Cluster-research.org A Survey of Cluster Initiatives Göran Lindqvist Institute of International...

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A Survey of Cluster Initiatives

Göran LindqvistInstitute of International BusinessStockholm School of Economics

3rd Regional Conference on CompetitivenessRegional Competitiveness Initiative

Sofia, Bulgaria8 June, 2005

RCI Regional Conference, 8 June 2005, GL

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Agenda

The surveyThe survey

Initiating the CIInitiating the CI

ActivitiesActivities

Organizational structureOrganizational structure

Measuring impactMeasuring impact


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The Cluster Initiative Greenbook

• Results from the 2003 survey (GCIS 2003) are presented in The Cluster Initiative Greenbook

• Main focus on advanced economies; special case study of Slovenia

• Available free of charge at:

www.cluster-research.org


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An online survey


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76 participants in transition economies

Transition 76Transition 76

Slovenia 11

Estonia 7

Albania 5

Lithuania 5

FYR Macedonia 5

Armenia <5

Bulgaria <5

Bosnia and Herzegovina <5

Czech Republic <5

Georgia <5

Croatia <5

Hungary <5

Latvia <5

Poland <5

Russia <5

Serbia and Montenegro <5

International <5

Slovenia 11

Estonia 7

Albania 5

Lithuania 5

FYR Macedonia 5

Armenia <5

Bulgaria <5

Bosnia and Herzegovina <5

Czech Republic <5

Georgia <5

Croatia <5

Hungary <5

Latvia <5

Poland <5

Russia <5

Serbia and Montenegro <5

International <5

EU 15 320EU 15 320

Note: Number of complete or partial replies

Germany 50

Sweden 42

UK 31

International 22

Austria 19

Spain 16

Finland 10

Denmark 9

Italy 8

Belgium 8

Netherlands 7

France 5

Greece <5

Ireland <5

Luxemburg <5

Portugal <5

Germany 50

Sweden 42

UK 31

International 22

Austria 19

Spain 16

Finland 10

Denmark 9

Italy 8

Belgium 8

Netherlands 7

France 5

Greece <5

Ireland <5

Luxemburg <5

Portugal <5


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Cluster initiatives are a recent tool in transition economies

0%

20%

40%

60%

80%

2003-2005 2000-2002 -1999

Initiation year

Share

of

resp

ondents

Trans EU15

0%

20%

40%

60%

80%

2003-2005 2000-2002 -1999

Initiation year

Share

of

resp

ondents

Trans EU15


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Agenda







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Industry types

0%

20%

40%

60%

80%

Agriculture,food, low costmanufacturing

Capitalintensive

manufacturing

"High tech",advancedservices

Tourism

Industry type

Share

of

resp

ondents

Trans EU15

0%

20%

40%

60%

80%


Capitalintensive

manufacturing

"High tech",advancedservices

Tourism

Industry type

Share

of

resp

ondents

Trans EU15

Apparel, footwear,

leather, etc.

Apparel, footwear,

leather, etc.Biotech, optics, IT,

medical, aerospace, finance, etc.

Biotech, optics, IT, medical, aerospace,

finance, etc.

Automotive, chemicals, paper,

plastics, etc.

Automotive, chemicals, paper,

plastics, etc.


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Influence in the start-up phase

Most influential part

0%

20%

40%

60%

Trans EU15 Trans EU15 Trans EU15

Shar

e of

resp

onden

ts

International Business Government

Most influential part

0%

20%

40%

60%

Trans EU15 Trans EU15 Trans EU15

Shar

e of

resp

onden

ts

International Business Government

Taking the initiative to start the CI

Selecting the initial

participants

Deciding the initial

activities

Note: Other parties are not included in graph: academia, IFCs, etc


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Industry types

0%

20%

40%

60%


Capitalintensive

manufacturing

High tech,advancedservices

Tourism

Industry type

Share

of

part

icip

ants

Int'l initiated Bus. initiated Gov't initiated

0%

20%

40%

60%


Capitalintensive

manufacturing

High tech,advancedservices

Tourism

Industry type

Share

of

part

icip

ants


Transition only


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Cluster profile

1

7

Competition Bus.environ.

Growth Market range

Competitiveposition

Innovativecapacity

Cluster properties

Ave

rage leve

l


1

7

Competition Bus.environ.

