Module 27 Forgetting, Memory Construction, and Improving Memory.
Cognition: Studying and Building Memories Memory Storage Forgetting, Memory Construction, and Memory...
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Transcript of Cognition: Studying and Building Memories Memory Storage Forgetting, Memory Construction, and Memory...
Cognition:
•Studying and Building Memories
•Memory Storage
•Forgetting, Memory Construction, and Memory Improvement
•Thinking, Concepts, and Creativity
•Solving Problems and Making Decisions
•Thinking and Language
IntroductionMemory Capacity ActivityTED Talk: The Fiction of Memory by
Elizabeth Loftushttps://www.ted.com/playlists/196/
the_complexity_of_memory
Module 31: Studying & Building Memories
MEMORY: The persistence of learning over time through the encoding, storage, and retrieval of information.
Sensory Memory works as a filter. It allows us time to determine what to pay attention to.
Working Memory
Information Processinghttps://education-portal.com/academy/
lesson/information-processing.html
Building Memories: EncodingExplicit Memory: Memory of facts and experiences
that one can consciously know and “declare.”
Effortful Processing: Encoding that requires attention and conscious effort.
Automatic Processing: Unconscious encoding of incidental information, such as space, time, and frequency, and of well-learned information, such as word meanings.
Implicit Memory: Retention independent of conscious recollection (skills we learn).
Categorizing Memoryhttps://education-portal.com/academy/
lesson/categorizing-memory.html
How does sensory memory work? Iconic Memory: A momentary sensory memory of
visual stimuli; a photographic or picture-image memory lasting no more than a few tenths of a second.
Echoic Memory: A momentary sensory of auditory stimuli; if attention is elsewhere, sounds and words can still be recalled within 3 or 4 seconds.
Short-Term or Working Memory Use it or lose it!!!!!
Chunking = Grouping items to make them easier to remember
Working with information…..
https://education-portal.com/academy/lesson/improving-short-term-memory.html
Short-Term or Working Memory Use it or lose it!!!!!
Mnemonic Devices = Techniques for using associations to memorize and retrieve information
Working with information…..
Famous Mnemonic DevicesRead each sentence or phase and record what it
stands for.
Please Excuse My Dear Aunt Sally-
Richard Of York Gave Battle In Vain-
Every Good Boy Deserves Fudge-
King Phillip Cried Out For Good Soup-
My Very Educated Mother Just Served Us
Noodles-
Super Man Helps Every One-
Famous Mnemonic DevicesRead each sentence or phase and record what it
stands for. Please Excuse My Dear Aunt Sally- (Parentheses, exponents, multiplication, division, addition,
subtraction)
Richard Of York Gave Battle In Vain- (Red, Orange, Yellow, Green, Blue, Indigo, Violet)
Every Good Boy Deserves Fudge- (E,G,B,D,F)
King Phillip Cried Out For Good Soup- (Kingdom, Phylum, Class, Order, Family, Genus, Species)
My Very Educated Mother Just Served Us Noodles-(Mercury, Venus, Earth, Mars, Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, Neptune) Super Man Helps Every One- (Superior, Michigan, Huron, Erie, Ontario)
Module 32: Memory Storage and Retrieval
Retaining Information in the BrainMemories are NOT stored in one part of the
brain.
Memory and the BrainWe are still learning about the role of the brain in MEMORY. To what extent the brain isinvolved is still beingdetermined.
Storage:Long-Term Memory hippocampus--neural center in limbic system
that helps process explicit memories for storage
Processes explicit memories – then sent to multiple different regions.
Hippocampus
Long-Term Memory
Types of Long-Term Memory
Episodic memory – memory of our own life (Personal facts)
Semantic memory – knowledge of language, including rules, words, and meanings
Declarative memory – Stored knowledge called forth consciously as needed; includes episodic and semantic
Procedural memory – Storage of learned skills that does not require conscious recollection
DID YOU KNOW!Flashbulb Memories are vivid recollections of events that are shocking or emotional
The SQ3R method of studying improves your ability to recognize and recall information
Photographic memory – ability to form sharp, detailed visual images of a picture or page and to recall exactly what you saw.
FACT: 59-year-old Akira Haraguchi recited from memory the first 83,431 decimal places of pi, earning a spot in the Guinness World Records.
FACT: Super card sharks can memorize the order of a shuffled deck of cards in less than a minute
FACT: According to evidence, it's impossible to recall images with near perfect accuracy
DOES IT EXIST?
Superior Autobiographical Memoryhttp://www.cbsnews.com/news/the-gift-of-
endless-memory/
Module 33: Forgetting, Memory, Construction, and Memory
Improvement
Motivated Forgetting
• Self-serving personal histories
• Repression
FORGETTING
Types
Decay – fading away of memory over time
Amnesia – loss of memory as a result of a blow to head or brain damage. Other causes: Stress/Drugs
Interference – blockage of a memory by previous or subsequent memories or loss of a retrieval cue
•Proactive Interference: prior learning interferes with learning new information• Retroactive Interference: newly learned information interferes with previously learned information
Memory Construction ErrorsMisinformation and Imagination Source amnesia (source misattribution)Déjà vuDiscerning True and False MemoriesRepressed or Constructed Memories
• Eyewitness Testimony• It is often wrong• Involves recognition • Memory of event is often distorted• Eyewitnesses can be misled by questioning
Improving Memory• Rehearse repeatedly• Make the material meaningful• Activate retrieval cues• Use mnemonic devices• Minimize interference• Sleep more• Test your own knowledge, both to
rehearse it and to help determine what you do not yet know
Module 34: Thinking, Cognition, and Creativity
Creativity • Ways to boost creativity
–Develop your expertise–Allow time for incubation–Set aside time for the mind to roam freely
–Experience other cultures and ways of thinking
Problem Solving: Strategies and Obstacles• Algorithms
–Step-by-step
• Heuristic• Insight• Confirmation bias
• Mental set
Forming Good and Bad Decisions and Judgments
• Intuition– Automatic unreasoned feelings and thoughts– Seat of their pants
• The Representative Heuristic– Prototype– Likelihood of something
Overconfidence• Belief perseverance
– Consider the opposite• Framing
Language and Language Acquisitions
https://education-portal.com/academy/lesson/what-is-language.html
https://education-portal.com/academy/lesson/language-acquisition.html
Language Development• Receptive language• Productive language
–Babbling stage–One-word stage–Two-word stage–Telegraphic speech
Language and the Brain• Aphasia• Broca’s Area• Wernicke’s Area
Language What is language?
https://education-portal.com/academy/lesson/what-is-language.html
Language Acquisitionhttps://education-portal.com/academy/lesson/
language-acquisition.html