CLIL-AXIS Handbook verkkojulkaisu - unifg.it · In present-day working ... The CLIL-AXIS Toolkit...

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Transcript of CLIL-AXIS Handbook verkkojulkaisu - unifg.it · In present-day working ... The CLIL-AXIS Toolkit...

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Vantaa 2006

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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

This publication is intended as a handbook for anyone who wishes to carry out Content and Language Integrated Learning. It was produced in the Team Teaching CLIL-AXIS -project by the following people:

Tanja Ala-Hiiro, Mariusz Andryszczyk, Maria Jésus Frigols, Isabell Hodgson, Tuula Ikonen, Marcin Jazwiec, Steven Jones, Petra Kaseva, Helli Kitinoja, Maruta Koha, Maija Kärnä, Päivö Laine, Ritva Leppänen, Minna Lindström, Riikka Länsisalmi, Larisa Malinovska, Sanna Malkki, Päivi Ouallen, Kaarina Pekkala, Päivi Salokangas, Karen Schwartz, Janis Silis, Joanna Szczecinska, Aila Vallejo-Medina, Kati Valtonen, Anda Zeidmane.

This publication and the contents of the web site are available also in DVD Team Teaching, CLIL-AXIS.

The Team Teaching project (FI-03-B-F-LA-160006) has received European Union Leonardo da Vinci funding.

Handbook Edited by: Petra Kaseva (Adulta) FI Karen Schwartz (LeedsMet) UK

Handbook Translated by: Riikka Länsisalmi (Laurea) FI Kaarina Pekkala (Laurea) FI Päivi Ouallen (Laurea) FI Maria Jésus Frigols (Generalitat Valenciana) ES Maruta Koha (VUC) LV Marcin Jazwiec (WSHE) PL

Handbook Design and Layout: Maija Luomala (Laurea) FI

Project´s website: http://www.clil-axis.net

Copyright © Team Teaching CLIL-AXIS 2006

ISBN 951-799-098-7

Edita Prima Oy, HELSINKI 2006.

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THE PROJECT PARTNERS

Coordinating Partner

Laurea University of Applied Sciences, Finland

Partner Institutions

Generalidad Valenciana Consellería de Educación, SpainAdulta, Keski-Uusimaa Institute of Further Education, FinlandPirkanmaa University of Applied Sciences, FinlandSeinäjoki University of Applied Sciences, Finland Latvia University of Agriculture, LatviaVentspils University College, LatviaAcademy of Humanities and Economics in Lodz, PolandLeeds Metropolitan University, Leslie Silver International Faculty, The UK

Project Evaluation

David Marsh, University of Jyväskylä, Continuing Education Centre UNICOM, Finland

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CONTENTS1 INTRODUCTION 62 CLIL AND TEAM TEACHING DIMENSIONS IN PARTNER COUNTRIES 7 2.1 Finland 7 2.1.1 Nursing and Health Care 7 2.1.2 Business Administration 8 2.1.3 Tourism and Hospitality 9 2.1.4 Immigrant Training 11 2.1.5 Company Training 11 2.1.6 Future Prospects 12 2.2 Spain 13 2.2.1 Cheste Vocational College, Valencia 13 2.3 Latvia 15 2.3.1 Economics and Business Administration 15 2.3.2 Engineering 15 2.3.3 Translation Studies 16 2.3.4 General Remarks 16 2.4 Poland 17 2.4.1 Information Technology 18 2.4.2 Corporate Finance, Marketing and Management 18 2.5 The UK 18 2.5.1 Overseas Students 20 2.5.2 Future Prospects 203 WORKING-LIFE DIMENSIONS IN PARTNER COUNTRIES 21 3.1 Finland 22 3.2 Spain 23 3.3 Latvia 23 3.4 Poland 24 3.5 The UK 244 CONCLUSION 265 TRANSLATIONS 27 5.1 Suomi 28 5.2 España 37 5.3 Latvija 43 5.4 Polska 48Annex 1 53Annex 2 54

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1 INTRODUCTION

According to the European language skill objectives, all European citizens should be able to communicate in at least two foreign languages. In present-day working life, there is an in-creasing need for intercultural skills and competencies. At the same time, the resources for language and culture training in vocational education are decreasing. One way of addressing future challenges is to enhance the integration of language and culture training and the teach-ing of vocational content.

Content and Language Integrated Learning (CLIL) involves imbedding vocational content into language teaching (beyond technical terminology) and/or including language learning ele-ments in the teaching of vocational content. Learning is facilitated by the pedagogical elements of both language and substance. This is what distinguishes CLIL from content learning based on teaching delivered in another language. In practice, individual teachers are rarely able to implement CLIL without co-operation with other teachers. Also, the fact that many training pro-grammes are actually carried out in the working environment implies that a more profound co-operation between the representatives of educational institutions and working life is called for.

Team Teaching is a pedagogical method in which teachers of the same or of different subject areas co-operate in the planning, realisation and further development of an educational course, programme, etc. The students are aware of the presence of more than one teacher throughout their learning experience. This is what distinguishes Team Teaching from other types of teacher co-operation.

Team Teaching project: Transferability and Boundary Zones in Content and Language Integrated Learning (CLIL-AXIS) is a three-year pilot project funded by the European Union (Leonardo da Vinci Programme). The aim of the project is to launch an awareness package for educators and employers on development opportunities in education delivery for the new reali-ties of working life in Europe. The CLIL-AXIS Toolkit includes this handbook and the project’s web site (www.clil-axis.net). The Toolkit presents options for adapting methods, models and practices to enhance the development of key competencies for the new reality of working life. It provides insight into innovation and good practice on the integration of content, communication and culture in the world of education and work. In practice, this means that the partners have made an effort to implement Team Teaching as a CLIL method. Using the results from these documented efforts the project produces the Toolkit mentioned above, giving background and sources regarding CLIL and Team Teaching, as well as practical examples and ideas for teach-ers and decision makers.

The project involves nine partners from fi ve European countries representing several disci-plines, as well as an external advisor and evaluator (Annex 1). The following chapter presents a summary of the partner institutions’ teaching experiences regarding training in several educa-tional institutions and a variety of vocational training programmes, courses and course modules

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in Finland, Spain, Latvia, Poland and the UK. The fi nal section describes the job market’s needs for employees with language, communication and culture competencies in the respective areas of operation in the partner countries, as well as the partner institutions’ methods and efforts to meet those needs. This project has also co-operated with another Leonardo-funded project, CLILCOM, co-ordinated by Helsinki Polytechnic Stadia. The outcomes of both projects were presented at an international CLIL conference in Helsinki in June 2006, CLIL Competence-building for Globalization, Quality in Teaching through Foreign Language. Conference proceed-ings will be presented in a separate publication.

2 CLIL AND TEAM TEACHING DIMENSIONS IN PARTNER COUNTRIES This chapter presents state of the art practices in each partner country. As a considerable vari-ety of training is carried out on a continuous basis, it must be kept in mind that new experiences and outcomes are emerging. Overall, these practices have been found to help teachers and partners to be refl ective, innovative and broad-minded when facing, analysing and introducing new training methods.

2.1 Finland The CLIL method has not been deeply integrated into the Finnish vocational training system. Efforts have been limited by strict disciplinary divisions refl ected in attitudes to teaching, and allocation of resources. In further education, the vocational content teachers and language teachers have traditionally not worked as a team. Any resemblance to CLIL has been limited to the use of vocation-related teaching material in the target language.

2.1.1 Nursing and Health CareLaurea University of Applied Sciences (Laurea): Designed a course of patient-centered coun-selling for Finnish and exchange students. Students learned to use specifi c terminology and adequate sentences for health education material, to promote writing and comprehension skills in English and to communicate in a foreign language in a multicultural environment. As part of this training, the English teacher spent one month in health care units getting to know the language, culture competencies and working life requirements.

”Pidän vieraskielisen opetuksen järjestämistä tosi tärkeänä, sillä kansainvälisyys tulee lisääntymään, koska olemme osa Eurooppaa ja tulevaisuudessa tulemme haalimaan

työvoimaa ulkomailta.”– student quote –

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Pirkanmaa (PIRAMK) University of Applied Sciences: Designed an English course for Intensive Care Unit nurses, who had been newly chosen to act as practical training supervisors. The aim of the training was to promote and support co-operation between PIRAMK and the hospital wards when sending and receiving exchange students for practical training.

The training received excellent feedback from the students. The use of varied teaching meth-ods and authentic learning environment kept students aware of their learning processes and the multi-national group created a real need to use English during the training sessions. Furthermore, the presence of the content teacher enabled the activating and deepening of the vast technical terminology associated with this field.

Seinäjoki (SeAMK) University of Applied Sciences: Designed a course on the care of elderly people with dementia. Content-related themes were taught in Finnish, language training con-sisted of learning the core terminology, understanding professional English, and encouraging students to communicate in a foreign language.

Students felt more competent with the use of foreign language and they suggested further courses in English. Teachers’ experience of combining CLIL and Team Teaching methods was also positive. They felt that despite the somewhat more demanding preparation of teaching situations, the outcomes were rewarding and gave new insight to everyday working life.

2.1.2 Business AdministrationSeinäjoki University of Applied Sciences: Implemented CLIL in the module ‘Introduction to International Business’. The course objectives were to familiarise the students with an interna-tional business environment, to enable them to understand internationalisation in SME’s (Small

Exchange students practising on pediatric wards in Tampere University Hospital.

MINNA LINDSTRÖM

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and Medium size Enterprises) and to encourage and motivate the students to find opportunities for internationalisation in their future careers.

The students found it very useful to learn the basic concepts/terms also in English, and believe it will prepare them for the study semester abroad. Teachers found that planning and imple-menting a study unit together with another staff member gave new ideas and approaches to teaching.

Adulta Further Education College: Designed a course in secretarial studies, which is mostly carried out as distance learning with a help of an internet-based learning environment. Adulta tried to implement CLIL and Team Teaching, but due to obstacles such as difficulties in resource allocation and time management, changes in the teaching personnel the project ceased.

The experience showed that it is crucial for all teamwork and planning to start in good time before the course starts. Administrational obstacles should be removed, and management sup-port is critical. The pilot demonstrated that there is interest in trying these methods and to co-operate with colleagues beyond one’s own area of expertise. It also generated many new ideas that will have a positive impact on the teachers’ every-day work and professional devel-opment.

2.1.3 Tourism and Hospitality Laurea University of Applied Sciences: Conducted a survey on students’ and teachers’ reac-tions to CLIL. Benefits were considered to be the development of the teachers’ own language skills and the increased opportunities to participate in international programmes and co-opera-

Independent study. Listening, comprehension and working with the material package ICU English in Pirkanmaa University of Applied Sciences.

MINNA LINDSTRÖM

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tion. It was also found to diversify everyday work and make teachers re-analyse and reorgan-ise their teaching. However, CLIL was considered time-consuming and the teachers’ lack of competence in CLIL methods and their insufficient mastery of the target language were found worrying.

The majority of the students considered their language skills to be good enough to study through a foreign language, tourism students being the most confident. English was the most desired language for CLIL teaching and respondents preferred participation to be optional.

The students completed a course in ‘Experiences and Programme Services in Tourism` by working for a tourist activities company in an authentic environment in Lapland. The practical training involved attending to British and Irish Christmas tourists. These family tourists spent an experiential Christmas holiday of one to three days, highlighted by a meeting with the real Father Christmas. Laurea’s students performed various tasks for the programme service com-pany to attend to these tourists. Prior to practical training, the students defined their goals, in which following the working methods in the company and improving their English language skills were emphasised.

In addition, the students underwent a course in ‘Complimentary English for Tourism’. The aim of this was to develop oral language skills in authentic communicative situations. The students also reflected on their development in oral language skills in a written report. In their final evalu-ations the students emphasised the improvement in communication skills that emerged from the practical work situations.

Describing pain. Learning the vocabulary in the module Training of Health Care Specialists on the Way to Europe Pirkanmaa University of Applied Sciences and Tallinn Medical School.

MINNA LINDSTRÖM

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Adulta Further Education College: Upon identifying a need for language skills among entrepre-neurs in the tourism industry, a team of language teachers and a vocational teacher designed a course using the blended learning approach. The language teachers created web-based learning materials for special themes in tourism, with input on the content from the vocational teachers. The language teacher’s role was to bring the linguistic aspects and appropriate lan-guage use into authentic situations, such as fishing trips or guided tours.

2.1.4 Immigrant TrainingAdulta Further Education College: Knowledge of Finnish working life is an important part of the immigrant training programme as it helps foreign students find a job and to integrate into Finnish society.

Team Teaching is widely used, especially when a Finnish language teacher cannot teach all the subjects, especially those related to warehouse work. Course contents include knowledge of working life, safety conditions at work, logistics, recruitment processes and Finnish language.

2.1.5 Company TrainingAdulta Further Education College: Produces language and culture training for business enter-prises and other organisations. For example, an English course for oil terminal personnel was run, in which the objectives and contents of learning were jointly set by a language teacher and company representatives.

The training received excellent feedback because the course contents corresponded to the actual work. The participants were further motivated by the use of various learning methods

Learning by doing –demonstration. ICU English in Pirkanmaa University of Applied Sciences.

MINNA LINDSTRÖM

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such as blended learning and problem solving. The participants gained confidence in dealing with every-day situations in English and realised the importance of good language skills. The teacher also benefited from the opportunity to gain new knowledge and to develop profession-ally.

2.1.6 Future Prospects A clear need for a CLIL approach in Finnish vocational education has arisen as a result of sev-eral pedagogical and political factors:

• The emphasis in learning processes is nowadays more on multi-disciplinary learning and on practical skills instead of theoretical knowledge of isolated topics

• Regional development is an important consideration in education and research• The internationalisation of Finnish communities has brought new challenges for training

providers• Finland is a small country and Finnish a minority language. Business competitiveness

requires efficient foreign language training programmes providing good communication skills in other languages, as well as cultural knowledge. This applies to all forms of vocational training; in universities of applied sciences, in vocational education on the secondary level and company training

A political and social requirement is imposing on the universities of applied sciences (polytech-nics) in Finland to enhance the internationalising of the region they are operative in. Integrating content and language offers an excellent method to introduce the Finnish work culture to non-Finnish students.

Universities of applied sciences usually operate in several units or institutes. All of these are not large enough to offer entire degree programmes in English. However, they do arrange also teaching in English, for example to foreign exchange students. CLIL and Team Teaching offer a model to realise this, in co-operation with teachers in other units.

These universities develop different kinds of pedagogical models that combine the three main functions of professional higher education; professional education and teaching based on ap-plied research and regional development. The main idea is that the students learn through active participation in an authentic project, so CLIL and Team Teaching would be very effective methods to use in this context.

In vocational education at the secondary level, Finland has a system of qualifications for adults. Since language, communication and culture skills are not required in real life situations isolated from other vocational skills they should not be offered as separate exams, but integrated into a vocational exam, based on vocational content in the training.

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In further education, many adult students have failed to qualify for a vocation in their younger years, because they have learning problems. Many of them start or continue their studies now, recognising that these problems must be addressed. Nevertheless, they are often reluctant to study languages. CLIL is a perfect method to motivate these students by introducing a com-municative, working-life-related approach and by offering more comprehensive support to each student.

Modern company training requires non-traditional pedagogical approaches to language teach-ing and learning. There are numerous institutions and private businesses of a variety of sizes competing for personnel training. However, implementing CLIL and Team Teaching is an asset that only few have implemented up to the present day.