Growth Market range

Competitiveposition

Innovativecapacity

Cluster properties

Ave

rage leve

l


Transition only


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Social capital: trust

1

7

Firms' trust ineach other

Firms' trust ingovernment

Firms' trust inacademia

Government'strust in firms

Types of trust

Avera

ge r

esp

on

se

Trans EU15

1

7





Types of trust

Avera

ge r

esp

on

se

Trans EU15


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Donors step in where trust is low

1

7





Types of trust

Ave

rage r

esp

onse


1

7





Types of trust

Ave

rage r

esp

onse


Transition only


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Agenda







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Seven groups of activities

Joint production• Purchasing

• Logistics

• Bundled production

• Supply-chain dev’t

HR upgrading• Technical training

• Management training

• Technical standards

• Education system

• Production processes

Lobbying• Regulations and policy

• Infrastructure investment

Firm formation• Incubator services

• Spin-off promotion

• Business services

Joint R&D• Joint R&D projects

Intelligence• Market intelligence

• Technical trends

Joint sales• Joint product branding

• Joint region branding

• Joint foreign market promotion


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ProductionHR

Differences in activities

LobbyIntel. Sales Firm form RD

1

7Tech

nic

al

Mark

et

Fore

ign p

rom

Pro

dR

eg b

randin

g

Regul.

, polic

yIn

frast

ruct

ure

Managem

ent

Tech

nic

al

Educa

tion

Sta

ndard

sPro

d p

roc

Supply

-chain

Bundlin

gPurc

hasi

ng

Logis

tics

Bus

serv

ices

Spin

-off

Incu

bato

r

R&

D p

roje

cts

Ave

rage im

port

ance

Trans EU15


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Agenda







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Organizational form

0%

20%

40%

60%

80%

non-profitformal

part of aformal

informal for-profitformal

membershiporg.

Type of organization

Share

of

resp

ondents

Trans EU15

0%

20%

40%

60%

80%

non-profitformal

part of aformal

informal for-profitformal

membershiporg.

Type of organization

Share

of

resp

ondents

Trans EU15


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Size: participating companies

0%

20%

40%

60%

1-10 companies 11-20companies

21-50companies

51- companies

Industry sector

Share

of

resp

ondents

Trans EU15

0%

20%

40%

60%

1-10 companies 11-20companies

21-50companies

51- companies

Industry sector

Share

of

resp

ondents

Trans EU15


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Penetration: companies

0%

20%

40%

60%

80%

Less than 1 in10 participate

Less than halfparticipate

More than halfparticipate

More than 9 in10 participate

Industry sector

Share

of

resp

ondents

Trans EU15

0%

20%

40%

60%

80%

Less than 1 in10 participate

Less than halfparticipate

More than halfparticipate

More than 9 in10 participate

Industry sector

Share

of

resp

ondents

Trans EU15


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Sources of funding

0

20

40

60

80

100

Internationalfunding

Businessfunding

Governmentfunding

Other funding

Sources of funding

Ave

rage s

hare

of

fundin

g


0

20

40

60

80

100

Internationalfunding

Businessfunding

Governmentfunding

Other funding

Sources of funding

Ave

rage s

hare

of

fundin

g


Transition only


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Agenda







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Measuring impact

0%

20%

40%

60%

80%

100%

# o

f firm

s

Pro

d.,

sale

s

Em

plo

ym

ent

Export

s

Innovation

Bus.

envir

.

Import

s

Subsi

die

s

FDI

Wages

Pri

ces,

valu

e-a

dded

Cost

,pro

duct

ivity

Annual measuresments

Share

of

resp

ondents

Trans EU15

0%

20%

40%

60%

80%

100%

# o

f firm

s

Pro

d.,

sale

s

Em

plo

ym

ent

Export

s

Innovation

Bus.

envir

.

Import

s

Subsi

die

s

FDI

Wages

Pri

ces,

valu

e-a

dded

Cost

,pro

duct

ivity


Share

of

resp

ondents

Trans EU15


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Measuring impact

0%

20%

40%

60%

80%

100%

Empl

oym

ent

Expo

rts

Inno

vatio

n

Impo

rts

Subs

idies

FDI

Wag

es


Share

of

resp

ondents


0%

20%

40%

60%

80%

100%

Empl

oym

ent

Expo

rts

Inno

vatio

n

Impo

rts

Subs

idies

FDI

Wag

es


Share

of

resp

ondents


Transition only


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Self-assessment

-3

0

+3

Cre

atin

g o

rg.

Bus.

envi

r.

Innova

tive

nes

s

Att

r. inve

stm

.

Val

ue-

added

Exp

ort

s

Supply

chai

ns

Import

-subst

.

Em

plo

ymen

t

Prod.

cost

s

Com

mer

c. r

es.

Red

.co

mpet

itio

n

Ave

rage r

esp

onse

Trans EU15

-3

0

+3

Cre

atin

g o

rg.

Bus.

envi

r.

Innova

tive

nes

s

Att

r. inve

stm

.

Val

ue-

added

Exp

ort

s

Supply

chai

ns

Import

-subst

.

Em

plo

ymen

t

Prod.

cost

s

Com

mer

c. r

es.

Red

.co

mpet

itio

n

Ave

rage r

esp

onse

Trans EU15

Initiated before 2003 only

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A Survey of Cluster Initiatives

Göran LindqvistInstitute of International Business

Stockholm School of EconomicsPO Box 6501, S-113 83 Stockholm, Sweden

E-mail: [email protected]: +46 8 7369524

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