attitude Behavior

Inter- and intraindividual variability due its interactive nature

0

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90

Positive Plasticity Typical Trajectory Negative Plasticity

Leve

l of F

unct

ioni

ng

Chronological Age

Interactive Nature Creates Room for Plasticity

Staudinger, 2015 Annual Review of Gerontology and Geriatrics

October 2015


Pragmatics

30 50 70 90 Age

- 3 - 2 - 1 0 1 2 3

Mechanics

30 50 70 90 Age

- 3 - 2 - 1 0 1 2 3

Baltes, Lindenberger & Staudiger, 2006

Compensation

Knowledge Structure Changes with Exper;se From Novice to Expert

Novice = 1 Piece of Informa;on

Expert = 1 Piece of Informa;on

Experience Compensates Decline in Mechanics

Salthouse 1984 Journal of Exp. Psychology

Interkey Interval (m

sec)

Chronological Age

Typing

Choice Reac;on Time

6 5 4

3 2 1

0

Nega;

ve Correla;o

n Age

Preview Window small large

Pragmatics

30 50 70 90 Age

- 3 - 2 - 1 0 1 2 3

Mechanics

30 50 70 90 Age

- 3 - 2 - 1 0 1 2 3

Compensation

Baltes, Lindenberger & Staudiger, 2006

October 2015


Mechanics: Speed for New Information

30 50 70 90 Age - 3 - 2 - 1 0 1 2 3

Age-‐Related Decline in Cogni;ve Mechanics in Previous Cohorts

Func;onal Threshold

Decline of cogni;ve mechanics starts later Health status of 80 yrs. old = 70 yrs.-‐old 20 yrs. Ago

Increases in intellectual func;oning across cohorts Educa;on, nutri;on

Decline in the mechanics is less pronounced Training interven;ons (task exercise + strategy,

physical exercise)

Three Facilitators of Posi;ve Cogni;ve Plas;city

45

50

55

60

65

70

75

80

85

90

95

Japan

Sweden Iceland

Norway

Australia Netherlands Switzerland

New Zealand

1840 1860 1880 1900 1920 1940 1960 1980 2000 2020

Max. A

v. Life

expectancy (yrs)

Oeppen & Vaupel Science 2002

updated

Longevity Revolu;on Socie;es of Longer Lives

Christensen et al., 2007

dependent yrs.

active yrs.

October 2015


Decline of cogni;ve mechanics starts later Health status of 80 yrs. old = 70 yrs. old 20 yrs. Ago

Increases in intellectual func;oning across cohorts e.g., Educa;on, nutri;on


physical exercise)

Three Facilitators of Posi;ve Cogni;ve Plas;city Plas;city Through Cultural-‐Historical Influences

(e.g., Nutri;on, Educa;on)

Performance at Age 23 yrs.

Seattle Longitudinal Study; z.B. Schaie, 1996

1.5 SD across 50 years

Spatial Reasoning

Speed

Fluency

Vocabulary

Birth Year

T Va

lues

Also Progress in the Oldest Old (93 & 95 yrs.)...

Christensen et al., 2013 The Lancet Skirbekk, Stonawski, Bonsang, & Staudinger

Intelligence, 2013

2002 2042

Popu

latio

n Av

erag

e Im

med

iate

Rec

all

October 2015


0,168

0,185

0,155

0,160

0,165

0,170

0,175

0,180

0,185

0,190

Males Females

num

ber o

f wor

ds

Five-‐yearly cohort improvement required for cogni;on to be constant un;l 2042

Observed cognitive improvement by cohorts

over a five-year period

Skirbekk, Stonawski, Bonsang, & Staudinger Intelligence, 2013

Projec;ng average cogni5ve levels (50+) in UK under condi;ons of popula;on aging if the posi;ve cohort trends (Flynn effect) observed from 2002 to 2008 con;nue.

