CLEAN DEVELOPMENT MECHANISM PROJECT … · FOR SMALL-SCALE AFFORESTATION AND ... D. Environmental...

UNFCCC/CCNUCC ____________________________________________________________________________________ CDM – Executive Board

PROJECT DESIGN DOCUMENT FORM FOR SMALL-SCALE AFFORESTATION AND REFORESTATION PROJECT ACTIVITIES

(CDM-SSC-AR-PDD) - Version 01

This template shall not be altered. It shall be completed without modifying/adding headings or logo, format or font.

CLEAN DEVELOPMENT MECHANISM PROJECT DESIGN DOCUMENT FORM FOR SMALL-SCALE AFFORESTATION AND

REFORESTATION PROJECT ACTIVITIES (CDM-SSC-AR-PDD) Once amendments or new simplified methodologies have been approved this document needs to be

updated

CONTENTS

A. General description of the proposed small-scale A/R CDM project activity B. Application of a baseline and monitoring methodology C. Estimation the net anthropogenic GHG removals by sinks D. Environmental impacts of the proposed small-scale A/R CDM project activity

E. Socio-economic impacts of the proposed small-scale A/R CDM project activity F. Stakeholders’ comments

Annexes

Annex 1: Contact information on participants in the proposed small-scale A/R CDM project activity

Annex 2: Information regarding public funding





SECTION A. General description of the proposed small-scale A/R CDM project activity: A.1. Title of the proposed small-scale A/R CDM project activity:

>> Small-scale Reforestation for Landscape Restoration.

Version 2.0

Date: 19/01/2007

A.2. Description of the proposed small-scale A/R CDM project activity:

>>The project area is located at the south of the Gaoligongshan Nature Reserve in the western slope of the famous Gaoligongshan Mountain, which is regarded as one of key areas of global biodiversity conservation. The lands to be reforested were deforested in 1950s and current land use/covers are cropland, abandoned cropland and grassland. There is no seed pool for forest regeneration due to long-term agricultural cultivation, and an invasive weed, i.e., Eupatorium (Eupatorium adenophorum), that has occupied the lands after abandonment, making the natural forest re-growth impossible. The dense fern cover also prevents the potential forest regeneration on the grassland.

Sponsored by the Conversation International (CI) and The Nature Conservation (TNC), a small-scale A/R CDM project activity is proposed with a purpose for landscape restoration, specifically,

To establish a buffer zone between the nature reserve and the surrounded communities by restoring forests at the fringe of the reserve, and alleviate pressure of communities on the nature reserve;

To suppress the invasive weed, Eupatorium, and prevent its expansion toward the nature reserve, and as a result, to alleviate threat of the invasive species to the biodiversity conservation.

To reduce soil erosion. The lands to be reforested are located at the upper reaches of Longchuanjiang River, which is an important branch of Irrawaddy River (an international river).

To contribute to climate change mitigation by removing CO2 from atmosphere through the growth of planted trees.

To increase income and alleviate poverty of local communities.

To realize the objectives above, 467.7 ha of mixed forests will be established, among which 37.6 ha of lands are linked directly to and 78.2 ha located at the outskirt of the Gaoligongshan Nature Reserve, using native tree species, i.e., flous taiwania (Taiwania flousiana Gaussen), shiny-bark birch (Betula luminifera H.Winsl), Yunnan pine (Pinus yunnanensis), Nepal alder (Alnus nepalensis).

Both the operating entity (Sujiang Forestry Farm) and local farmers hold a view that the proposed A/R CDM project activity will contribute to poverty alleviation and environment (biodiversity conservation and soil erosion control), thus contribute to sustainable development.

In the proposed small-scale A/R CDM project activity, local farmers/communities will contribute lands and labours. Local forestry farm will invest in planting activities, provide technical inputs and manage the plantations during the crediting period, as well as take the natural and investment risks. In return, the farmers/communities own the net income from forest products and the forestry farm own the carbon





credit produced by the project. In addition, the forest farms/companies will pay farmers’ labor inputs to ensure their short-term income. A.3. Project participants:

>> Table A-1 Project participants

Name of Party involved (*) ((host) indicates a host Party)

Private and/or public entity(ies) project participants (*)

(as applicable)

Kindly indicate if the Party involved

wishes to be considered as

project participant (Yes/No)

People’s Republic of China Private entity: Sujiang Forestry Farm, Yunnan, P.R. China No

(*) In accordance with the CDM A/R modalities and procedures, at the time of making the CDM-SSCAR-PDD public at the stage of validation, a Party involved may or may not have provided its approval. At the time of requesting registration, the approval by the Party(ies) involved is required.

A.4. Technical description of the small-scale A/R CDM project activity:

>> Technical issues of the proposed small-scale A/R CDM project activity are described in detail in sub-sections below.

A.4.1. Location of the proposed small-scale A/R CDM project activity:

>>The proposed small-scale A/R CDM project activity is located in Tengchong County, Yunnan Province in southwestern China (Fig.A-1).





A.4.1.1. Host Party(ies):

>> P. R. China

Fig.A-1 Locations of the proposed small-scale A/R CDM project i i





A.4.1.2. Region/State/Province etc.:

>> Yunnan Province

A.4.1.3. City/Town/Community etc:

>> Lands to be reforested are located in 5 villages of 3 townships and 1 forestry farm in the northern part of Tengchong County.

