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Transcript of Co 1. Fig. 2A, B Fig. 1.1 Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for...
Co 1
Fig. 2A, B
Fig. 1.1 Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
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Chemical level. Atoms(colored balls) combineto form molecules.
Cell level. Moleculesform organelles, such asthe nucleus and mitochondria,which make up cells.
Tissue level. Similar cellsand surrounding materialsmake up tissues.
Organ level. Differenttissues combine to formorgans, such as theurinary bladder.
Organ system level.Organs, such as theurinary bladder andkidneys, make up anorgan system.
Organism level. Organsystems make up anorganism.
Wall of urinary bladder
Urinary system
Organism
Urethra
Urinary bladder
Ureter
Kidney Connective tissue
Smooth muscle tissue
Connective tissue
Epithelium
Smooth muscle cell
Nucleus
Mitochondria
Smoothmuscletissue
Molecule(DNA)
Atoms
Urinarybladder
(bottom left): © Bart Harris/Corbis
Fig. 1.4
Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
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Set point
Time
Fig. 1.5-1
Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
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1 Receptors monitor thevalue of a variable. In thiscase, receptors in the wallof a blood vessel monitorblood pressure. Receptors monitor
blood pressure.
Nerves
Fig. 1.5-2
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Receptors monitor thevalue of a variable. In thiscase, receptors in the wallof a blood vessel monitorblood pressure.
Information about the valueof the variable is sent to acontrol center. In this case,nerves send information tothe part of the brainresponsible for regulatingblood pressure.
Receptors monitorblood pressure.
Nerves
Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
Fig. 1.5-3
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Receptors monitor thevalue of a variable. In thiscase, receptors in the wallof a blood vessel monitorblood pressure.
Information about the valueof the variable is sent to acontrol center. In this case,nerves send information tothe part of the brainresponsible for regulatingblood pressure.
The control centercompares the value of thevariable against the setpoint.
Receptors monitorblood pressure.
Nerves
Control center(brain)
Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
Fig. 1.5-4
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Receptors monitor thevalue of a variable. In thiscase, receptors in the wallof a blood vessel monitorblood pressure.
Information about the valueof the variable is sent to acontrol center. In this case,nerves send information tothe part of the brainresponsible for regulatingblood pressure.
The control centercompares the value of thevariable against the setpoint.
If a response is necessaryto maintain homeostasis,the control center causesan effector to respond. Inthis case, nerves sendinformation to the heart.
Receptors monitorblood pressure.
Nerves
Control center(brain)
Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
Fig. 1.5
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Receptors monitor thevalue of a variable. In thiscase, receptors in the wallof a blood vessel monitorblood pressure.
Information about the valueof the variable is sent to acontrol center. In this case,nerves send information tothe part of the brainresponsible for regulatingblood pressure.
The control centercompares the value of thevariable against the setpoint.
An effector produces aresponse that maintainshomeostasis. In this case,changing heart ratechanges blood pressure.
If a response is necessaryto maintain homeostasis,the control center causesan effector to respond. Inthis case, nerves sendinformation to the heart.
Effector (heart)responds to changesin blood pressure.
Receptors monitorblood pressure.
Nerves
Control center(brain)
Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
Fig. 1.3b-2
Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
Nervous System
A major regulatory system that detectssensations and controls movements,physiological processes, and intellectualfunctions. Consists of the brain, spinal cord,nerves, and sensory receptors.
Endocrine System
A major regulatory system that influencesmetabolism, growth, reproduction, and manyother functions. Consists of glands, such asthe pituitary, that secrete hormones.
Testes(male)
Pancreas(islets)
Parathyroids(posteriorpart ofthyroid)
Pinealgland
Ovaries(female)
Adrenals
Thymus
Thyroid
Pituitary
Hypothalamus
Caudaequina
Nerve
Spinal cord
Brain
Fig. 1.6 Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
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The effectors respond:Heart rate increases;blood vessels constrict.
Blood pressure increases:Homeostasis Restored
Blood pressure decreases:Homeostasis Disturbed
Blood pressure increases:Homeostasis Disturbed
Blood pressure decreases:Homeostasis Restored
The effectors respond:Heart rate decreases;blood vessels dilate.
Start Here
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Control centers in the brain decreasestimulation of heart and blood vesselswhen receptors detect increased bloodpressure.
Control centers in the brain increasestimulation of heart and blood vesselswhen receptors detect decreasedblood pressure.
Fig. 1.7 Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
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Blood flow to cardiacmuscle decreases.
Blood pressuredecreases even more.
Blood pressuredecreases below normal.