cognitive plasticity of aging handout ROUGH...2 2,5 3 3,5 Motivation Optimierung...
Transcript of cognitive plasticity of aging handout ROUGH...2 2,5 3 3,5 Motivation Optimierung...
October 2015
© Ursula M. Staudinger 1
Columbia University
Cogni;ve Aging: Opportuni;es and Challenges Ursula M. Staudinger
SIEPR Conference Working Longer and Re;rement SIEPR Building Stanford University October 8-‐9, 2015
Theore;cal Prelude: The Plas;city of Aging
Human Aging in 2015 is only a snapshot in 5me ! Aging and old age has been different in the past and will yet be different in the future. Chronological age is an outdated
4 examples illustrate this impressing posi;ve plas;city:
! Chronological age is an outdated measure ! Improved cogni;on in old age
! „Old-‐age personality“ can be changed ! BUT: beware of nega;ve plas;city: the effect of nega;ve age stereotypes
How is this Possible? Human Development is not Determined
Biology
Socio-Cultural
Context & Environment
Thought Attitude Behavior
Inter- and intraindividual variability due its interactive nature
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Positive Plasticity Typical Trajectory Negative Plasticity
Leve
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Chronological Age
Interactive Nature Creates Room for Plasticity
Staudinger, 2015 Annual Review of Gerontology and Geriatrics
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Pragmatics
30 50 70 90 Age
- 3 - 2 - 1 0 1 2 3
Mechanics
30 50 70 90 Age
- 3 - 2 - 1 0 1 2 3
Baltes, Lindenberger & Staudiger, 2006
Compensation
Knowledge Structure Changes with Exper;se From Novice to Expert
Novice = 1 Piece of Informa;on
Expert = 1 Piece of Informa;on
Experience Compensates Decline in Mechanics
Salthouse 1984 Journal of Exp. Psychology
Interkey Interval (m
sec)
Chronological Age
Typing
Choice Reac;on Time
6 5 4
3 2 1
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Nega;
ve Correla;o
n Age
Preview Window small large
Pragmatics
30 50 70 90 Age
- 3 - 2 - 1 0 1 2 3
Mechanics
30 50 70 90 Age
- 3 - 2 - 1 0 1 2 3
Compensation
Baltes, Lindenberger & Staudiger, 2006
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Mechanics: Speed for New Information
30 50 70 90 Age - 3 - 2 - 1 0 1 2 3
Age-‐Related Decline in Cogni;ve Mechanics in Previous Cohorts
Func;onal Threshold
Decline of cogni;ve mechanics starts later Health status of 80 yrs. old = 70 yrs.-‐old 20 yrs. Ago
Increases in intellectual func;oning across cohorts Educa;on, nutri;on
Decline in the mechanics is less pronounced Training interven;ons (task exercise + strategy,
physical exercise)
Three Facilitators of Posi;ve Cogni;ve Plas;city
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Japan
Sweden Iceland
Norway
Australia Netherlands Switzerland
New Zealand
1840 1860 1880 1900 1920 1940 1960 1980 2000 2020
Max. A
v. Life
expectancy (yrs)
Oeppen & Vaupel Science 2002
updated
Longevity Revolu;on Socie;es of Longer Lives
Christensen et al., 2007
dependent yrs.
active yrs.
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Decline of cogni;ve mechanics starts later Health status of 80 yrs. old = 70 yrs. old 20 yrs. Ago
Increases in intellectual func;oning across cohorts e.g., Educa;on, nutri;on
Decline in the mechanics is less pronounced Training interven;ons (task exercise + strategy,
physical exercise)
Three Facilitators of Posi;ve Cogni;ve Plas;city Plas;city Through Cultural-‐Historical Influences
(e.g., Nutri;on, Educa;on)
Performance at Age 23 yrs.
Seattle Longitudinal Study; z.B. Schaie, 1996
1.5 SD across 50 years
Spatial Reasoning
Speed
Fluency
Vocabulary
Birth Year
T Va
lues
Also Progress in the Oldest Old (93 & 95 yrs.)...
Christensen et al., 2013 The Lancet Skirbekk, Stonawski, Bonsang, & Staudinger
Intelligence, 2013
2002 2042
Popu
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Males Females
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Five-‐yearly cohort improvement required for cogni;on to be constant un;l 2042
Observed cognitive improvement by cohorts
over a five-year period
Skirbekk, Stonawski, Bonsang, & Staudinger Intelligence, 2013
Projec;ng average cogni5ve levels (50+) in UK under condi;ons of popula;on aging if the posi;ve cohort trends (Flynn effect) observed from 2002 to 2008 con;nue.
