Climate control and HVAC simulation for occupied...
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[email protected] | Tel: +44 (0)20 32393041 | Fax: +44 (0)20 33573123 | www.engys.eu
Climate control and HVAC simulation for occupied spaces Implementation and validation
Eugene de Villiers
22.06.2010
5th OpenFOAM Workshop, Chalmers, Gothenburg, Sweden, June 21-24, 2010
Copyright © 2010 Engys Ltd. All rights reserved.
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Contributors
• Engys Ltd., London, UK
Dr. Eugene de Villiers, [email protected]
Dr. Andrew P. Jackson, [email protected]
Francisco Campos, [email protected]
• Engys UG, Rostock, Germany
Thomas Schumacher, [email protected]
• Beuth Hochschule für Technik Berlin, Germany
Thomas Tian, [email protected]
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Content
• Introduction to Engys
• CFD for HVAC
• HVAC with OPENFOAM®
Basic approach
Validation cases
Examples
• Future Work
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OPENFOAM® is registered trade mark of OpenCFD Ltd.
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Company Details
• Offices: UK and Germany
• Open Source software for industrial application
• Offering OPENFOAM related services
Consultancy
Training
Support
Custom development
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CFD for HVAC
Copyright © 2010 Engys Ltd. All rights reserved.
Turbulent flowConvective heat transfer
BuoyancyThermal radiation
Solar radiationHumidity / CondensationContaminant transport
Comfort predictionPhysiological modellingConjugate heat transfer
Built environment
Transportation
Component cooling
Manufacturing
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HVAC in FOAM | Basic Approach
• Incompressible flow solver
RANS, URANS, LES
• Integrated properties for incompressible
• r, a, Prt, Cp,
Temperature transport
• Thermal wall functions
• Kader, Jayatilleke
Boussinesq approximation for buoyancy
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xgpPp
TTTgS
mref
mmmmb
r
rrrr
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HVAC in FOAM | Basic Approach (cont.)
• Radiation
Customised non-participating grey FVDOM
• Implemented as function object
• Reduced memory consumption by ~30%
• 1st order explicit marching-front solver
• 5 -10x faster
Solar radiation function object
Temperature coupled boundaries
• Iterative solution of Tw ,Tw
Qconv + Qrad-e = Qsolid + Qrad-a + Qlatent + Qsolar
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HVAC in FOAM | Basic Approach (cont.)
• Passive scalar transport
Humidity, smoke, contaminants
Surface condensation/evaporation
• Droplet area model
• Latent heat thermal coupling
• Comfort assessment
ISO 7730 → PMV, PPD, DR, PD
Age of air
ISO 14505-2 → Equivalent temperature
16 zones human model
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Validation | Natural Convection
• Experiments by Betts and Bokhari (2000)
• 2D closed vertical cavity
• Ra = 8.6 ∙ 105
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x
yW=0.076m
H=
2.1
8m
HOT WALL
T = 34.7ºC
COLD WALL
T = 15.1ºC
Vertical velocity: Uy
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Validation | Natural Convection (cont.)
• Experiments by Betts and Bokhari (2000)
• 2D closed vertical cavity
• Ra = 8.6 ∙ 105
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x
yW=0.076m
H=
2.1
8m
HOT WALL
T = 34.7ºC
COLD WALL
T = 15.1ºC
Temperature: T
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• Experiments by Restivo(1979)
• 2D rectangular cavity
• Reh = 5000
Validation | Forced Convection
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INLET→ U0 = 0.455m/s
h = 0.168m
OUTLET
t = 0.48m
L=9m
H=3m
x
y
Ux/U0 @ X=3m
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• Experiments by Restivo(1979)
• 2D rectangular cavity
• Reh = 5000
Validation | Forced Convection (cont.)
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INLET→ U0 = 0.455m/s
h = 0.168m
OUTLET
t = 0.48m
L=9m
H=3m
x
y
Ux/U0 @ X=6m
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• Experiments by Restivo(1979)
• 2D rectangular cavity
• Reh = 5000
Validation | Forced Convection (cont.)
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Y = 0.084m
Y = 2.916m
INLET→ U0 = 0.455m/s
h = 0.168m
OUTLET
t = 0.48m
L=9m
H=3m
x
y
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• Experiments by Blayet.al (1992)
• 2D square cavity
Validation | Mixed Convection
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INLET
U = 0.57m/s
T = 15ºC
h = 0.018m
OUTLET
t = 0.024m
H = L = 1.04m
x
y
FLOOR
T = 35.5ºC
WALLS
T = 15ºC
Temperature @ X=L/2
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• Experiments by Blayet.al (1992)
• 2D square cavity
Validation | Mixed Convection (cont.)
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Y = H/2
INLET
U = 0.57m/s
T = 15ºC
h = 0.018m
OUTLET
t = 0.024m
H = L = 1.04m
x
y
FLOOR
T = 35.5ºC
WALLS
T = 15ºC
Temperature @ Y=H/2
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Validation | Standing Manikin
• Experiments by Nielsen, Kato, Yang et.al (2003)
• Displacement ventilation
• Supply → U = 0.182m/sT = 21.8 °C
• Manikin → Q = 76W
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Validation | Standing Manikin (cont.)
• Air temperature profiles
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Validation | Standing Manikin (cont.)
• Thermal radiation effects
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Radiation OFFRadiation ON
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Example | Aircraft Cabin and Cockpit
• Mixed ventilation
• Buoyancy
• Thermal Radiation
• Solar radiation
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Example | Generic Aircraft Cockpit
• Windshield defogging
Initial liquid water content on windshield evaporated by dry, hot air from windshield air inlet
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Example | Generic Aircraft Cockpit (cont.)
• Smoke evacuation
Transient flow, passive scalar for smoke
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Example | Classroom Ventilation
• Comfort assessment → PMV, PPD
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Future
• Transient conjugate heat transfer
Face based 1D solid modelling
Automatic 3D thin-solid modelling
• Self-scaling surface-to-surface radiation
• Human physiological models
Coupled multi-node, sweating/shivering
• Smoke
Source modelling
Visibility index
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Acknowledgements
• Thanks to Dr. J-H Yang (Yeungnam University) for providing the standing manikin geometry
• Thanks to Dr. A Musser and Dr. K McGrattan for providing experimental results for Blay’s 2D cavity
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Disclosure
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The contents of this document may not be copied, reproduced,translated, transferred, or reduced to any form, in whole or in part,including electronic medium or machine-readable form, ortransmitted or publicly performed by any means, electronic orotherwise, without written authorisation issued by Engys.Unauthorised distribution or use may give rise to a claim fordamages and/or be a criminal offence as subjected to the laws ofEngland, Scotland and Wales.