2.2 SpainAlthough the Spanish Education Law establishes a general education framework for the whole country, the Spanish education system is extremely decentralised. Each Autonomous Region is responsible for curriculum development and implementation, according both to its own edu-cational policy and to the general legal guidelines. However, the situation is currently under change due to the proposals in the forthcoming Education Law. As a consequence of this re-gional diversity, the implementation of CLIL also varies greatly among the different Autonomous Regions. Several of the Boards of Education (including Madrid, Catalonia, the Basque Country, Navarre, Galicia and the Balearic Islands) have implemented different bilingual pilot experi-ences in a number of primary and secondary schools.

2.2.1 Cheste Vocational College, ValenciaStudents in vocational streams can learn Aeronautics, Biochemistry, Cookery, Catering, Law and ICT through English and/or French.

Team Teaching has been found to be a useful tool to cope with the methodological tools and lesson-planning strategies that subject teachers may need for integrating content and language in their daily practice when introducing students to the CLIL approach.

“Si hubiéramos empezado antes ahora tendríamos más nivel y más fl uidez”– student quote –

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The Team Teaching modality described by Robinson & Schaible (1995) as Collaborative Teaching has been chosen as the most appropriate approach. This involves both the language and the content teacher develop didactic materials, design the unit and implement it in the classroom. Following this pattern, both teachers interact in the classroom and promote co-operative learning, students are equipped with skills for future work, improved communication, acquiring intercultural competence and working in a more internationalised society. The Team Teaching experience has been included in the school quality frame, since CLIL is an added value that improves the institution’s profi le.

Course design considerations:

• Use of the Common European Framework of Reference for Languages to establish the degree of knowledge of foreign language (both for students and teachers)

• The differences between teaching through a foreign language and teaching in a foreign language: double focus on content and language in the CLIL classroom

• The ratio of content and language teaching may vary depending on the module, didactic objectives, degree of knowledge of L2, etc.

• Changing the means of instruction implies changing the method of instruction• The differences between learning through CLIL and learning in the mother tongue• Selection and adapting of learning materials and tasks • Developing linguistic skills: BICS (Basic Interpersonal Communication Skills) and CALP

(Cognitive and Academic Language Profi ciency)• Promoting discourse activities • Boosting cognitive processes

Implementation considerations:

• Inter-actional (student-centred) vs. Transactional (teacher-centred) methodology• Check that students understand and learn the content by frequently proposing compre-

hension activities • Pacing: too accelerated can make comprehension diffi cult, too slow can de-motivate

students• Prioritise communication skills: the learning process is enhanced by giving students the

possibility of expressing themselves• Make students produce information in a specifi c way

“This is my fi rst time to study in English. It has been a good experience to work in a group with the others. At the beginning I was a bit stressed because I did not want to make

mistakes when I speak, but now I am more confi dent and I am more eager to express myself in English. “

– student quote –

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• Promote discourse activities: analysis, description, summarising…• Use of audiovisual resources: PowerPoint slide shows, transparencies, authentic materi-

als and documents• Use of different information formats (e.g. maps, tables, graphics) • ‘Trans-languaging’• Use of ‘transparent’ vocabulary • Pedagogic materials: developed from content teacher’s materials, original materials from

the target language country, Internet materials • Learning activities similar to those used in the foreign language classroom

2.3 LatviaSince Latvia entered the European Union, a high level of competence in English has become more and more crucial. It is necessary to provide a studying process that can help students become competitive after graduation. In order to respond effi ciently to the requirements of the labour market, efforts have been made to implement CLIL and Team Teaching methods.

2.3.1 Economics and Business Administration Ventspils University College (VUC): CLIL and Team Teaching are practised in the academic BBA and MBA study programmes. For example, in the ‘Project Management’ course, the con-tent teacher puts more stress on the techniques and methods of project planning and manage-ment, while the language teacher encourages the students to use the necessary vocabulary and structures. Many students are already in employment, so they fi nd it useful to discuss project management issues in English.

2.3.2 EngineeringLatvia University of Agriculture (LUA): At the Faculty of Engineering the teaching of the course ‘Technical Service of Automobiles’ contains elements of CLIL and team teaching methods. The language teacher teaches special terms and special texts, while the content teacher teaches the theoretical part in the Latvian language. Then the content teacher gives technological de-scriptions as laboratory work to the students in English. The aims of this teaching technique are to help students to acquire special terminology in English related to the content of the course, to develop foreign language and communication skills, and to be able to put the acquired knowledge into practical use.

“ Manam draugam bija saskarsme ar CLIL un, pamatojoties uz vina iespaidiem, es domaju, ka musu universitate vajag ieviest CLIL”

– student quote –

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2.3.3 Translation Studies

Ventspils University College (VUC): Courses combining professional content and English as translators’ and interpreters’ B language are preceded by courses developing English language competence. Team Teaching is practised in interpreting classes with content and language teachers. A different Team Teaching model is practised when co-ordinating the pedagogical activities among the teachers of specialised practical translation courses, where teamwork takes place before and after direct classroom activities.

CLIL principles are also promoted through annual students’ research conferences, visits of guest lecturers from British, American, German and Finnish higher education, students’ intern-ship conferences, open lectures and classes given by the members of academic staff.

2.3.4 General Remarks The students are very satisfi ed and their motivation to acquire subject knowledge is increased. With the introduction of the CLIL method, the need for co-operation and teamwork will increase and many members of the academic staff will get involved in this type of teaching. Moreover, the application of the methods of CLIL ensures improved possibilities for the graduates to be successful in their professional working life.

Regarding the programme ’External Relations of Organisations’ at the LUA Faculty of Social Sciences, the most important requirement for students to be competitive in the labour market is to be competent in foreign languages on a professional level, and to have developed com-munication and cross-cultural competencies. At the same time, students should have suffi cient knowledge in other fi elds, like economics, sociology, psychology and project management. The students cannot acquire the knowledge in these fi elds in an isolated way, and therefore inter-subject links must be established in order to provide fruitful learning results. The best solution for this is teamwork among teachers of different subjects in co-operation with students.

“ One must have a very good command of the language to be able to teach in a foreign language. I think that even with a very good knowledge

of the language it is very demanding, because one must prepare all the materials in a foreign language.

One must also have a very good command of the special vocabulary of one’s fi eld of expertise. I think that it is not possible to achieve

good enough command of the language only studying in Latvia.

One should actually work for a time outside Latvia to be able to cope with all the requirements.”

– teacher quote –

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Students spend at least four years at the university, which gives teachers the task of imple-menting a programme of studies capable of preparing the students in every fi eld that will be of importance after graduation. Here again teamwork is of great help.

One of the most serious challenges is the successful implication of CLIL and Team Teaching in a situation when the scope of foreign language teaching has been consciously diminished due to the tendencies and beliefs in education policies of all the recent governments of Latvia.

2.4 Poland

CLIL has only recently been introduced in Poland, mainly due to political and economic fac-tors. 1989 brought about a dramatic transformation due to changes in the political structure. The free market economy, which has grown rapidly, has been the main cause of increasing unemployment. Competitiveness in the job market has been the main driving force for seeking better education. Language learning is also affected by the present-day possibility of founding a private educational institution, increasing Internet access, rapidly developing science and technology, growing mobility of students and the work force, joining the EU in 2004 and access to international degrees and certifi cates.

There has been a considerable increase in courses intended to teach content in a foreign lan-guage in Poland. So far however, teachers who mastered a foreign language to a degree where they can lecture and instruct students in this language have taught such courses. Interviews of several teachers teaching content in a foreign language showed that teachers do not consult any language specialists and do not consider this important in a process of successful inte-grated learning. The Team Teaching of various subjects would undoubtedly offer the benefi ts of more motivated students, a higher quality of teaching, personal development for the teachers and prestige for the educational institutions who practise CLIL through Team Teaching. For Polish people, CLIL will undoubtedly become a key concept to facilitate professional and social functioning in a foreign language environment

Since the beginning of this project many teachers and institutes have been contacted throughout Poland. According to a survey, it was discovered that both students and teachers are interested in the CLIL method and are aware that such classes are benefi cial to improving their language skills (both communication skills and vocabulary), professional competencies and personal development. Most (85%) believed CLIL classes improved chances in the job market.

“Ksztalcenie zintegrowane wplywa w sposób istotny na komunikatywnosc. Ma tez istotny wplyw na przyswajanie jezyka obcego i zwieksza szanse na rynku pracy.”

– student quote –

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2.4.1 Information Technology

CISCO Academy and Corporate Finance: A CLIL course was designed to develop vocabulary and phrases for special purposes (IT) and to revise grammar. Reading (technical texts, fi nding specifi c information), speaking (describing process and how things are built, providing argu-ments, discussion, problem solving, making suggestions, negotiating) and listening skills were also practised. These classes also incorporated content on Information Technology.

2.4.2 Corporate Finance, Marketing and ManagementWyższa Szkoła Humanistyczno-Ekonomiczna w Łodzi (WSHE): A content teacher prepares material that is then adapted by language teachers to fi t the students’ linguistic needs. A number of language exercises and tasks are prepared, such as case studies that help students learn practical management in an international environment. Firstly, the content and language teachers run classes separately based on collective materials, which is then followed by Team Teaching. Students receive separate marks for content and language.

2.5 The UKCLIL has not reached the sort of levels of take-up in the UK that have been seen across much of Europe. It is easy to speculate and discuss some of the reasons for this and some of the arguments are well rehearsed. An initial look at the state of language study in the UK reveals a number of factors including:

• lower levels of take-up of language as a whole• focus on a number of languages (as opposed to a concentration on English) that tends to

diffuse efforts and reduce potential class sizes (issues of economic viability)• lack of commitment to language education by students• the possibility to stop language study mid way through secondary school• less of the curriculum dedicated to language• lower levels of language competence in students coming out of many UK schools• many students not seeing the need to learn languages since ‘everyone speaks English

now’• initiatives such as CLIL and Team Teaching to some extent inhibited by the over-pre-

scriptive nature of The National Curriculum

“CLIL is taking two birds with one stone.”– student quote –

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These factors and others have meant that there is often less time spent on languages and less importance attached to languages by university-level students. This lack of importance attached to language learning is also often encountered amongst content teachers in higher education across the UK.

There is a greater reason for optimism on the adoption of CLIL in UK schools, with most UK links for CLIL pertaining to school education. One interesting point that often occurs is the pos-sibility of UK schools attaining a specialist status, with a number of schools being language specialists. This has helped promote new (to the UK) educational practices.

Two areas where some of the features of CLIL and Team Teaching were exhibited or where limited CLIL and Team Teaching were in practice were uncovered.

The first example is one that has started to occur in some blended learning courses. These are often team taught to enable better and more frequent coverage of spontaneous classroom occurrences such as discussions that can happen any time the learners wish. Team Teaching does not involve specifically content and language teachers, but language and content are often goals.

A primary feature of these courses is that the teachers have set up exercises within the virtual learning environment (VLE) that are not supported in any classroom contact. In this type of situation, support must come from within the module materials to ensure that aspects such as vocabulary are made accessible to the student.

Approaches to specialised vocabulary may include a hypertext glossary linked to examples of uses in both written and audio versions. Additionally, in the teacher’s e-moderating role for course discussions, language may be looked at in the context of its usage.

One issue often encountered is that since debate on this type of course is often completely open in nature and seen by all, teachers must be very careful as to how any language cor-rection is given to the learner. This is particularly important in courses that mix native English speakers with overseas students.

Another issue often encountered in discussions/e-mail is that of the younger age group na-tive English speakers often using a very colloquial text message-based form of speech. Here teachers often find it necessary to set up ground rules relating to the standard and usage of English. In VLE discussion group environments it is important to avoid learners either becoming disenfranchised from an aspect of the learning process or picking up poor linguistic habits.

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2.5.1 Overseas Students

The teaching of study skills and English culture to overseas students is one area where CLIL appears in UK higher education. This is a consequence of the large numbers of overseas students in the UK who want a UK education and who have (sometimes) marginal language skills. A large number of UK universities run extra classes for these students. Language sup-port is often now offered - perhaps a refl ection on those students who may have used rote forms of learning to pass English language entry tests, but now struggle with practical English. Frequently one teacher is tasked to conduct this teaching, but a degree of Team Teaching to-gether with CLIL is sometimes apparent. Engagement in CLIL in higher education needs either a language or a content specialist working together or (in some cases) a content teacher with suffi cient language teaching skills.

The second example relates to the classes provided for the teaching of study skills and English culture to overseas students. In cases where there are suffi cient numbers (the majority of the class) in need of supplementary support then a subject teacher (often one with pastoral respon-sibility for the group) and an English teacher may work together in the class. These classes are often run in the fi rst six weeks and may look at:

• study skills• differences in academic practice (Far Eastern v. Western)• supplementary English (one issue often encountered is of overseas students having

been taught a form of English that differs in terms of vocabulary, dialect, etc. from that taught in their own country)

• local culture (avoidance of culture shock is often one of the motivating factors here)

These classes can often help to support studies and avoid alienating students who may have very different expectations of language and culture in the UK. The use of two teachers can increase the effectiveness of such a process, helping the student to make progress earlier in the course.

2.5.2 Future ProspectsIn a country where language learning on vocational courses is not as strong as in other coun-tries it is diffi cult to suggest areas of best practice. Where there may be practice of interest is in the support for learners on content courses in English whose fi rst language is not English. The

“Coming together is a beginning. Keeping together is progress. Working together is success.”

– Henry Ford –

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clamour of overseas students wanting an education in the UK coupled with the income-gener-ating opportunities offered by these students puts pressure to accept students whose linguistic ability may be marginal. There are a number of forces that will signifi cantly challenge UK-based higher education to look at its practice in this area in the future.

Government policy has meant that a number of schools have adopted a strong language spe-cialisation. This may be suffi cient to create a reasonable number of students with stronger lan-guage skills who are interested in a university education where CLIL is an important feature.

The increased competition offered by EU universities offering instruction in English may mean that UK universities are forced into an examination of practice. In particular the stance of not offering language support to overseas students may have to be re-examined in the light of education offered elsewhere.

3 WORKING-LIFE DIMENSIONS IN PARTNER COUNTRIESThis chapter will present experiences of the co-operation between training organisations (teach-ers and students) and the representatives of working life. This can take many forms including:

• Dialogue between educational institutions, work placement organisations and employ-ers

• Client organisations may contact educational institutions to request courses for specifi c purposes: joint curriculum planning and quality assurance

• Participation of working life representatives in teaching (e.g. lectures, teaching material) and acting as workplace tutors and mentors

• Educational organisations training working life mentors and tutors• Students communicating working life needs to educational institutions through feedback

on practical training experiences. • Teachers working for partner organisations, updating working life knowledge and infor-

mation on the needs and requirements in the labour market• Teachers taking consultancy assignments in client organisations• Educational organisations carrying out joint R&D projects with their clients• Employers funding students’ research projects, graduate studies etc.

“The path to greatness is along with others.”– Baltasar Gracion, Spanish Priest –

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3.1 Finland

Co-operation with working life occurs in all fields of study. All language training programmes with company clients are planned in close co-operation. A content and language integrated approach is used whereby participants are encouraged to combine their actual work tasks with a language use appropriate in the specific situations. There is also close connection between training institutions and labour authorities.

Teachers at universities of applied sciences have considerable scope for flexibility within the framework of school and course specific curricula. However, compromises regarding the course contents are caused by cutbacks in resources (such as cutting down contact lessons and scheduling problems).

In vocational/polytechnic language learning students should be prepared through study con-tents and methods that favour integrated knowledge and skills from multidisciplinary courses. Authenticity and topicality of the themes also result in better motivation.