2002 2042
Popu
latio
n Av
erag
e Im
med
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Rec
all
Decline of cogni;ve mechanics starts later Health status of 80 yrs. old = 70 yrs. old 20 yrs. Ago
Increases in intellectual func;oning across cohorts e.g., Educa;on, nutri;on
Decline in the mechanics is less pronounced Training interven;ons (task exercise + strategy,
physical exercise)
Three Facilitators of Posi;ve Cogni;ve Plas;city
Baltes & Kliegl, 1992
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young
Session ( ■ = Instruction , ◆ = Training)
old (60-75 Years)
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Training Compensates Losses in the Mechanics Classical Evidence for Exogenous Resilience
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Neuronal Correlate of Training Gains (Method of Loci): Compensation
Difference Posttest – Pretest during Retrieval
Nyberg et al., 2003
-20 -10
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Speed of Information Processing Dif
fere
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Pre
Pos
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aini
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Nordic Walking Coordination Relaxation (*)
Voelcker-‐Rehage, Godde & Staudinger, 2011 Fron?ers of Neuroscience
Physical Training Interven;ons (6, 12 months) Modify the Cogni;ve Mechanics >60yrs. ?
Nordic Walking – CG & 3. – 1. MP
SFG
ACC
Voelcker-‐Rehage, Godde & Staudinger, 2011 Fron?ers in Human Neuroscience
val/val val/met met/met
Fitness
Particularly for val/val carriers higher motor fitness is associated with better cognitive performance
Indica5on for Personalized Plas5city Effec;vity of Physical Interven;on Depends also on Gene;c Predisposi;on
Fitness Interven;on
Cogni;ve Performance
Gene;c Predisposi;on (COMT Gene)
Voelcker-‐Rehage, Jeltsch, Godde, & Staudinger, 2015
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Mechanics: Speed for New Informa;on
30 50 70 90 Age - 3 - 2 - 1 0 1 2 3
Age-‐Related Decline in Cogni;ve Mechanics in Previous Cohorts
Func;onal Threshold
2787,75
1629,78
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low WTM high WTM
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Few Changes Many Changes Work-Related Actvities
Few Changes Many Changes Work-Related Actvities
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1629,78
Sample: Assembly Line Workers, 16 yrs. Treatment, N=38 Controlled for: Baseline Cognition & Openness, Leisuretime Activities
Oltmanns, Godde, & Staudinger, submiled
Identical Pictures
Caudatum
ACC
Medial-frontaler Gyrus Insula
Same areas that show most age-related decline in volume
Oltmanns, Godde, & Staudinger, submiled
15 25 35 45 55 65 75 Years Age
Entry
Modified Task
Modified Task
New Task
Retirement + Flexible Work Schedule
Family Phase
Sabbatical
Professional Reorientation, New Tasks
Alternative: Vertical Career
Alternative: Work-Life-Balance
Alternative: Horizontal Career Further Education
Cognitive “Training” through Varied Work Biographies “Challenge it or Loose it”
Staudinger & Kocka (2009). More Years, More Life
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Yet Another Challenge.....
Positive Perspective on Old Age
Negative Perspective on Old Age
Negative Own Old-Age
Image
Positive Own Old-Age Image
7 yrs. difference in survival controlled for: obj. health, SES, SWB etc.
par;al mediator: will to live
Lower Survival Probability (Median) due to Nega;ve Own Old-‐Age Image
Levy et al., 2000
Older Employees in Companies with Nega;ve Old-‐Age Stereotype less Mo;vated and less Produc;ve
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Motivation Optimierung -0.35
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Strong Negative Old-Age Stereotype
Weak Negative Old-Age Stereotype
Productivity
Noack & Staudinger, 2009; N = 647; controlled for Age and BMI
η2= .03
η2= .02
η2= .02
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Summary Cogni;ve Plas;city
! Yes, there is plas;city in the cogni;ve mechanics.
! Underlying mechanisms less clear: ! Compensa;on (e.g., learning a strategy, mo;va;on)
! Physical reac;va;on ! More systemic longitudinal, ideally country compara;ve, data sets are needed.
! Cogni;on in vivo: Measurement challenges yet to be mastered