2002 2042

Popu

latio

n Av

erag

e Im

med

iate

Rec

all

Decline of cogni;ve mechanics starts later Health status of 80 yrs. old = 70 yrs. old 20 yrs. Ago

Increases in intellectual func;oning across cohorts e.g., Educa;on, nutri;on


physical exercise)

Three Facilitators of Posi;ve Cogni;ve Plas;city

Baltes & Kliegl, 1992

0 10 20 30 40

30 25 20 15 10 5 0

young

Session ( ■ = Instruction , ◆ = Training)

old (60-75 Years)

No.

of

Wor

ds R

ecal

led

2,5

14

Training Compensates Losses in the Mechanics Classical Evidence for Exogenous Resilience

October 2015


Neuronal Correlate of Training Gains (Method of Loci): Compensation

Difference Posttest – Pretest during Retrieval

Nyberg et al., 2003

-20 -10

0 10 20 30 40

Speed of Information Processing Dif

fere

nce

Pre

Pos

t Tr

aini

ng

Nordic Walking Coordination Relaxation (*)

Voelcker-‐Rehage, Godde & Staudinger, 2011 Fron?ers of Neuroscience

Physical Training Interven;ons (6, 12 months) Modify the Cogni;ve Mechanics >60yrs. ?

Nordic Walking – CG & 3. – 1. MP

SFG

ACC

Voelcker-‐Rehage, Godde & Staudinger, 2011 Fron?ers in Human Neuroscience

val/val val/met met/met

Fitness

Particularly for val/val carriers higher motor fitness is associated with better cognitive performance

Indica5on for Personalized Plas5city Effec;vity of Physical Interven;on Depends also on Gene;c Predisposi;on

Fitness Interven;on

Cogni;ve Performance

Gene;c Predisposi;on (COMT Gene)

Voelcker-‐Rehage, Jeltsch, Godde, & Staudinger, 2015

October 2015


Mechanics: Speed for New Informa;on

30 50 70 90 Age - 3 - 2 - 1 0 1 2 3

Age-‐Related Decline in Cogni;ve Mechanics in Previous Cohorts

Func;onal Threshold

2787,75

1629,78

0

500

1000

1500

2000

2500

3000

low WTM high WTM

Aver

age

Rea

ctio

n Ti

me

in M

S

WTM

Reaction Time

24,23

41,45

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

40

45

low WTM high WTM

No.

Cor

rect

Tri

als i

n 80

sec.

WTM

No. Correct Trials

Few Changes Many Changes Work-Related Actvities

Few Changes Many Changes Work-Related Actvities

45,41

1629,78

Sample: Assembly Line Workers, 16 yrs. Treatment, N=38 Controlled for: Baseline Cognition & Openness, Leisuretime Activities

Oltmanns, Godde, & Staudinger, submiled

Identical Pictures

Caudatum

ACC

Medial-frontaler Gyrus Insula

Same areas that show most age-related decline in volume

Oltmanns, Godde, & Staudinger, submiled

15 25 35 45 55 65 75 Years Age

Entry

Modified Task

Modified Task

New Task

Retirement + Flexible Work Schedule

Family Phase

Sabbatical

Professional Reorientation, New Tasks

Alternative: Vertical Career

Alternative: Work-Life-Balance

Alternative: Horizontal Career Further Education

Cognitive “Training” through Varied Work Biographies “Challenge it or Loose it”

Staudinger & Kocka (2009). More Years, More Life

October 2015


Yet Another Challenge.....

Positive Perspective on Old Age

Negative Perspective on Old Age

Negative Own Old-Age

Image

Positive Own Old-Age Image

7 yrs. difference in survival controlled for: obj. health, SES, SWB etc.

par;al mediator: will to live

Lower Survival Probability (Median) due to Nega;ve Own Old-‐Age Image

Levy et al., 2000

Older Employees in Companies with Nega;ve Old-‐Age Stereotype less Mo;vated and less Produc;ve

0

0,5

1

1,5

2

2,5

3

3,5

Motivation Optimierung -0.35

-0.3

-0.25

-0.2

-0.15

-0.1

-0.05

0High Ageism Low Ageism

Strong Negative Old-Age Stereotype

Weak Negative Old-Age Stereotype

Productivity

Noack & Staudinger, 2009; N = 647; controlled for Age and BMI

η2= .03

η2= .02

η2= .02

October 2015


Summary Cogni;ve Plas;city

!  Yes, there is plas;city in the cogni;ve mechanics.

!  Underlying mechanisms less clear: !  Compensa;on (e.g., learning a strategy, mo;va;on)

!  Physical reac;va;on !  More systemic longitudinal, ideally country compara;ve, data sets are needed.

!  Cogni;on in vivo: Measurement challenges yet to be mastered

cognitive plasticity of aging handout ROUGH...2 2,5 3 3,5 Motivation Optimierung...

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