Some important questions arise when planning the curriculum/study module (in a foreign language):

• An appropriate definition of the substance (in relation to a limited amount of contact les-sons)

• Core elements to be emphasised and the choice of optimal methods (for example bear-ing in mind the requirement of practising both oral and written skills to an equal extent)

• Focusing on teaching study skills (giving guidance on, for example, how to search for information and letting the student choose the actual topic)

Curriculum planning is part of the work of a teacher in universities of applied sciences, carried out in teams. Language teachers are a minority in the teaching personnel, so there is also likely to be a lot of diversity in the planning of language studies (among different universities of ap-plied sciences).

Nursing and health care: Professionals need to be aware of cultural issues and have good intercultural communication skills. Also, the number of non-Finnish trainees and professionals is increasing all the time, so there is a need to write guidelines for the client/patient. In addition, exchange students/trainees need working life tutors.

Language skills are required to search for information on the Internet for the non-Finnish patients, and if a student wishes to study for further qualifications, s/he needs good English skills. To further develop their expertise, social and health care professionals often attend inter-national conferences and form international networks.

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Tourism and Hospitality: Teachers are taking part in various kinds of steering groups in this sec-tor, and a growing interest can be seen among the representatives of working life to share ex-periences, and to inform educational institutions about their labour requirements. Professional discussions have led to new training experiments and to the strengthening of communication and guidance during students’ work practices. Active support and feedback is nowadays given to both students and to training institutions. Lecturers from companies give up-to-date informa-tion and study visits give a concrete view of the actual state of the art in the tourism business.

Training organisations encourage teachers to undertake job-shadowing periods as part of pro-fessional development. A curriculum planning process that involves a group of teachers and professionals with different backgrounds enables training institutions to react to the real and actual demands of working life.

3.2 SpainAn interview of Mr. Miguel Angel Falcon, General Managing Director of Air Nostrum, the re-gional branch of Iberia (Spanish airline), is presented on the www.clil-axis.net as a video clip.

3.3 LatviaA survey about the requirements for English language skills set by the labour market has been carried out by the Latvia University of Agriculture (LUA; Larisa Malinovska & Dainis Berjoza). The results of the survey were the basis for the article Practical Application of the English Language Acquiring the Speciality of Auto Transport to Meet the Labour Market Requirements.

Engineering: During the socialist reign, vehicles in Latvia were mostly of Soviet origin, so all the text material was in Russian. There was no need for any other second language skill besides Russian and as a result, students entering higher education had very poor English skills. After the fall of the Soviet Union, the situation in working life has changed dramatically and the need for engineers with good English skills is great.

Translation and interpreting: Ventspils University College (VUC) has the benefi cial situation of almost all of the instructors being practising translators and interpreters. Furthermore, repre-sentatives of higher vocational education and working life interact during the students’ intern-ship, culminating in a conference to evaluate the results.

“Kulttuurien väliset erot ovat kiehtovia, vaikka myös rasittavia, koska yleensä huomaa vasta jälkeenpäin, miten olisi pitänyt toimia... Itselle se on siis jatkuva kasvun paikka.”

– teacher quote –

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Business Administration: In the final years, students often start working parallel to their studies. To enforce discussion between the training organiser and working life representatives, career days are organised where students and representatives of higher vocational education and working life meet and exchange information and experiences.

As a rule, the academic teacher of a study course is the author of its officially approved de-scription, so s/he has a reasonable freedom to shape the course contents according to specific needs. Each year the teacher receives feedback both from the students and working life rep-resentatives.

When study programmes are prepared for accreditation or re-accreditation, the contents and structure in general, as well as contents and structure of each study course in particular, are discussed at the study programme council where teachers, students and working life repre-sentatives are proportionally represented.

3.4 PolandThe knowledge of foreign languages and cultures is a must in a modern working life environ-ment, as the world becomes increasingly multicultural.

There are several ways in which students, graduates, or other people who are looking for job might obtain information on working life requirements. For example, in WSHE in Łódź, a Career Counselling Office provides students with employers’ requirements and offer advice in choosing career paths.

It is important to adjust curricula to employees’ requirements. Although an interdisciplinary way of teaching has been promoted for some time in Poland, Team Teaching involving content and language teachers and working-life representatives has not been practised on a large scale so far. Most decisions on the general curricula are made at ministerial level and it is difficult for the teachers to adapt the national curriculum.

3.5 The UKThe need for communication and cultural studies in the UK is most often related to the following situations:

• Students participating in both exchanges at partner universities and completing an inter-national placement

• Staff visiting partner universities• Staff recruitment overseas• Staff collaborating in research projects and discussing future collaborations

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The information on working life requirements is normally obtained by staff having previous experiences either with the content or in a particular country/culture. Placement workshops are often conducted by staff that have experience working in the relevant organisation or country.

All modules must go through an approval process where the module specification is outlined. Tutors must not change this outline without further approval, however the content can be deliv-ered in whatever way the tutor feels is best.

There seem to be possibilities for teachers to influence the contents of curricula. For example, they might be involved in a course development team where their influence and advice is essential, or they could be part of an approval team at other universities and offer and share advice, guidance and best practice gained from these experiences.

Hospitality and Tourism are both international and global industries. Students and graduates are required to have a range of skills and knowledge to enable them to progress in their chosen careers, either in their home country or further afield.

Cultural awareness, understanding and empathy are key skills for all hospitality and tourism employees and this is a key integral component in most university and college degrees.

Language education is very diverse in the UK – some schools offer language tuition from primary level upwards, others do not teach languages until secondary school and even then it can be optional.

Students in university education studying an international hospitality tourism degree are encour-aged to study at least one European language and to participate in an exchange programme with the many partner institutions on offer. However, unfortunately many choose to travel to other English speaking countries, for example Australia, New Zealand and America.

There is a need for more specific, directed programmes where students are taught a subject in their chosen second language together with intercultural communication skills.

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4 CONCLUSION

The CLIL method and Team Teaching are at the moment a growing trend in all the partner coun-tries, although the levels of use vary in different countries and institutions. The trials that have been carried out refl ect a growing interest among teachers to practise new approaches. The use of these methods has shown that students are more satisfi ed with their studies because they learn to integrate and utilise language and content, and thus the practical usefulness is clearly seen.

Key recommendations include:

• Close co-operation is needed throughout the CLIL process, i.e. in planning, implementa-tion and evaluation

• Representatives from working-life must be connected to the training from curriculum development through to graduation

• Curricula need to be fl exible enough to enable both language and content teachers to apply different kinds of teaching methods and forms of co-operation

• CLIL and Team Teaching efforts need the support of the educational institution’s admin-istration and management

• Teacher training should include knowledge of CLIL and Team Teaching methods and provide concrete models for their future use

Key considerations for the implementation of CLIL and Team Teaching include:

• Some sectors (such as tourism) are more pre-disposed to interaction with training institu-tions

• The use of foreign languages varies in partner countries; for example in the UK there is no special need for foreign languages. Whereas

• In countries where the native language is a minor language, the need for learning language(s) is much more keenly felt

• In countries with recent and radical political changes, the language, communication and culture competence requirements of the labour market and business environment have changed dramatically, placing a lot of pressure for prompt reaction

“The new specialists have to gain competence in foreign languages as well, since nowadays it is very hard to do without this knowledge.”

– employer quote –

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In conclusion, the use of CLIL and Team Teaching methods seems to offer many advantages for students and teachers and for working life through intercultural communication, as a natural and vital part of vocational competence, while contents and languages are processed. It is likely that many more benefi ts will emerge following training by for example analysing the skills acquired during the training, and the capacity of the students to refl ect on how these skills can be applied to future work. A further study could give insights into working communities and the impacts of the training on the second target groups, i.e. colleagues and other people in the working place of the future.

5 TRANSLATIONS

The following chapters are translations of the handbook in partner languages other than English: in Finnish, in Spanish, in Latvian and in Polish. These chapters deal with country-specifi c infor-mation and the results of the Team Teaching, CLIL-AXIS –project.

2727

“Education in a foreign language has a lot of assets:

it adds to students’ competency and teaches a foreign language at the same time;

the students are more motivated and the school becomes more prestigious.”

– teacher quote –

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5.1 Suomi

JOHDANTOYleiseurooppalaisten tavoitteiden mukaisesti kaikkien Euroopan kansalaisten tulisi kyetä vies-timään ainakin kahdella vieraalla kielellä. Nykypäivän työelämä vaatii yhä enenevässä määrin myös kulttuurienvälisen viestinnän taitoja. Samaan aikaan ammatillisen koulutuksen kieli- ja kulttuuriopetuksen resurssit ovat kuitenkin vähenemässä. Eräs tapa kohdata nämä tulevaisuu-den haasteet on vieraiden kielten ja kulttuurien opetuksen integroiminen ammatilliseen sub-stanssiin.

Content and Language Integrated Learning (CLIL) tarkoittaa ammatillisen oppiaineksen (ei ainoastaan ammatillisen terminologian) sisällyttämistä kielen opetukseen ja/tai kielen opetuksen elementtien sisällyttämistä ammatillisen aineksen opettamiseen. Opetuksessa sovelletaan sekä kielten että ammatillisen aineksen pedagogisia menetelmiä. Käytännössä opettajien on vaikeaa toteuttaa CLIL-opetusta yksin ilman opettajien välistä yhteistyötä. Kun lisäksi otetaan huomioon ammatillisen opetuksen toteuttaminen usein autenttisissa työympäristöissä, on ilmeistä, että syvempi yhteistyö myös koulutusorganisaatioiden ja työelämän välillä on toivottavaa.

Team Teaching on pedagoginen menetelmä, jossa saman tai eri alojen opettajat yhteistyössä suunnittelevat, toteuttavat ja edelleen kehittävät koulutusohjelmia, kursseja ja opintojaksoja. Myös opiskelijat ovat tietoisia useamman kuin yhden opettajan läsnäolosta oppimisprosessinsa aikana. Tämä seikka erottaa Team Teaching -mallin muunlaisista opettajien yhteistyömuodois-ta.

Team Teaching -projekti: Transferability and Boundary Zones in Content and Language Integrated Learning (CLIL-AXIS) on kolmivuotinen Euroopan unionin rahoittama pilottihanke Leonardo da Vinci -ohjelmassa. Projektin tarkoituksena on tuottaa kouluttajille ja työnantajil-le suunnattu eurooppalaisen työelämän realiteetteja vastaava koulutuksen kehittämisen kä-sikirja, Toolkit. CLIL-AXIS sisältää tämän käsikirjan ja projektin verkkosivuston (www.clil-axis.net). Toolkit esittelee nykyisiä yleisiä työelämäkompetensseja huomioivia ja työelämän tarpeita vastaavia vaihtoehtoisia opetusmenetelmiä, -malleja ja -käytäntöjä. Se tuo esille innovatiivisia käytäntöjä ja tarjoaa hyviä esimerkkejä ammatillisen substanssin sekä viestintä- ja kulttuuri-osaamisen yhdistämisestä opetuksessa ja työelämässä. Tässä käsikirjassa esitellyn projektin partnerit ovat soveltaneet Team Teaching ja CLIL-menetelmiä omassa työssään. Toolkit on syn-tynyt käytännön työn dokumentoiduista tuloksista. Se tarjoaa sekä taustatietoa CLIL ja Team Teaching -menetelmistä että käytännön esimerkkejä ja ideoita opettajien ja päätöksentekijöiden käyttöön.

Projektiin osallistui viidestä Euroopan maasta yhteensä yhdeksän partneriorganisaatiota, jotka edustivat useita aloja. Lisäksi projektia arvioi ulkopuolinen neuvonantaja (Annex 1). Seuraava luku esittelee partneriorganisaatioiden erilaisissa ammatillisissa koulutusohjelmissa, erilai-

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silla kursseilla ja kurssimoduuleissa hankkimia opetuskokemuksia Suomessa, Espanjassa, Latviassa, Puolassa ja Isossa-Britanniassa. Käsikirjan kolmannessa luvussa tuodaan esille kunkin partnerimaan työmarkkinoiden asettamia alakohtaisia kielitaito-, viestintä- ja kulttuurisen kompetenssin vaatimuksia sekä näihin vaatimuksiin vastaavia partneriorganisaatioiden käyttä-miä opetusmenetelmiä ja malleja.

Tämä projekti on tehnyt yhteistyötä myös Helsingin ammattikorkeakoulu Stadian koordinoiman Leonardo-rahoitteisen CLILCOM-hankkeen kanssa. Molempien hankkeiden tulokset on esitelty kesäkuussa 2006 Helsingissä pidetyssä kansainvälisessä konferenssissa CLIL Competence-building for Globalization, Quality in Teaching through Foreign Language. Konferenssin procee-dings-julkaisut on toimitettu erillisinä julkaisuina.

CLIL JA TEAM TEACHING PARTNERIMAISSA

Tässä luvussa esitellään projektin partnerimaissa sovellettuja malleja ja käytänteitä. On syytä muistaa, että tässä esiteltävien mallien lisäksi koulutus tuottaa koko ajan uusia esimerkkejä ja hyviä käytänteitä. Opettajat ja projektipartnerit ovat todenneet esiteltävien käytänteiden edistä-vän refl ektiivisyyttä, innovatiivisuutta ja laajakatseisuutta.

Suomi

CLIL-menetelmä ja tiimiopettajuus eivät ole vielä juurtuneet ammatilliseen koulutukseen Suomessa. Juurtumista on vaikeuttanut tiukka opetuksen ja resurssien jaon oppiainekohtaisuus. Myöskään ammatillisessa jatko- ja täydennyskoulutuksessa ammattialan ja kielten opettajat ei-vät perinteisesti ole työskennelleet tiimeinä. Yleensä substanssin ja vieraan kielen yhdistäminen on rajoittunut ammattialaan liittyvän oppimateriaalin käyttöön kielten opetuksessa.

Terveydenhoitoala

Laurea-ammattikorkeakoulu (Laurea) suunnitteli potilaslähtöisen ohjaamisen opintojakson suomalaisille ja vaihto-opiskelijoille. Opiskelijat oppivat käyttämään terveyden edistämiseen soveltuvaa englanninkielistä ammattiterminologiaa ja lauserakenteita, kehittämään kirjoitus- ja kielenymmärtämistaitojaan sekä viestimään vieraalla kielellä monikulttuurisessa kontekstissa. Osana tätä koulutusta englanninopettaja oli kuukauden pituisella työelämäjaksolla terveyden-huollon eri yksiköissä tutustuen niissä käytettävään kieleen, kulttuurikompetensseihin ja yleisiin työelämävaatimuksiin.

Pirkanmaan ammattikorkeakoulu (PIRAMK) suunnitteli englannin kielen opintojakson käytän-nön harjoittelun ohjaajiksi valituille teho-osaston sairaanhoitajille. Koulutuksen tarkoituksena oli edistää ja tukea PIRAMKin ja sairaalaosastojen välistä yhteistyötä työharjoitteluun lähtevien vaihto-opiskelijoiden valmennuksessa ja harjoitteluun tulevien opiskelijoiden vastaanotossa.

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Koulutus sai opiskelijoilta erinomaista palautetta. Vaihtelevat opetusmetodit ja autenttinen op-pimisympäristö edistivät opiskelijoiden tietoisuutta oppimisprosesseistaan ja monikulttuurinen ryhmä loi aidon tarpeen koulutustilaisuuksissa käytetylle englanninkielelle. Lisäksi substans-sialan opettajan osallistuminen koulutukseen aktivoi ja syvensi laajan alakohtaisen ammattiter-minologian oppimista.

Seinäjoen ammattikorkeakoulu (SeAMK) suunnitteli dementiavanhusten hoitoa käsittelevän opintojakson. Alan substanssiin liittyvät teemat opetettiin suomen kielellä, ja kielikoulutus sisäl-si perusterminologian ja ammattienglannin opiskelua rohkaisten opiskelijoita kommunikoimaan vieraalla kielellä.

Palautteen mukaan opiskelijat tunsivat itsensä varmemmiksi vieraan kielen käytössä ja ehdot-tivat lisäopintojen toteuttamista englanniksi. Myös opettajat suhtautuivat positiivisesti CLIL ja Team Teaching –menetelmien käyttöön. Vaikka opetuksen valmistelu olikin vaativampaa kuin perinteisessä opetuksessa, tulokset olivat palkitsevia ja avasivat uusia näkökulmia jokapäiväi-seen työelämään.

Liiketalous

Seinäjoen ammattikorkeakoulu sovelsi CLIL ja Team Teaching –menetelmiä ’Introduction to International Business’ -opintojaksoon. Opintojakson tarkoituksena oli tutustuttaa opiskelijat kansainvälisen liiketoiminnan ympäristöön, opastaa heitä ymmärtämään kansainvälistymisen merkitystä PK-yritysten kannalta ja motivoida heitä etsimään kansainvälistymisen mahdollisuuk-sia omalla tulevalla työurallaan.

Opiskelijoiden palautteen mukaan englanninkielisen peruskäsitteistön ja -terminologian oppi-minen oli erittäin hyödyllistä. Lisäksi he uskoivat opintojakson annin valmistavan heitä hyvin lukukauden mittaiseen opiskeluvaihtoon ulkomailla. Opettajien mielestä työskentely tiimissä opintojakson aikana antoi heille uusia ideoita ja lähestymistapoja opettamiseen.

Adulta aikuiskoulutuskeskus suunnitteli sihteerityön kurssin toteutettavaksi pääosin etäopiskelu-na internetpohjaisessa oppimisympäristössä. Tarkoituksena oli soveltaa CLIL ja Team Teaching –menetelmiä, mutta resurssienjakoon, ajankäyttöön ja opetushenkilöstön vaihdoksiin liittyvät vaikeudet johtivat toteutuksen kaatumiseen.

Kokemus tästä kurssista osoitti miten tärkeää on aloittaa yhteistyö ja suunnittelu hyvissä ajoin ennen kurssin alkua. Hallinnolliset esteet on poistettava ja johdolta on saatava täysi tuki. Saatu kokemus kuitenkin vahvisti, että CLIL ja Team Teaching -menetelmien käyttö ja oman erikois-alan rajat ylittävä yhteistyö kollegojen kanssa kiinnostaa opettajia. Lisäksi esiin nousi monia uusia opettajien jokapäiväisen työn ja ammatillisen kehittymisen kannalta tärkeitä ideoita.

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Matkailu-, ravitsemis- ja talousala

Laurea-ammattikorkeakoulu kartoitti opiskelijoiden ja opettajien suhtautumista CLIL-menetel-män käyttöön. Menetelmän parhaina puolina pidettiin opettajien oman kielitaidon kehittymistä sekä parempia valmiuksia osallistua kansainvälisiin ohjelmiin ja yhteistyöhön. Menetelmän arvi-oitiin myös monipuolistavan jokapäiväistä työtä ja auttavan oman opetuksen analysointia ja ke-hittämistä. Opettajien mielestä ongelmia saattaa aiheuttaa aikaa vaativa valmistelu ja opettajien riittämätön CLIL-menetelmien ja kielten hallinta.

Suurin osa opiskelijoista arvioi kykyjensä riittävän opiskeluun vieraalla kielellä. Kielitaitonsa riittävyyteen luottivat eniten matkailualan opiskelijat. Suosituin CLIL-opetuskieli oli englanti. Kyselyyn vastanneet opiskelijat toivoivat vieraskielisen opetuksen olevan vapaaehtoista.

Laurean opiskelijat suorittivat myös ’Experiences and Programme Services in Tourism’ -opinto-jakson työskentelemällä matkailualan ohjelmapalveluyrityksessä Lapissa.

Työskentelyjaksoon kuului palveluiden järjestämistä briteille ja irlantilaisille joulumatkailijoille, jotka viettivät parin - kolmen päivän elämyksellistä joululomaa. Loman kohokohtana oli aidon joulupukin tapaaminen. Opiskelijat määrittelivät itse oppimistavoitteensa, joissa he painotti-vat erityisesti yrityksen työmenetelmien seuraamista ja englanninkielen taidon kohentamista. Opiskelijat suorittivat samalla myös ’Complimentary English for Tourism’ -opintojakson. Sen tarkoituksena oli suullisen kielitaidon kehittäminen autenttisissa viestintätilanteissa. Opiskelijat refl ektoivat kielitaitonsa kehittymistä kirjallisessa raportissa. Opintojakson loppuarvioinnissa opiskelijat kuvasivat käytännön kielitaitonsa kohentuneen `kuin huomaamatta´ autenttisen työskentelyjakson aikana.

Adulta aikuiskoulutuskeskus. Kieltenopettajien ja yhden ammattiaineen opettajan tiimi kehitti monimuotokoulutuksen vastaamaan matkailualan yrittäjien kielitaitotarpeisiin. Kieltenopettajat laativat toivottuja matkailualan teemoja käsittelevää verkkopohjaista oppimateriaalia ammat-tiaineen opettajan avustuksella. Kieltenopettajat huolehtivat autenttisiin tilanteisiin, kuten kalastusretkiin ja opastettuihin kierroksiin, sopivan vieraskielisen materiaalin ja kielenkäytön opettamisesta.

Maahanmuuttajien koulutus

Adulta aikuiskoulutuskeskus. Ulkomaalaisten opiskelijoiden työnhaun ja suomalaiseen yhteis-kuntaan integroitumisen helpottamiseksi tutustuminen suomalaiseen työelämään on tärkeä osa maahanmuuttajien koulutusta.

Team Teaching -menetelmä on laajassa käytössä maahanmuuttajien koulutuksessa. Erityisen tarpeellinen metodi on silloin, kun suomenkielen opettaja ei ole pätevä opettamaan kaikkia tar-

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vittavia taitoja. Esimerkiksi varastotyön kurssi sisältää työelämän tuntemusta, työturvallisuus-asioita, logistiikkaa, työhönottoprosesseihin tutustumista ja suomen kieltä.

Yritysvalmennus

Adulta aikuiskoulutuskeskus tuottaa kieli- ja kulttuurikoulutusta yritysten ja muiden organisaati-oiden tarpeisiin. Esimerkkinä huoltoaseman henkilökunnalle järjestetty englannin kurssi, jonka oppimistavoitteet ja sisällöt kieltenopettaja ja yrityksen edustajat määrittelivät yhdessä.

Koulutus sai erinomaista palautetta, koska kurssin sisältö vastasi työtehtävien tarpeisiin. Osallistujia motivoi lisäksi erilaisten oppimismetodien ja ongelmanratkaisun käyttö. Osallistujat oppivat luottamaan englannin taitoihinsa jokapäiväisissä työtilanteissa ja ymmärsivät hyvän kielitaidon merkityksen. Myös opettaja hyötyi kurssista saaden uutta tietoa ja mahdollisuuden ammatilliseen kehittymiseen.

Tulevaisuuden näkymiä

Suomessa ammatillisessa koulutuksessa on selkeä tarve CLIL ja Team Teaching -menetelmille mm. seuraavista pedagogisista ja koulutuspoliittisista syistä johtuen:

• Nykyisin oppimisprosesseissa korostetaan pikemminkin monialaista oppimista ja käy-tännön taitoja kuin erillisten ammattiaineiden teoreettista tietämystä

• Koulutuksessa ja tutkimuksessa korostuu aluekehityksen merkitys• Suomalaisen yhteiskunnan kansainvälistyminen asettaa uusia haasteita koulutuksen

tuottajille• Kansainvälisestä näkökulmasta tarkasteltuna Suomi on pieni maa ja suomen kieli pienen

vähemmistön kieli. Taloudellinen kilpailukyky edellyttää tehokasta kielikoulutusta, joka sisältää paitsi viestintätaitojen kehittämistä vieraissa kielissä myös kulttuuriosaamisen edistämistä. Tämä koskee kaikkia ammatillisen koulutuksen muotoja: ammattikorkea-kouluja, toisen asteen ammatillista koulutusta, aikuiskoulutusta ja yrityskoulutusta

Ammattikorkeakoulujen yksi tärkeä yhteiskunnallinen tehtävä on niiden toiminta-alueiden kan-sainvälistäminen. Ammattiaineksen ja kielen opetuksen yhdistäminen on erinomainen mene-telmä esimerkiksi ohjattaessa ulkomaalaistaustaisia opiskelijoita suomalaiseen työelämään.

Ammattikorkeakoulut toimivat yleensä useissa eri yksiköissä tai instituuteissa, joissa kaikissa ei ole mahdollisuuksia tarjota englanninkielisiä degree-ohjelmia. Ne tarjoavat kuitenkin eng-lanninkielistä opetusta esimerkiksi ulkomaalaisille vaihto-opiskelijoille. Sen toteuttaminen on mahdollista eri yksiköiden opettajien välisenä yhteistyönä CLIL ja Team Teaching -menetelmien avulla.

Ammattikorkeakoulut kehittävät erityyppisiä pedagogisia malleja, joissa yhdistyvät ammatilli-sen korkeakoulutuksen kolme pääfunktiota: ammatillinen koulutus ja soveltavaan tutkimukseen

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ja kehittämiseen perustuva opetus sekä aluekehitystyö. Johtoajatuksena on opiskelijoiden op-piminen osallistumalla aktiivisesti autenttisiin työelämäprojekteihin. CLIL ja Team Teaching -menetelmät ovat erinomaisia opetusmenetelmiä näissä tilanteissa.

Toisen asteen ammatillisessa koulutuksessa on käytössä aikuisopiskelijoiden näyttötutkintojär-jestelmä. Kieli-, viestintä- ja kulttuuritaidot eivät tosielämässä ole irrallisia muista ammatillisista taidoista, joten niitä ei tulisi arvioida erillisillä kokeilla. Ne tulisi sisällyttää ammatilliseen näyttö-tutkintoon, ja koulutuksessa niiden tulisi kytkeytyä ammatilliseen sisältöön.

Aikuiskoulutuksen piirissä olevista aikuisista monet ovat aiemmin epäonnistuneet pätevöi-tymään ammatillisesti erilaisten oppimisvaikeuksien vuoksi. Monet jatkavat nyt tai aloittavat uudestaan opintoja, koska tarjolla on aiempaa enemmän tukea kohdata näitä oppimisen on-gelmia. He eivät kuitenkaan yleensä ole innostuneita opiskelemaan vieraita kieliä. Tähän tilan-teeseen CLIL-menetelmä soveltuu erinomaisesti. Sen avulla opiskelijoita voidaan motivoida käyttämään vieraita kieliä sisällyttäen opetukseen työelämälähtöistä kommunikointia. Samalla heistä jokaista voidaan tukea monipuolisemmin.

Yrityskoulutuksessa edellytetään uusia ja innovatiivisia pedagogisia ratkaisuja kielten opetta-misessa ja oppimisessa. Henkilöstökoulutuksen järjestämisestä kilpailevat lukuisat erikokoiset organisaatiot ja yksityiset yritykset. CLIL ja Team Teaching -menetelmiä ovat vain harvat sovel-taneet tähän mennessä.

TYÖELÄMÄYHTEYDET PARTNERIMAISSA

Tämä luku esittelee Team Teaching -projektissa saatuja koulutusorganisaatioiden ja työelämä-tahojen yhteistyökokemuksia, jotka voivat toteutua useassa eri muodossa:

• Dialogina koulutusorganisaatioiden, työharjoittelupaikkojen ja työnantajien välillä • Erikoistarpeisiin räätälöityinä kursseina, joita asiakkaat tilaavat koulutus-organisaatioilta• Yhteistyönä opetussuunnitelmien suunnittelussa ja opetuksen laadun varmistuksessa• Työelämän edustajien osallistumisena opetukseen: esim. luennot, opetusmateriaali, toi-

miminen ohjaajina työelämäjaksoilla • Työelämäohjaajien kouluttamisena koulutusorganisaatioissa• Opiskelijoiden työharjoittelupaikoista tuomana palautteena työelämän tarpeista• Opettajien työelämäjaksoina, joiden aikana he voivat päivittää ja kerätä tietoa työmark-

kinoiden tarpeista ja vaatimuksista• Opettajien konsultaationa asiakasorganisaatioissa• Tutkimus- ja kehitysyhteistyönä • Työnantajien rahoittamina opiskelijoiden tutkimushankkeina, jatko-opiskeluna jne.

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Suomi

Projektissa saatu kokemus varmisti, että kaikilla ammatillisen koulutuksen koulutusaloilla on yhteistyötä työelämän kanssa. Esimerkiksi yrityksille suunnatut kielikoulutusohjelmat suunni-tellaan tiiviisti yhteistyössä. Substanssia ja kieltä yhdistävä lähestymistapa (CLIL) rohkaisee osallistujia käyttämään vierasta kieltä aidoissa työelämän tilanteissa. Koulutusorganisaatiot tekevät yhteistyötä myös työvoimaviranomaisten kanssa.

Ammattikorkeakoulujen opettajilla on liikkumavaraa suunnitella koulu- ja opintojaksokohtaisia opetussuunnitelmia. Opintojaksojen sisällöissä joudutaan kuitenkin tyytymään kompromissei-hin resurssileikkauksien vuoksi (esimerkiksi kontaktiopetuksen määrän vähentäminen ja aika-tauluongelmat).

Ammattikorkeakoulujen ja toisen asteen ammatillisten instituuttien kieltenopiskelussa tulisi käyttää useiden kurssien integroituja sisältöjä ja metodeja opiskelijoiden motivoimiseksi. Myös tilanteen autenttisuus ja aiheiden ajankohtaisuus lisäävät opiskelumotivaatiota.

Seuraavat seikat tulisi huomioida opetussuunnitelman tai opintojakson suunnittelussa silloin, kun halutaan toteuttaa opetusta vieraalla kielellä:

• Opetettavan aineksen tarkoituksenmukainen määrittely (suhteessa rajalliseen kontakti-oppituntien määrään)

• Keskeisten asioiden korostaminen ja tilanteeseen parhaiten soveltuvien metodien valin-ta (esim. tasapaino sekä suullisen että kirjallisen kielitaidon harjoittamisessa)

• Opiskelijoiden opiskelutaitojen huomioiminen (esim. ohjaamalla opiskelijoita aiheen va-linnassa ja tiedonhankintamenetelmissä)

Opetussuunnitelmat tehdään ammattikorkeakouluissa opettajien välisenä tiimityönä. Kielten opetuksen suunnittelu ja kehittäminen kuitenkin vaihtelee eri ammattikorkeakouluissa, koska kieltenopettajia on vähän suhteessa muuhun opetushenkilökuntaan.

Terveydenhoitoalan ammattikunnan tulee olla tietoinen kulttuurisista tekijöistä ja hallita kult-tuurienvälinen viestintä. Koska ulkomaalaistaustaisten harjoittelijoiden ja työntekijöiden määrä kasvaa koko ajan, on myös vieraskielisten asiakas- ja potilasohjeiden laatiminen välttämä-töntä. Ulkomaalaiset vaihto-opiskelijat ja harjoittelijat tarvitsevat lisäksi käytännön harjoittelun ohjaajia. Kielitaitoa tarvitaan myös informaation etsimiseen internetistä ulkomaalaistaustaisille potilaille. Samoin eteneminen jatko-opiskelijaksi edellyttää hyvää englanninkielen taitoa.

Sosiaali- ja terveysalan ammattilaiset tarvitsevat kielitaitoa ja kulttuuriosaamista osallistues-saan kansainvälisiin konferensseihin ja luodessaan kansainvälisiä verkostoja. Matkailu-, ravit-semis- ja talousalan opettajat osallistuvat monenlaisiin verkostoihin. Työelämätahot ovat yhä kiinnostuneempia tiedottamaan alan koulutusorganisaatioille työelämän vaatimuksista. Tämä

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keskustelu on synnyttänyt uusia koulutuskokeiluja. Lisääntynyt yhteistyö on myös parantanut organisaatioiden välistä informaatiota sekä ohjauksen määrää ja laatua opiskelijoiden työ-harjoittelussa. Nykyisin sekä opiskelijat että koulutusorganisaatiot saavat aktiivista tukea ja palautetta työelämän edustajilta. Yritysten luennoitsijat jakavat ajanmukaista tietoa ja opiskeli-javierailut antavat konkreettisen kuvan alan nykytilasta.

Koulutusorganisaatiot rohkaisevat opettajiaan kehittymään ammatillisesti työelämään tutustu-misjaksojen avulla. Opetussuunnitelmatyössä on mukana sekä opettajia että eri ammattialojen edustajia. Tämän yhteistyön pohjalta koulutusorganisaatiot pystyvät reagoimaan todellisiin ja ajankohtaisiin työelämätarpeisiin.

LOPUKSI

CLIL ja Team Teaching -menetelmiä käytetään yhä enemmän kaikissa partnerimaissa, tosin käyttötaso vaihtelee maittain ja organisaatioittain. Toteutetut opetuskokeilut osoittavat opetta-jien olevan kiinnostuneita uusista lähestymistavoista. Kokeiluihin osallistuneet opiskelijat ovat myös olleet tyytyväisempiä opintoihinsa: he oppivat integroimaan kieltä ja substanssia käytän-nön tilanteisiin ja pystyivät näin toteamaan menetelmien tuoman käytännön hyödyn.

Suosituksia opetuksen toteuttamiseen:

• Tiivis yhteistyö on välttämätön edellytys opetuksen suunnittelussa, toteutuksessa ja ar-vioinnissa koko CLIL-prosessin ajan

• Yhteistyön työelämän edustajien kanssa tulee kestää opintosuunnitelmatyöstä aina opiskelijoiden valmistumiseen saakka

• Opetussuunnitelmien tulee olla tarpeeksi väljiä, jotta sekä kielten että substanssin opet-tajat voivat soveltaa erityyppisiä opetusmenetelmiä ja yhteistyön muotoja

• CLIL ja Team Teaching -menetelmien käyttö edellyttää koulutusorganisaatiolta hallinnon ja johdon tukea (esim. resurssien varaaminen)

• Opettajakoulutukseen tulisi sisältyä CLIL ja Team Teaching -menetelmiä ja konkreettisia malleja niiden käytöstä

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Suosituksia CLIL ja Team Teaching -menetelmien käyttöön:

• Tiettyjen alojen yritykset (esim. matkailuala) ovat valmiimpia vuorovaikutukseen koulutu-sorganisaatioiden kanssa

• Opetuksen määrä vieraalla kielellä vaihtelee partnerimaissa esimerkiksi Isossa-Britanniassa opetuksen tarjoamiseen vieraalla kielellä ei ole erityisen suurta tarvetta, kun taas harvinaisempia kieliä puhuvissa maissa tarve opiskella vierailla kielillä on suu-rempi

• Uusissa EU maissa, jotka ovat hiljattain läpikäyneet suuria poliittisia muutoksia, kieli- ja viestintätaitojen sekä kulttuurisen kompetenssin vaatimukset työmarkkinoilla ja yritys-maailmassa ovat muuttuneet merkittävästi. Tämä aiheuttaa koulutukselle tarpeen rea-goida nopeasti uusiin vaatimuksiin

CLIL ja Team Teaching -menetelmät tarjoavat monia etuja opiskelijoille, opettajille ja työelä-mälle. Näiden menetelmien avulla voi aiempaa tehokkaammin kehittää kulttuurien välisen viestinnän taitoja sekä yhdistää ammatillinen aines ja kielitaito luontevaksi osaksi ammattipä-tevyyttä. Myös näiden menetelmien avulla vahvistunut kyky analysoida kulttuuriosaamiseen ja kansainvälistymisen liittyviä taitoja ja soveltaa niitä omalla tulevalla työuralla tuo lisäarvoa ammattipätevyyteen. Jatkohankkeilla voitaisiin kartoittaa CLIL ja Team Teaching -menetelmien soveltuvuutta ja vaikuttavuutta esimerkiksi erilaisissa työelämän organisaatioissa ja henkilös-tökoulutuksessa.

“This is my fi rst time to study in English. It has been a good experience to work in a group with the others. At the beginning I was a bit stressed because I did not want

to make mistakes when I speak, but now I am more confi dent and I am more eager to express myself in English. “

– student quote –

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5.2 España

INTRODUCCIÓNDe acuerdo con los objetivos lingüísticos establecidos por la Unión Europea, todos los ciuda-danos deberían conocer al menos dos idiomas aparte del propio o propios. El mundo laboral actual presenta una creciente necesidad de habilidades y competencias. De forma contra-dictoria, sin embargo, los recursos para la formación cultural y en idiomas en la Formación Profesional han disminuido. Una forma de enfrentarse a futuros desafíos es promocionar la integración de la lengua y la cultura en la enseñanza del contenido.

El Aprendizaje Integrado de Contenidos y Lengua Extranjera (AICLE/CLIL) implica, más allá del mero aprendizaje de terminología técnica, la incorporación del contenido curricular en la enseñanza de la lengua y/o la incorporación de la lengua en la enseñanza del contenido curricular. El proceso se ve facilitado por la incorporación de los elementos pedagógicos pro-pios tanto de la lengua como del contenido. Esto es lo que marca la diferencia entre CLIL y el enfoque “content-based”. En la práctica, CLIL suele implicar la colaboración entre profesorado de contenido curricular y profesorado de lengua extranjera. El hecho de que una parte de los estudios de Formación Profesional se desarrolle en las empresas requiere una profunda co-operación entre los representantes de las instituciones educativas y los del entorno laboral.

Team Teaching (enseñanza en tándem) es el nombre que recibe un método pedagógico en el que profesorado de distintas áreas curriculares colabora en la planifi cación, desarrollo e implementación de módulos, programas educativos, etc. Los estudiantes son conscientes de la presencia simultánea de más de un profesor a lo largo del proceso de aprendizaje. Esto es lo que distingue a este método de otras formas de cooperación del profesorado.

Team Teaching: Transferability and Boundary Zones in Content and Language Integrated Learning (CLIL-AXIS) es un proyecto piloto de tres años de duración cofi nanciado por la Unión Europea (Programa Leonardo da Vinci). El objetivo del proyecto es que tanto educadores como empleadores sean conscientes de las oportunidades de desarrollo educativo que la nue-va realidad laboral europea proporciona. La Herramienta CLIL-AXIS (CLIL-AXIS Toolkit) está formada por este manual y el sitio web del proyecto (www.clil-axis.net). La Herramienta propo-ne opciones para la adaptación de métodos, modelos y prácticas que potencien el desarrollo de competencias clave para la nueva realidad laboral. Profundiza, asimismo, en ejemplos de innovación y buena práctica para la integración de contenido, lengua y cultura en el entorno educativo y laboral. En la práctica, esto signifi ca que los socios del proyecto han desarrollado la implementación del Team Teaching como método CLIL. Mediante la utilización de estos ejemplos documentados, el proyecto produce la mencionada Herramienta proporcionando información y base metodológica para CLIL y Team Teaching, así como ejemplos prácticos e ideas para el profesorado y los órganos de decisión.

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En el proyecto participan nueve socios de cinco países europeos representantes de diversas disciplinas, así como un asesor y evaluador externo (Anexo 1). El siguiente apartado presenta un resumen de las experiencias docentes desarrolladas por las instituciones participantes en distintos centros educativos y una serie de programas, cursos y módulos de formación pro-fesional y vocacional en Finlandia, España, Letonia, Polonia y el Reino Unido. El apartado fi nal describe la necesidad que tiene el mercado laboral de profesionales con competencias lingüísticas, comunicativas y culturales en los respectivos campos de operación de los países participantes, así como los medios y métodos de las instituciones socias del proyecto para cubrir dicha necesidad. Este proyecto ha colaborado además con otro Leonardo, CLILCOM, coordinado por el Politécnico Stadia de Helsinki. Los resultados de ambos serán presentados en una conferencia internacional a celebrar en Helsinki en Junio de 2006: CLIL Competente-building for Globalization, Quality in Teaching through Foreign Language. Las Actas de dicha conferencia serán presentadas en una publicación aparte.

LA DIMENSION DE CLIL Y TEAM TEACHING EN LOS PAISES PARTICIPANTES

Este capítulo presenta ejemplos actuales en cada uno de los países participantes. Dado que en este campo se están desarrollando innumerables actividades docentes, se debería tener en cuenta que cada día surgen nuevas experiencias y resultados. En general, se puede afi rmar que estas actividades ayudan al profesorado a ser refl exivo e innovador y a tener amplitud de miras cuando se enfrenta, analiza e introduce nuevos métodos pedagógicos.

España

Aunque la Ley General de Educación española establece un marco educativo general para la totalidad del territorio nacional, el sistema educativo español está muy descentralizado, ya que cada Comunidad Autónoma tiene transferidas competencias para el desarrollo e imple-mentación del currículo en aplicación armónica de su política educativa y de la normativa legal general. No obstante, la situación actual es de cambio, debido a la derogación de la ley anterior y la entrada en vigor de la próxima. Como consecuencia de la diversidad regional la imple-mentación de CLIL también varía en gran medida entre las distintas comunidades autónomas. Algunas de las Consejerías de Educación (incluyendo Madrid, Cataluña, País Vasco, Navarra, Galicia y Baleares) han desarrollado diferentes experiencias piloto bilingües en centros educa-tivos de Primaria y Secundaria.

Complejo Educativo de Cheste, Valencia

En el IFPS nº 2 del Complejo Educativo de Cheste los estudiantes de diversos Ciclos pue-den cursar parcialmente módulos relacionados con Aeronáutica, Bioquímica, Cocina, Servicio, FOL e Informática en inglés y/o francés.

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La variante Team Teaching de CLIL ha demostrado ser de utilidad en lo que se refi ere a la metodología y las estrategias de planifi cación, programación e implementación didáctica que los profesores de materia curricular necesitan para integrar contenido e idioma en la práctica diaria de CLIL.

La modalidad de Team Teaching descrita por Robinson y Schaible (1995) como Collaborative Teaching ha sido considerada la práctica más adecuada. Esta variante implica la participación conjunta del profesorado de materia lingüística y no lingüística en todo el proceso didáctico, que incluye la creación y desarrollo de materiales, la planifi cación de la unidad didáctica y su implementación en el aula. En este enfoque ambos profesores interactúan en el aula pro-mocionando el aprendizaje cooperativo y los alumnos adquieren las competencias laborales, comunicativas e interculturales para incorporarse con éxito a una sociedad cada vez mas internacionalizada. La experiencia de Team Teaching ha sido incorporada al plan de mejora continua del centro educativo, al considerarse que CLIL es un valor añadido que eleva el perfi l de la institución.

Los elementos básicos que se han tenido en cuenta en el diseño de las unidades didácticas son:

• Uso del Marco Europeo Común de Referencia para las Lenguas (CEFRL) para estable-cer el nivel de conocimiento de L2 (tanto para los estudiantes como para el profesorado participante)

• Doble enfoque la clase CLIL: sobre la materia lingüística (ML) y sobre la materia no lingüística (MNL)

• Variación de la ratio entre ML y MNL dependiendo del módulo, los objetivos didácticos, el grado de dominio de la L2, etc.

• El cambio de medio de instrucción implica un cambio en el método de instrucción: adap-tación pedagógica

• La enseñanza CLIL se desarrolla de forma diferente a la enseñanza en lengua materna: cambio metodológico

• Creación, selección, y adaptación de materiales y actividades didácticas• Desarrollo de habilidades lingüísticas: BICS (habilidades básicas de comunicación inter-

personal) y CALPS (pericia en la lengua académica y cognitiva)• Promoción de actividades discursivas• Potenciación del desarrollo de los procesos cognitivos

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Los elementos básicos que se han tenido en cuenta en la implementación de las unidades didácticas han sido:

• Método interactivo (centrado en el alumno) frente a método transaccional (centrado en el profesor)

• Comprobación de la comprensión y asimilación de la materia por parte de los estudian-tes mediante la intercalación frecuente de actividades de comprensión en el curso de las explicaciones dadas por el profesorado

• Ritmo: centrado en los alumnos; demasiado acelerado difi culta la comprensión, dema-siado lento produce desmotivación

• Favorecer el desarrollo de las habilidades comunicativas: el proceso de aprendizaje se ve favorecido proporcionando a los alumnos la posibilidad de expresarse

• Uso de formatos específi cos de información por parte de los alumnos (fi chas técnicas)• Promoción de las habilidades discursivas: análisis, descripción, resumen…• Uso de recursos audiovisuales: PPT, transparencias, materiales reales y documentos

originales• Uso de diferentes formatos de información: mapas, tablas, gráfi cos…• Translanguaging: cambio de idioma si la situación específi ca así lo requiere (Ej.: cono-

cimiento de terminología técnica en varias lenguas)• Uso de vocabulario “transparente”• Materiales pedagógicos: desarrollados a partir de materiales del profesor de MNL, ma-

teriales originales del país originario de la L2, materiales de Internet• Actividades didácticas similares a las utilizadas en la clase de L2

LA DIMENSION LABORAL EN LOS PAISES PARTICIPANTES

Este capítulo presentará experiencias de cooperación entre las instituciones educativas (profe-sores y alumnos) y los representantes del entorno laboral. Dichas experiencias pueden adop-tar diversas formas, incluyendo:

• Diálogo entre instituciones educativas, organizaciones empresariales y empleadores• Determinados organismos pueden contactar con las instituciones educativas para so-

licitar cursos para fi nes específi cos, planifi cación conjunta de currículos y planes de calidad

• Participación de los representantes del entorno laboral en procesos docentes (Ej.: con-ferencias, material didáctico) y actuación como tutores y mentores en la formación en centros de trabajo

• Instituciones educativas que proporcionan formación a los tutores y mentores de la for-mación en centros de trabajo

• Feedback relativo a las necesidades del entorno laboral proporcionado por los estudian-tes a las instituciones educativas a partir de las experiencias formativas

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• Profesores que trabajan en instituciones asociadas realizando formación y actualizando información relativa a las necesidades y requisitos del mercado laboral

• Profesores con labores de asesoramiento en organizaciones empresariales• Instituciones educativas que desarrollan proyectos de I+D con sus clientes• Empleadores que fi nancian proyectos de investigación, estudios de grado, etc.

España

Presentación de una entrevista a D. Miguel Angel Falcón, Director General de Air Nostrum, Iberia Regional, en www.clil-axis.net, en formato video clip.

CONCLUSIONES

La metodología CLIL y su variante Team Teaching son actualmente tendencias en expansión en todos los países participantes en el proyecto, aunque los niveles de implementación varían en gran medida según los países y las instituciones. Las experiencias desarrolladas demues-tran el creciente interés del profesorado por poner en práctica nuevas metodologías. El uso de éstas ha demostrado que los alumnos se encuentran más satisfechos porque aprenden a inte-grar y utilizar la lengua y el contenido y por ello la utilidad práctica se demuestra claramente.

Los siguientes puntos pueden resumir las recomendaciones básicas:

• La cooperación es necesaria a lo largo del proceso CLIL en sus fases de planifi cación, implementación y evaluación

• Los representantes del entorno laboral deben estar relacionados con el proceso forma-tivo desde la elaboración del currículo hasta la graduación

• Los currículos deben ser lo sufi cientemente fl exibles para permitir que tanto los pro-fesores de ML como los de MNL apliquen diferentes métodos didácticos y formas de cooperación

• Las experiencias de CLIL y Team Teaching necesitan contar con el apoyo de las institu-ciones educativas tanto a nivel de gestión como administrativo

• La formación del profesorado debería incluir las metodologías CLIL y Team Teaching y proporcionar modelos concretos para usar en el futuro

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Las consideraciones clave para la implementación de CLIL y Team Teaching incluyen:

• Algunos sectores (como el turismo) están más predispuestos a interactuar con las ins-tituciones educativas

• El uso de idiomas extranjeros varía en los países participantes; por ej. en el Reino Unido no hay una necesidad especial de aprendizaje de otras lenguas mientras

• En países con situaciones recientes de cambios políticos radicales las necesidades de competencias lingüísticas, culturales y comunicativas por parte del mercado laboral y los entornos empresariales han cambiado drásticamente, exigiendo una reacción inme-diata

En conclusión, la aplicación de las metodologías CLIL y Team Teaching parece ofrecer muchas ventajas para estudiantes, profesorado y mundo laboral a través de la comunicación intercul-tural, como una parte natural y vital de las competencias profesionales, en la que contenidos y lenguas se procesan conjuntamente. Es probable que a partir de la formación se obtengan aún mayores ventajas tras analizar las competencias y habilidades adquiridas durante el proceso y la capacidad de los estudiantes para refl exionar sobre cómo se pueden aplicar a la futura ocu-pación laboral dichas competencias y habilidades. Un estudio posterior podría profundizar en la comunidad laboral y en el futuro impacto sobre la formación en grupos de segundo impacto, por ejemplo colegas y otras personas en el puesto de trabajo.

Integrated learning is especially important on a higher education level because it considerably contributes to improving qualifi cations and ability to use professional materials in a foreign language.– teacher quote –

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5.3 Latvija

IEVADS Saskaņā ar Eiropā izvirzītajiem mērķiem valodu apguvei visiem Eiropas pilsoņiem vajadzētu spēt sazināties vismaz divās svešvalodās. Mūsdienu darba ikdienā aizvien pieaug vajadzība pēc starpkultūru saskarsmes prasmēm un kompetencēm, turpretim resursi valodu un kultūras apguvei profesionālajā izglītībā samazinās. Viens no veidiem, kā risināt nākotnē sagaidāmās problēmas, ir plašāk integrēt valodas un kultūras apguvi un profesionālās izglītības saturu.

Satura un valodas integrēta apguve (CLIL – Content and Language Integrated Learning) ietver profesijas apguves satura nostiprināšanu valodas mācīšanā (neaprobežojoties tikai ar nozares terminiem) un/vai valodas apguves elementus – profesionālā satura mācību procesā. Mācīšanos veicina gan valodas lietojuma, gan mācību satura pedagoģiskie elementi. Tas ir tas, kas atšķir CLIL no mācību satura apguves, kuras pamatā ir priekšmeta pasniegšana svešvalodā. Ikdienas praksē atsevišķi pasniedzēji reti ir spējīgi ieviest CLIL bez sadarbības ar citiem pasniedzējiem, turklāt tas, ka daudzas profesionālās sagatavotības programmas faktiski tiek īstenotas darba vidē, nozīmē, ka ir nepieciešama dziļāka izglītības iestāžu un darbavietu pārstāvju sadarbība.

Mācīšana komandā ir pedagoģiska metode, kuru pielietojot viena vai dažādu mācību priekšmetu pasniedzēji sadarbojas, lai plānotu, realizētu un tālāk pilnveidotu studiju kursu, mācību programmu u.tml. Studenti visā mācību procesa laikā apzinās vairāk nekā viena pasniedzēja līdzdalību. Tas ir tas, kas atšķir mācīšanu komandā no citiem pasniedzēju sadarbības veidiem.

Mācīšana komandā: pārnesamība un robežzonas satura un valodas integrētajā apguvē (CLIL-AXIS) ir eksperimentāls projekts trīs gadu garumā, kuru fi nansē Eiropas Savienība (Leonardo da Vinči Programma). Projekta mērķis ir izstrādāt ievadzināšanu kompleksu pasniedzējiem un darba devējiem par attīstības iespējām tādas izglītības nodrošinājumā, kas orientēta uz jaunajiem apstākļiem nodarbinātības jomā Eiropā. CLIL-AXIS projektā izstrādātais t.s. Instrumentu komplekts ietver šo rokasgrāmatu un projekta tīmekļa vietni (www.clil-axis.net). Instrumentu komplekts piedāvā iespēju variantus, kā pielāgot metodes, modeļus un praktiskos paņēmienus, lai uzlabotu galveno kompetenču pilnveidi atbilstoši jaunajiem profesionālās darbības apstākļiem. Tas sniedz ieskatu par inovatīviem paņēmieniem un pozitīvu pieredzi, kas iegūta, integrējot studiju saturu, komunikāciju un kultūras elementus izglītības un profesionālā darba vidē. Praksē tas nozīmē, ka projekta partneri ir veikuši pedagoģiskus eksperimentus mācīšanas komandā kā CLIL metodes īstenošanā. Izmantojot šo dokumentēto eksperimentu rezultātus, projekta gaitā ir izveidots iepriekš minētais Instrumentu komplekts, kurā iekļauta svarīgākā informācija un avoti par CLIL un mācīšanu komandā, kā arī praktiski piemēri un idejas pasniedzējiem un lēmējinstitūciju pārstāvjiem.

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Projektā līdzdarbojas deviņas partnerorganizācijas, kas pārstāv vairākas studiju programmas, no piecām Eiropas valstīm, kā arī ārējais konsultants un vērtētājs (1.pielikums). Nākošā nodaļa sniedz pārskatu par partnerorganizāciju pieredzi saistībā ar mācību procesu vairākās izglītības iestādēs un dažādām profesionālo studiju programmām, kursiem un kursu moduļiem Somijā, Spānijā, Latvijā, Polijā un Apvienotajā Karalistē. Pēdējā nodaļā ir raksturots pieprasījums darba tirgū pēc darbiniekiem ar valodas, komunikācijas un kultūras kompetencēm attiecīgajās darbības jomās projekta partnervalstīs, kā arī aprakstītas partnerorganizāciju metodes un centieni apmierināt šīs vajadzības. Šis projekts ir norisinājies arī sadarbībā ar vēl vienu Leonardo da Vinči Programmas fi nansētu projektu (CLILCOM), kuru koordinē Helsinku Politehniskā augstskola Stadia. Ar abu projektu galarezultātiem bija iespēja iepazīties starptautiskajā konferencē CLIL kompetenču veidošana , ar svešvalodu 2006. gada jūnijā Helsinkos. Konferences materiāli tiks publicēti atsevišķā izdevumā.

Latvija

Kopš Latvijas iestāšanās Eiropas Savienībā arvien lielāku nozīmi iegūst angļu valodas prasmes augstā kompetences līmenī, tādēļ nepieciešams nodrošināt tādu studiju procesa kvalitāti, kas studentiem, beidzot augstskolu, palīdz kļūt konkurētspējīgiem. Lai efektīvi reaģētu uz darba tirgus prasībām, ir veikti pasākumi satura un valodas integrētas apguves (CLIL) un mācīšanas komandā metožu īstenošanā.

Ekonomika un uzņēmējdarbības

Ventspils Augstskolā CLIL un mācīšana komandā notiek profesionālajās bakalaura un maģistra studiju programmās. Piemēram, kursā “Projektu vadība” profesionālā satura pasniedzēja vairāk uzmanības pievērš projekta plānošanas un vadības metodēm un paņēmieniem, turpretim angļu valodas pasniedzēja rosina studentus apgūt atbilstošo vārdu krājumu un valodas lietojumu. Daudzi studenti jau strādā, tādēļ iespēju apspriest projektu vadības jautājumus angliski viņi uzskata par praktiski noderīgu.

Inženierzinātnes

Latvijas Lauksaimniecības universitātes (LLU) Tehniskajā fakultātē CLIL elementi un mācīšanas komandā metode tiek izmantota kursa “Automobiļu tehniskais serviss” apguvē. Angļu valodas pasniedzēja māca speciālos terminus un nodarbībās izmanto ar specialitāti saistītus tekstus, bet profesionālā satura pasniedzējs māca teorētisko daļu latviešu valodā. Pēc tam specialitātes pasniedzējs izsniedz studentiem laboratorijas darbam nepieciešamos tehniskos aprakstus angļu valodā. Šāda mācību organizācijas paņēmiena mērķis ir palīdzēt studentiem apgūt speciālo terminoloģiju ciešā saistībā ar kursa saturu, pilnveidot svešvalodas un komunikācijas prasmes un spēt praktiski izmantot apgūtās zināšanas.

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Tulkošanas studijas

Ventspils Augstskolā (VeA) studiju kursi, kuros tiek apgūts profesionālais saturs un angļu valoda kā tulku un tulkotāju t.s. B valoda, seko angļu valodas kompetences pilnveides kursiem. Mācīšanu komandā praktizē specialitātes un angļu valodas pasniedzēji mutiskās tulkošanas nodarbībās. Atšķirīgs mācīšanas komandā modelis tiek izmantots, koordinējot specializēto praktiskās tulkošanas kursu pasniedzēju pedagoģisko darbību, kad mācīšanas komandā elementi tiek realizēti pirms nodarbībām auditorijā un pēc tām.

CLIL principi tiek aktualizēti arī ikgadējās studentu zinātniskajās konferencēs, studentu prakses atskaites konferencēs, akadēmiskā personāla atklātajās lekcijās un nodarbībās, vieslektoru – Lielbritānijas, ASV, Vācijas, Somijas augstākās izglītības mācībspēku – lekcijās un praktiskajās nodarbībās.

Vispārīgas piezīmes

Studenti ir ļoti apmierināti, un ir paaugstinājusies viņu motivācija apgūt zināšanas specialitātē. Ieviešot CLIL metodes, pieaugs mācīšanas komandā un sadarbības nepieciešamība, un aizvien vairāk mācībspēku iesaistīsies šāda veida mācīšanā. Turklāt CLIL metožu izmantošana nodrošina augstskolas beidzējiem labākas izredzes sekmīgi darboties profesionālajā jomā.

Attiecībā uz LLU Sociālo zinātņu fakultātes studiju programmu “Iestāžu un organizāciju ārējie sakari” jāpiebilst, ka studentu konkurētspēju darba tirgū galvenokārt noteiks tas, vai viņi ir pietiekami apguvuši svešvalodas profesionālā līmenī un vai viņiem ir izveidojušās komunikācijas un starpkultūru kompetences. Vienlaikus studentiem vajadzētu būt ar pietiekamām zināšanām citās jomās, kā ekonomikā, socioloģijā, psiholoģijā un projektu vadībā. Studenti nevar apgūt zināšanas šajās jomās izolētā veidā, tāpēc jāizveido starpdisciplīnu saikne, lai iegūtu pilnvērtīgu mācību galarezultātu. Šajā gadījumā labākais risinājums ir dažādu studiju priekšmetu pasniedzēju mācīšana komandā sadarbībā ar studentiem.

Augstskolā studenti pavada vismaz četrus gadus, un mācībspēku uzdevums ir īstenot šajā laikā tādu studiju programmu, kas spēj sagatavot studentus darbam visās jomās, kuras būs nozīmīgas pēc augstskolas beigšanas. Arī šajā situācijā ļoti daudz var palīdzēt mācīšana komandā.

Viens no visnopietnākajiem pārbaudījumiem ir CLIL un mācīšanas komandā sekmīga ieviešana apstākļos, kad Latvijas valstī pēdējā laikā vērojamo tendenču un neseno valdību izglītības politikas iezīmju dēļ svešvalodu mācīšanas apjoms augstskolās tiek apzināti samazināts.

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Latvija

Latvijas Lauksaimniecības universitāte (LLU; Larisa Maļinovska un Dainis Berjoza) veica aptauju, lai noteiktu, kādas angļu valodas prasmes pieprasa darba tirgus. Aptaujā iegūtie rezultāti apkopoti rakstā “Angļu valodas praktiskais pielietojums autotransporta specialitātes apguvē darba tirgus prasību apmierināšanai”.

Inženierzinātnes. Padomju varas laikā Latvijā pieejamie transportlīdzekļi visbiežāk bija ražoti Padomju Savienībā, tāpēc arī visi ar tiem saistītie teksti bija krievu valodā. Nebija prakstiskas vajadzības pēc vēl otras valodas prasmēm, neskaitot krievu valodu. Kā sekas šādai situācijai bija studentu ļoti vājās angļu valodas zināšanas, stājoties augstskolā. Pēc Padomju Savienības sabrukuma situācija autotransporta jomā ir krasi mainījusies, un inženieri ar labām angļu valodas prasmēm ir ļoti pieprasīti.

Tulkošana. Ventpils Augstskolā ir izveidojusies labvēlīga situācija, jo gandrīz visi mācībspēki ir praktizējoši tulki un tulkotāji. Turklāt augstākās profesionālās izglītības un darbavietu pārstāvji mijiedarbojas arī studentu mācību prakses laikā, kas noslēdzas ar konferenci prakses rezultātu izvērtēšanai.

Uzņēmējdarbības vadība. Pēdējo kursu studenti paralēli studijām bieži sāk strādāt. Tādēļ, lai radītu plašākas iespējas viedokļu apmaiņai starp mācībspēkiem un darbavietu pārstāvjiem, tiek organizētas Karjeras dienas, kuru laikā studenti, augstākās profesionālās izglītības docētāji un iestāžu un organizāciju pārstāvji tiekas, lai dalītos informācijā un pieredzē.

Parasti studiju kursa pasniedzējs ir arī ofi ciāli apstiprinātā kursa apraksta autors, tāpēc viņam/ viņai ir samērā liela akadēmiskā brīvība attiecīgo mācību saturu izvēlēties tā, lai tas atbilstu konkrētajām vajadzībām. Pasniedzējs katru gadu no studentiem un darbavietu pārstāvjiem aptaujas veidā saņem savas darbības vērtējumu.

Kad studiju programmas tiek gatavotas valsts akreditācijai vai pārakreditācijai, programmas saturs un struktūra kopumā, kā arī katra atsevišķa studiju kursa saturs un uzbūve, tiek apspriesti studiju programmas padomē, kurā proporcionāli ir pārstāvēti pasniedzēji, studenti un iestāžu un organizāciju darbinieki.

NOBEIGUMS

CLIL metodi un mācīšanu komandā šobrīd arvien vairāk sāk izmantot visās partnervalstīs, kaut arī līmenis, kādā tas tiek darīts, dažādās valstīs un mācību iestādēs ir atšķirīgs. Ir veikti pedagoģiskie eksperimenti, kas apliecina, ka mācībspēku interese par jaunu pieeju ieviešanu pieaug. Minēto metožu izmantošana ir pierādijusi, ka studenti jūtas vairāk gandarīti par savām studijām, jo viņi iemācās integrēt un izmantot valodas un profesionālā satura zināšanas un prasmes, tādējādi skaidri kļūst pamanāma to praktiskā pielietojamība.

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Galvenie ieteikumi:

• Ciešai sadarbībai jāpastāv visā CLIL izmantošanas gaitā, t.i., plānošanas, īstenošanas un izvērtēšanas posmos.

• Darba vietu pārstāvju saistība ar profesionālo apmācību jānodrošina pastāvīgi: no studiju programmas izveides līdz augstskolas izlaidumam.

• Studiju programmai jābūt pietiekami elastīgai, lai gan valodas pasniedzējiem, gan profesionālā satura mācībspēkiem pastāvētu iespējas izmantot dažādas mācību metodes un sadarbības formas.

• Centieniem ieviest CLIL un mācīšanu komandā ir nepieciešams izglītības iestādes administrācijas un vadītāju atbalsts.

• Zināšanas par CLIL mācīšanas komandā metodēm jāiekļauj pedagogu profesionālajā izglītībā, piedāvājot konkrētus modeļus turpmākai šo metožu izmantošanai.

Daži apsvērumi, kas jāievēro, ieviešot CLIL un mācīšanu komandā:

• Dažās nozarēs (piemēram, tūrismā) ir vērojama lielāka tendence mijiedarboties ar mācību iestādēm.

• Svešvalodu lietojums partnervalstīs ir atšķirīgs; piemēram, Apvienotajā Karalistē svešvalodas nav īpaši nepieciešamas.

• Turpretim valstīs, kurās dzimtā valoda nav kāda no plaši lietotajām valodām, nepieciešamība apgūt valodu(-as) ir izjūtama daudz spēcīgāk.

• Valstīs, kurās nesen notikušas radikālas politiskas pārmaiņas, krasi ir mainījušās darba tirgus un uzņēmējdarbības vides prasības attiecībā uz valodas prasmēm, komunikācijas un kultūras kompetencēm, un šāda situācija, savukārt, rada nepieciešamību ātri reaģēt uz šīm prasībām.

Noslēgumā varam secināt, ka CLIL un mācīšanas komandā metodes piedāvā studentiem, pasniedzējiem, iestādēm un organizācijām labvēlīgus apstākļus, nodrošinot starpkultūru komunikāciju kā dabisku un būtisku profesionālās kompetences daļu, vienlaikus apgūstot studiju profesionālo saturu un valodas. Iespējams, turpmākās profesionālās apmācības gaitā atklāsies vēl vairāk ieguvumu, piemēram, apmācībā iegūto prasmju izvērtēšana un studentu spēja analizēt, kā šīs prasmes var tikt pielietotas viņu turpmākajā darbā. Papildu pētījums varētu sniegt ieskatu par to, kāda ir situācija darba vietās un kā profesionālā apmācība ietekmē sekundārās mērķgrupas, t.i., kolēģus un citus darbiniekus nākošajā darbavietā.

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5.4 Polska

WSTĘPZgodnie z założeniami europejskiego opisu systemu kształcenia, wszyscy obywatele Europy powinni wykazać się umiejętnością komunikowania się w co najmniej dwóch językach obcych. Na współczesnym rynku pracy wzrasta potrzeba rozwijania umiejętności i świadomości między-kulturowej. Równocześnie, zmniejsza się ilość materiałów do zawodowego kształcenia językowego i kulturowego. Jednym ze sposobów radzenia sobie z przyszłymi wyzwaniami jest wzmocnienie integracji kształcenia językowego i kulturowego w połączeniu z nauczaniem przedmiotu w języku obcym.

Zintegrowane nauczanie języka i przedmiotu (CLIL – Content and Language Integrated Learning) polega na włączaniu treści przedmiotu zawodowego do nauczania języka obcego (wykraczającego poza techniczną terminologię) lub/i włączaniu elementów języka do nauki przedmiotu zawodowego. Uczenie się jest wspomagane zarówno elementami językowymi jak i zawartością merytoryczną. Jest to cecha, która odróżnia CLIL od uczenia przedmiotu w języku obcym. W praktyce nauczyciele nie są w stanie samodzielnie wprowadzić tej metody bez współpracy z innymi nauczycielami. Również fakt, że wiele programów nauczania realizowanych jest w miejscach pracy oznacza, że konieczna jest szersza współpraca pomiędzy przedstawicielami instytucji edukacyjnych i przedstawicielami środowiska zawodowego.

Nauczanie zespołowe (Team Teaching) jest metodą, w której nauczyciele tego samego przedmiotu lub różnych przedmiotów współpracują w planowaniu, wdrażaniu i dalszym rozwoju programu kształcenia, szkolenia etc.. Uczniowie są świadomi obecności więcej niż jednego nauczyciela w całym procesie ich kształcenia. Jest to cecha, która odróżnia nauczanie zespołowe od innych sposobów współpracy nauczycieli.

Nauczanie zespołowe – przenikanie się i strefy graniczne w zintegrowanym nauczaniu języka i przedmiotu (Team Teaching: Transferability and Boundary Zones in Content and Language Integrated Learning (CLIL-AXIS) jest trzyletnim projektem fi nansowanym przez Unię Europejską w ramach programu Leonardo da Vinci. Celem projektu jest wprowadzenie pakietu narzędzi zwiększającego świadomość nauczycieli i pracodawców dotyczącej możliwości rozwoju w sposobach kształcenia w nowych realiach środowiska pracy w Europie. W skład pakietu narzędzi CLIL-AXIS wchodzi ten podręcznik oraz strona internetowa (www.clil-axis.net). Pakiet narzędzi przedstawia sposoby dostosowania metod, modeli i praktyki w taki sposób, aby wzmocnić rozwój kluczowych kompetencji w nowych realiach środowiska pracy. Ukazuje innowacyjność i przykłady dobrej praktyki w ramach łączenia treści, umiejętności komunikacji oraz kultury w systemie kształcenia oraz środowisku pracy. W praktyce oznacza to, że partnerzy poczynili wysiłki, aby wdrożyć nauczanie zespołowe jako metodę CLIL. Korzystając z udokumentowanych wyników pracy powstał wspomniany już wcześniej pakiet

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narzędzi dostarczający informacji ogólnych dotyczących CLIL oraz nauczania zespołowego jak i praktycznych przykładów i pomysłów dla nauczycieli oraz osób podejmujących decyzje.

W projekcie pracowało dziewięć instytucji partnerskich z pięciu krajów europejskich reprezentujących różne dziedziny wiedzy jak również doradca i ewaluator zewnętrzny (Appendix 1). Następna sekcja przedstawia streszczenie doświadczeń zawodowych instytucji partnerskich dotyczących kształcenia w killku instytucjach i różnorodność programów szkoleń, kursów i poszczególnych przedmiotów w Finlandii, Hiszpanii, na Łotwie, w Polsce i w Wielkiej Brytanii. W ostatniej sekcji opisane są wymagania rynku pracy dotyczące pracowników wykazujących się kompetencjami językowymi, kulturowymi oraz umiejętnościami komunikacji w obszarach działania krajów partnerskich jak również metody i wysiłki instytucji partnerskich, ażeby spełnić te wymagania. W ramach tego projektu nawiązana została współpraca z innym, fi nansowanym w ramach programu Leonardo, projektem CLILCOM, koordynowanym przez Politechnikę Stadia w Helsinkach. Wyniki obydwu projektów zostały zaprezentowane na międzynarodowej konferencji w Helsinkach w czerwcu 2006 roku, „CLIL - budowanie kompetencji w ramach globalizacji, jakość nauczania w języku obcym” (CLIL Competence –building for Globalization, Quality in Teaching through Foreign Language). Materiały konferencyjne zostaną udostępnione w oddzielnej publikacji.

Polska

CLIL pojawił się w Polsce stosunkowo niedawno, głównie z powodów politycznych i ekonomic-znych. Rok 1989 przyniósł gwałtowną transformację związaną ze zmianą ustroju. Wprowadzenie dynamicznie rozwijającej się gospodarki wolnorynkowej przyczyniło się do wzrostu bezrobocia. Konkurencyjność na rynku pracy stała się powodem szukania lepszego wykształcenia. Zmiana warunków nauki języka obcego spowodowana była możliwością zakładania prywatnych insty-tucji edukacyjnych, zwiększeniem dostępu do Internetu, dynamicznie rozwijającą się nauką i techniką, wzrostem mobilności studentów oraz siły roboczej, wstąpieniem Polski do Unii Europejskiej jak i możliwością uzyskania międzynarodowych stopni naukowych i certyfi katów.

Zaobserwowano znaczny wzrost różnego rodzaju kursów, podczas których przekazuje się wymagane treści w języku obcym. Dotychczas takie kursy prowadzili nauczyciele, którzy opanowali język obcy w stopniu umożliwiającym przekazywanie wiedzy i nauczanie. Przeprowadzone z nimi rozmowy wykazały, że nie konsultują się oni ze specjalistami językowymi, ponieważ nie łączą tego z efektywnym nauczaniem zintegrowanym. Nauczanie zespołowe różnych przedmiotów w ramach CLIL z pewnością przyczyniłoby się do zwiększenia motywacji studentów, poprawienia jakości nauczania, własnego rozwoju nauczycieli i zwiększenia prestiżu instytucji edukacyjnej. Dla Polaków CLIL z pewnością stanie się kluczowym pojęciem określającym działanie wspierające funkcjonowanie zarówno na płaszczyźnie zawodowej jak i społecznej w środowisku, gdzie używany jest język obcy.

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Od rozpoczęcia projektu skontaktowaliśmy się z wieloma instytucjami edukacyjnymi w Polsce prezentując zalety CLIL i nauczania zespołowego. Wyniki rozmów i badań ankietowych wskazały, że zarówno uczniowie jak i nauczyciele poinformowani o metodzie CLIL uświadomili sobie, że zajęcia przeprowadzone zgodnie z jej założeniami mogą mieć pozytywny wpływ na doskonalenie umiejętności językowych (zarówno w zakresie komunikacji jak i słownictwa), kompetencji zawodowych jak i własnego rozwoju. Większość zainteresowanych (85%) wierzyła, że takie zajęcia zwiększają szanse absolwentów na rynku pracy.

Informatyka

Akademia CISCO – Kurs oparty o metodologię CLIL został zaprojektowany dla wzbogacenia słownictwa i wyrażeń dla celów specjalistycznych z dziedziny informatyki oraz dla powtórzenia gramatyki. Umiejętności, na które zwrócono szczególną uwagę to czytanie (teksty techniczne, wyszukiwanie określonych informacji), mówienie (opisywanie budowy obiektów oraz procesów, dyskusja, rozwiązywanie problemu, udzielanie wskazówek, negocjowanie) oraz słuchanie. Na zajęciach wykorzystywano moduły informatyczne.

Finanse przedsiębiorstw, Zarządzanie i Marketing

Wyższa Szkoła Humanistyczno-Ekonomiczna w Łodzi (WSHE): Nauczyciel przedmiotu przygotowuje materiał, który następnie jest dostosowywany przez nauczyciela języka angielskiego do poziomu studentów i ich potrzeb językowych. Opracowywanych jest wiele ćwiczeń i zadań, m.in. studium przypadku, które pomagają studentom w praktycznym poznaniu zasad zarządzania w międzynarodowym środowisku. Na początku kursu nauczyciele prowadzą zajęcia oddzielnie, korzystając z opracowanych wspólnie materiałów, następnie prowadzą zajęcia razem. Studenci otrzymują oddzielne oceny za umiejętności merytoryczne oraz językowe.

Polska

Biorąc pod uwagę wzrost wielokulturowości narodów znajomość języków obcych i kultur innych narodów staje się koniecznością na obecnym rynku pracy.

Jest wiele sposobów uzyskania przez studentów czy absolwentów informacji dotyczących wymagań stawianych przez pracodawców. W Wyższej Szkole Humanistyczno-Ekonomicznej w Łodzi istnieje Biuro Karier, które dostarcza studentom takich informacji oraz udziela porad dotyczących wyboru przyszłej ścieżki zawodowej.

Ważnym aspektem jest również dostosowanie programów nauczania do wymagań stawianych przez pracodawców. Chociaż od jakiegoś czasu propagowany jest model nauczania oparty na ścieżkach międzyprzedmiotowych, nauczanie zespołowe w którym zaangażowany jest nauczyciel przedmiotu, nauczyciel języka oraz przedstawiciel środowiska zawodowego nie

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było praktykowane na większą skalę. Większość decyzji dotyczących ramowych programów nauczania i wymagań zapada na szczeblu ministerialnym i dostosowanie takiego programu nauczania do potrzeb nauczania zespołowego może stanowić przeszkodę dla nauczycieli.

WNIOSKI

Metoda CLIL i nauczanie zespołowe wykazują tendencje wzrostowe w krajach partnerskich, chociaż ich wykorzystanie może znacząco różnić się w poszczególnych krajach i instytucjach. Podjęte w ramach projektu próby odzwierciedlają zwiększone zainteresowanie nowymi podejściami. Łatwo dostrzec ich zalety praktyczne, konsekwencją wykorzystania tych metod jest większe zadowolenie studentów z prowadzonych kursów, ponieważ uczą się oni łączyć i wykorzystywać zawartość merytoryczną i umiejętności językowe

Główne zalecenia:

• Wymagana jest bliska współpraca edukatorów w modelu CLIL zwłaszcza w procesie planowania, wdrażania oraz oceniania.

• Przedstawiciele środowisk zawodowych muszą być włączeni do procesu kształcenia od momentu opracowania programu nauczania aż do ukończenia studiów przez studentów.

• Programy nauczania muszą być wystarczająco elastyczne, aby nauczyciele przedmiotu i języka mogli wykorzystać różne metody nauczania oraz metody współpracy.

• Zarówno CLIL jak i nauczanie zespołowe potrzebują wsparcia instytucji edukacyjnych, administracji i kierownictwa.

• W ramach szkolenia nauczyciele powinni być informowani o metodzie CLIL i nauczaniu zespołowym oraz powinni być zapoznani ze szczegółowymi modelami kształcenia, które mogliby wykorzystać w przyszłości.

Następujące elementy powinny być brane pod uwagę we wdrażaniu CLIL i nauczania zespołowego:

• W niektórych branżach (takich jak turystyka) kontakt z instytucjami szkoleniowymi jest bardziej znaczący.

• Wykorzystanie języków obcych różni się w krajach partnerskich, na przykład w Wielkiej Brytanii nie ma zbyt dużego zapotrzebowania na naukę języków obcych, podczas gdy...

• W krajach, gdzie język ojczysty jest językiem mniej znanym poza ich granicami, potrzeba nauki języków obcych jest wyraźnie odczuwalna.

• W krajach, które przeszły zmiany ustrojowe czy polityczne, na szybko zmieniające się wymagania stawiane przez rynek pracy i środowiska biznesowe, dotyczące znajomości języka, kultury oraz umiejętności komunikowania się potrzebna jest natychmiastowa reakcja.

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Podsumowując, wykorzystanie metody CLIL i nauczania zespołowego wydaje się mieć wiele zalet zarówno dla studentów, nauczycieli jak i środowiska zawodowego poprzez wzrost świadomości międzykulturowej jako jednego z naturalnych i głównych czynników mających wpływ na umiejętności zawodowe, w czasie gdy nauczany jest przedmiot i język. Prawdopodobnym jest, że wiele innych korzyści pojawi się po szkoleniach wynikających z analizy zdobytych podczas szkolenia umiejętności i zastanowieniu się, w jaki sposób mogą być one wykorzystane w przyszłej pracy zawodowej. Dalsze badania mogą skupić się na społecznościach pracowniczych i wpływu szkolenia na inne grupy docelowe np. współpracownikach i innych osobach w przyszłych miejscach pracy.

“Ksztalcenie zintegrowane pozwala na przyswojenie tresci merytorycznych oraz na

poszerzenie wiedzy z jezyka obcego. Takie ksztalcenie otwiera nam droge

do kariery, zwieksza szanse na rynku pracy i stanowi wyzwanie.”

– student quote –

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Annex 1Annex 1

Institution Country Level Discipline(s) involved in the project

Laurea University of Applied SciencesLaurea ammattikorkeakoulu (Laurea)www.laurea.fi

Finland (FI) polytechnic nursing and health care,travel and tourismco-ordinator

Generalidad Valenciana Consellería de EducaciónGeneralitat Valenciana Consellería de Cultura y Educación (GV)www.gva.es

Spain (ES) vocational educationcollege

cateringbiochemistrylabour lawaircraft maintenance

Adulta, Keski-Uusimaa Institute of Further EducationAdulta, Keski-Uudemaan aikuiskoulu-tus-keskus Oy (Adulta)www.adulta.fi

Finland (FI) vocational education (adult education, fur-ther education)

travel and tourism, immigrant training, language and culture training

Pirkanmaa University of Applied SciencesPirkanmaan ammattikorkeakoulu (PIRAMK)www.piramk.fi

Finland (FI) polytechnic nursing and health carebusiness administration

Seinäjoki University of Applied Sciences Seinäjoen ammattikorkeakoulu (SeAMK)www.seamk.fi

Finland (FI) polytechnic social and health carebusiness administration

Latvia University of AgricultureLatvijas Lauksaimniecības Universitāte (LLU)www.cs.llu.lv

Latvia (LV) university automotive engineering

Ventspils University CollegeVentspils Augstskola (VUC)www.venta.lv

Latvia (LV) university translation studiesbusiness administration

Academy of Humanities and Economics in LodzWyższa Szkoła Humanistyczno-Ekonomiczna w Łódźi (WSHE)www.wshe.lodz.pl

Poland (PL) university business administrationlanguage and culture training

Leeds Metropolitan University, Leslie Silver International Faculty (LeedsMet)www.leedsmet.ac.uk

the United Kingdom (UK)

university travel, tourism and hospitalitylanguage and culture training

University of Jyväskylä, Continuing Education Centre UNICOMJyväskylän yliopisto, Täydennyskoulutus-keskuswww.cec.jyu.fi

Finland (FI) university external advisor & evaluator

The participants of the project Team Teaching CLIL-AXIS (FI-03-B-F-LA-160006)

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Annex 2Annex 2List of thesis, articles, papers and presentations produced in the Team Teaching CLIL-AXIS –project (FI-03-B-F-LA-160006)

Thesis

Team Teaching: Transferability and Boundary Zones in Content and Language Integrated Learning. Euroopan Unionin Leonardo da Vinci ohjelman kielihanke-ehdotus. Riikka Länsisalmi. Project report 2003. Helia, School of Vocational Teacher Education. Helsinki, FI.

Internationalisation and Development Needs of Small and Medium Sized Enterprises. Inkeri Hellsten-Jones. BA Thesis 2005. Laurea University of Applied Sciences. Järvenpää, FI.

Content and Language Integrated Learning (CLIL) and the Team Teaching Method in a Leonardo da Vinci Language Project. Experiences and Refl ections on Project Work and the Role of a Vocational Language. Petra Kaseva. Project report 2006. Helia, School of Vocational Teacher Education. Helsinki, FI.

Articles and Papers

Ammattikorkeakoulujen kieltenopetuksen ja vieraskielisen opetuksen haasteita. Riikka Länsisalmi. Article 2003. Ammattikasvatuksen aikakauskirja 5 (2003): 4. Helsinki, FI.

English Club – Means of Communication and Dissemination of Different Cultures. Larisa Malinovska. Article 2003. Proceedings of the International Scientifi c Conference Multicultural Communication and the Process of Globalization. Jelgava, LV.

Practical Application of the English Language Acquiring the Speciality of Autotransport to Meet the Labour Market Requirements. Larisa Malinovska, D. Berjoza. Article 2003. Proceedings of the International Scientifi c Conference: Rural Environment. Education, Personality. Jelgava, LV.

CLIL-AXIS,Teaming for a Multicultural and Plurilingual Europe. Riikka Länsisalmi. Article 2004. Horizons Partnership Magazine. Laurea University of Applied Sciences. Vantaa, FI.

Introduction of CLIL in the Course of Physics. Anda Zeidmane, Larisa Malinovska. Article 2004. Proceedings of the International Scientifi c Conference: The Role of Chemistry and Physics in the Development of Agricultural Technologies. Kaunas, Lithuania.

Self-Education and Independent Work in Foreign Language Learning. Larisa Malinovska. Article 2004. Proceedings of the International Scientifi c Conference: Achievements for Wellbeing and Development of Society. Innovations in the Higher School Pedagogy. Rezēkne, LV.

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Annex 2Annex 2Diffi culties in International Business Communication. Larisa Malinovska, I.Tumavičus. Article

2004. Student Scientifi c Conference. Latvia University of Agriculture, Jelgava, LV.

The Relevance of CLIL in Vocational and Professional Education. Marcin Jaźwiec and Mariusz Andryszczyk. Article 2004. The Teacher. Warszawa, PL.

Team Teaching and Internationalised Education. Isabell Hodgson. Report 2004. Leeds Metropolitan University, Tourism, Hospitality and Events School. Leeds, UK.

A Paper on CLIL-AXIS Project and Team Teaching. Minna Lindström. Article 2005. Spirit - International News. Pirkanmaa University of Applied Sciences. Tampere, FI.

Интегрированное обучение содержанию и языку как способ формирования профессиональной культуры. Зейдмане А.Р.,Малиновска Л.Г. 2005. Международная научно- практическая конференция: Профессиональная культура специалиста. Материалы конференции. Барановичи. Белорусь.

Wykorzystanie CLIL w nauce przedmiotów kierunkowych w języku obcym- od teorii do prak-tyki. CLIL implementation in teaching content – from theory to practice. Marcin Jaźwiec and Mariusz Andryszczyk. Paper 2005 published on CD.Ustroń, PL.

Necessary Competences for Introduction of CLIL at the Latvia University of Agriculture. Larisa Malinovska, Anda Zeidmane. Article 2006. Journal of Science Education, Vol. 7 / 2006. Bogota, Colombia.

CLIL Cross-cultural Dimensions. Larisa Malinovska, Anda Zeidmane. Article 2006. Proceedings of the International Scientifi c Conference: New Dimensions in the Development of Society. Jelgava, LLU.

Team Teaching & CLIL-AXIS. Kaarina Pekkala. Paper and presentation June 2006. CLIL 2006: CLIL Competence-building for Globalization, Quality in Teaching through a Foreign Language. Helsinki, FI

Trojan Horse or Airbus 380? Maria Frigols. Paper and presentation June 2006. CLIL 2006: CLIL Competence-building for Globalization, Quality in Teaching through a Foreign Language. Helsinki, FI

Business Management: Designing & Implementing a Corporate Finance Programme – “It Takes Two to Tango”. Marcin Jaźwiec. Paper and presentation June 2006. CLIL 2006: CLIL Competence-building for Globalization, Quality in Teaching through a Foreign Language. Helsinki, FI.

Employability and Internationalisation = enhanced graduate opportunities. Isabell Hodgson, Jane Stapleford. Paper and presentation June 2006. CLIL 2006: CLIL Competence-building for Globalization, Quality in Teaching through a Foreign Language. Helsinki, FI.

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Annex 2Annex 2CLIL On-Line. Steve Jones. Paper and presentation June 2006. CLIL 2006: CLIL Competence-

building for Globalization, Quality in Teaching through a Foreign Language. Helsinki, FI.

Presentations

Team Teaching: Transferability and Boundary Zones in Content and Language Integrated Learning. Riikka Länsisalmi. Presentation November 2003. Team Teaching CLIL-AXIS partner meeting. Helsinki, FI

Introduction to the Potential of Content & Language Integrated Learning across the Educational Spectrum. David Marsh. Presentation November 2003. Team Teaching CLIL-AXIS partner meeting. Helsinki, FI

Tutoring Exchange Nursing Students and Professionals.Tuula Ikonen. Presentation November 2003.Team Teaching CLIL-AXIS partner meeting. Helsinki, FI.

The Potential of CLIL in Professional Education. Sanna Malkki. Presentation 2004. Laurea University of Applied Sciences. Järvenpää, FI.

Survey on CLIL for the Students and Teachers of Laurea Järvenpää. Kaarina Pekkala. Presentation 2004. Laurea University of Applied Sciences. Järvenpää, FI.

CLIL and Team Teaching. Petra Kaseva. Presentation May 2004. Team Teaching CLIL-AXIS partner meeting. Ventspils, LV.

Examples of Practise – Intensive Care Unit English. Minna Lindström. Presentation May 2004. Team Teaching CLIL-AXIS partner meeting. Ventspils, LV.

The relevance of CLIL in Vocational and Professional Education in Finland. Tanja Alahiiro. Presentation May 2004. Team Teaching CLIL-AXIS partner meeting. Ventspils, LV.

CLIL ja sihteerin ammattitutkinto. Petra Kaseva. Presentation 2004. Adulta, Keski-Uusimaa Institute of Further Education. Kerava, FI.

CLIL-AXIS in Part-Time Studies. Anda Zeidmane, Larisa Malinovska. Poster report January 2004. LUA Teaching – Methodical seminar: Organization of studies in Part-Time and Further Education Programs. Jelgava, LV.

Diffi culties in International Business Comunication. Larisa Malinovska, I.Tumavičus. Presentation April 2004. Student Scientifi c Conference, LLU, Jelgava, LV. Presentation also at Student Scientifi c Conference in Ventspils University College, Ventspils, LV.

CLIL- a Prerequisite for Successful Integration in the EU. Larisa Malinovska, Anda Zeidmane. Poster report May 2004 International Scientifi c Conference: Social Integration in an Expanding Europe. LLU, Jelgava, LV.

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Annex 2Annex 2Advantages and Disadvantages of Application of CLIL. Teaching Physics at the Latvia University

of Agriculture. Larisa Malinovska, Anda Zeidmane. Presentation December 2004. International Scientifi c Conference: Teachers’ Training in the 21st Century: Changes and Perspectives. Siauliai University, Lithuania.

CLIL as Means for Formation of Professional Culture (Интегрированное обучение содержанию и языку как способ формирования профессиональной культуры). Larisa Malinovska, Anda Zeidmane. Presentation April 2005. International Scientifi c Conference: Professional Culture of Specialists: Methodological, Ideological, Psycho-pedagogical Aspects of Formation. LLU, Jelgava, LV.

Teaching through Englis vs. Teaching in English. David Marsh. Presentation June 2005. Primer Seminario de la Comunidad Valenciana Team Teaching CLIL-AXIS. Dissemination Seminar. Valencia, ES.

Introducing Team Teaching CLIL-AXIS. Kaarina Pekkala. Presentation June 2005. Primer Seminario de la Comunidad Valenciana Team Teaching, CLIL-AXIS. Dissemination Seminar. Valencia, ES.

El programa CLIL de la Conselleria de Cultura. Maria Jésus Frigols. Presentation June 2005. Primer Seminario de la Comunidad Valenciana Team Teaching CLIL-AXIS. Dissemination Seminar. Valencia, ES.

Examples of Practise – Pediatric Nursing English and Physiotherapy English. Minna Lindström. Presentation June 2005. Team Teaching CLIL-AXIS partner meeting. Valencia, ES.

CLIL Courses in Latvia University of Agriculture. Larisa Malinovska, Anda Zeidmane.Presentation June 2005. Team Teaching CLIL-AXIS partner meeting. Valencia, ES.

CLIL Competencies. Larisa Malinovska, Anda Zeidmane. Presentation June 2005. Team Teaching CLIL-AXIS partner meeting. Valencia, ES.

CLIL and European Language Portfolio.Minna Linström. Presentation September 2005. A sem-inar for Social and Health Care Language Teachers, organized by Pirkanmaa University of Applied Sciences. Tampere, FI.

Preparing Students for Successful Working Life, Intercultural Competencies and CLIL. David Marsh. Presentation October 2005. Laurea University of Applied Sciences. Järvenpää, FI.

El enfoque CLIL: Creación de la unidad didáctica a través del idioma. María Jesús Frigols. Presentation October 2005. Primer Encuentro Regional para el Plurilingüismo. Consejeria de Educación de la Junta de Andalucía. Priego de Córdoba, ES.

Communicating CLIL through Audio Visual Resources. María Jesús Frigols. Presentation November 2005. European Centre for Modern Languages. Graz, A.

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Presentation December 2005. Jornada CLIL en la Universidad Politécnica de Valencia. Valencia, ES.

CLIL y la Formación Profesional en España: El Complejo Educativo de Cheste. María Jesús Frigols. Presentation December 2005. Jornada CLIL en la Universidad Jaume I de Castellón. Castellón, ES.

How to Kill Two Birds with One Stone? - Team Teaching - from Theory to Practice. Marcin Jaźwiec and Mariusz Andryszczyk. Presentation April 2005. Ustroń, PL.

Wykorzystanie CLIL w nauce przedmiotów kierunkowych w języku obcym. CLIL and Team Teaching in Bilingual Subjects. Marcin Jaźwiec and Mariusz Andryszczyk. Presentation May 2005. Gliwicki Osrodek Metodyczny Silesia Region Language Teachers´ conference. Gliwice, PL.

Reactions to CLIL from Working Life Mentors in Health Care. Tuula Ikonen. Presentation March 2006. Laurea University of Applied Sciences. Vantaa, FI.

Team Teaching Best Practice Examples in Finland: Physiotherapy English, ICU, Pediatric Nursing. Minna Lindstöm. Presentation March 2006. Laurea University of Applied Sciences. Vantaa, FI.

CLIL and Team Teaching in Poland. Marcin Jazwiec. Presentation March 2006. Laurea University of Applied Sciences. Vantaa, FI.

CLIL and Team Teaching in the UK. Steve Jones. Presentation March 2006. Laurea University of Applied Sciences. Vantaa, FI.

La Formación del Profesorado CLIL: Teoría. María Jesús Frigols. Presentation February 2006. Teacher training course. CEFIRE de Onteniente. Onteniente Valencia, ES.

La Formación del Profesorado CLIL: …Y Práctica. María Jesús Frigols. Presentation February 2006. Teacher training course. CEFIRE de Onteniente. Onteniente Valencia, ES.

CLIL/AICLE: Enseñar con Doble Perspectiva (I). María Jesús Frigols. Presentation March 2006. Teacher training course. CEFIRE Juan de Garay de Valencia. Valencia, ES.

CLIL/AICLE: Enseñar con Doble Perspectiva (II). María Jesús Frigols. Presentation March 2006. Teacher training course. CEFIRE Juan de Garay de Valencia. Valencia, ES.

Team Teaching: Planifi cación e Implementación en el Aula. María Jesús Frigols. Presentation March 2006. Teacher training course. CEFIRE Juan de Garay de Valencia. Valencia, ES.

Desarrollo del Currículo en Team Teaching. María Jesús Frigols. Presentation March 2006. Consejería de Educación de la Junta de Andalucía.Granada, ES.

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Jesús Frigols.Presentation May 2006. Complejo Educativo de Cheste. Cheste Valencia, ES.

Necessary Competences for Introduction of CLIL at the Latvia University of Agriculture. Larisa Malinovska, Anda Zeidmane. Presentation April 2006. International Conference: Rural Environment. Education. Personality. LLU, Jelgava, LV.

CLIL – Dimensions and Possibilities in Latvia. Larisa Malinovska, Anda Zeidmane. Seminar May 2006 for the Teaching Staff of the Latvia University of Agriculture. Valgunde, Jelgava region, LV.

Nauczanie zespołowe (Team Teaching) efektywnym sposobem na rozwijanie zainteresowań i kompetencji uczniów – wybrane przykłady współpracy nauczycieli języków ob-cych i innych przedmiotów. Team Teaching as an Effective Way of Developing Students’ Interests and Competencies – Examples of Good Practice of Content-Language Teachers’ Cooperation. Marcin Jaźwiec and Mariusz Andryszczyk. Presentation June 2006. Teachers’ Forums Łódź, Warszawa, PL.