Table A-2 List of townships and villages involved

Townships Villages committee Village group Longitude (E, degree)

Latitude (N, degree)

Minzudui 98.689 25.166 Dazuyuan 98.683 25.171 Lichaiba 98.671 25.180

Pingdi

Sanjiachun 98.675 25.184 Daijiazhai 98.671 25.278

Qushi

Daba Fanjiazhai 98.672 25.278 Erdaohe 98.668 25.338 Banpo 98.684 25.562 Guanjiazhai 98.671 25.343 Lijiazhai 98.666 25.345 Wangjiaying 98.656 25.343 Cunjiaying 98.654 25.347 Zhaojiapotou 98.642 25.358 Yangjia 98.650 25.350 Yujiazhai 98.647 25.344

Donghua

Hengzhaizi 98.664 25.338

Jietou

Zhoujiapo Mopanshi 98.684 25.562 Houqiao Shangjie Haoziba 98.284 25.324 Sujiang Forestry Farm 98.279 25.329

A.4.1.4. Detail of geographical location and project boundary, including information allowing the unique identification(s) of the proposed small-scale A/R CDM project activity:

>> The project boundaries and geographical locations are indicated in figures below and the specific geographical positions (longitude, latitude) at each corner of each of 13 patches of sites (in separate spreadsheet attached) have been determined using satellite image (Landsat ETM+, Dec 30 2002) followed by land-based checking using GPS （see Fig. A-2 to Fig. A-5）.





Fig. A-2 Lands to be reforested in the northern part of Qushi and Jietou Townships





Fig. A-3 Lands to be reforested in the southern part of Qushi and Jietou Townships





Fig. A-4 Lands to be reforested in the northern part of Houqiao Township





Fig. A-5 Lands to be reforested in the southern part of Houqiao Township





A.4.1.5. A description of items on present environmental conditions of the area, which include information on climate, soils, main watershed, ecosystems, and the possible presence of rare or endangered species and their habitats:

>> The environmental conditions of the project area are summarized as follows1

Landform

Tengchong County is located in the southwestern end of Hengduanshan Mountain Range. The elevations, depositions, denudation, folds and faults during several geological movements resulted in the high mountains and steep valleys. The mountain stretches from high- and mid-mountains in the north to low-mountains, hills and plains in the central and south of the county, with the elevation 930-3780.2 m. The project sites are located in the most mountainous area in the northern part of the County.

The rock strata are dominated by ancient metamorphic rocks with a few magma invasion or eruption.

Located at the eastern side of the joint of Indian continental shelf and European-Asia continental shelf, and at the western side of the fold system among Nujiang River, Lantsang River and Jinshajiang River, Tengchong County is a geological active area. There were 85 times of recorded earthquakes that were over 4 degree from 1478 to 1985.

Climate

Climate in Tengchong County belongs to the sub-tropical climate zone. The mean annual temperature is 14.8 0C. The mean temperature in the coldest month and hottest month, i.e., January and August, is 7.5 0C and 19.8 0C, respectively. The mean annual precipitation is 1463.8 mm, with a relative variability of 12.3 percent. From 1971 to 2000, the mean air temperature has been increasing by 0.20C per ten years but there was no significant change of precipitation2. Interviewing with local communities also indicates that local people feel hotter, and the warm temperature and extreme precipitation events have occurred more frequently than ever before.

1 Editorial Board of Tengchong County Annals. 1995. Tengchong County Annal. Beijing: Publishing House of China Publication. 2Observed data observed during 1971-2000 at Tengchong Weather Station from

30year Max_Temp of Tengchong

05

1015202530

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12

Month

Deg

ree

30year Mean_Temp of Tengchong

05

10152025

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12

Month

Deg

ree





There are some extreme climate events in the project areas. They are:

Spring cold current: It occurred once every 3-6 years and mainly impacts the production of rice and wheat.

Drought: It mainly occurred in spring once every 3-16 years. The drought may occur consecutively in the spring and summer, with a frequency of once every 13 years.

Hailstone: It usually occurred strongly from 13:00 to 19:00 in the daytime during March-May and September-November periods.

Flood: It usually occurred in the summer (June to August), once every 3-4 years.

Soils

Soils in the project area were developed from sediment, alluvial deposit and slope deposit. Due to the high elevation difference and complex landform, there are several types of soils. The zonic soil types from south to north and from foot to the peak of mountains are red earth, yellow-red earth, yellow earth, yellow-brown earth, brown soil, dark brown soil and subalpine meadow. In addition there are some non-zonic soils, such as limestone soil, alluvial soil and Andept. Soils of the project sites are yellow earth and yellow-brown earth with clay content less than 50 percent3.

Hydrology

There are two river systems within Tengchong County, i.e., Dayingjiang River system that consists of Guyonghe River, Mianqinghe River and Binglangjiang River, and Longchuanjiang River system composed of Mingguanghe River, Longjiangxiaojiang River and Longjiangdajiang River. The rivers and their branches flow mostly along faults and are confluent to Irrawaddy River in Myanmar. These rivers are usually very short but have big falls (over 1000 m), resulting in many rushes and waterfalls. Both river systems are the upper reaches of the international river, i.e., Irrawaddy. Lands to be reforested in the proposed small-scale A/R CDM project activity are located in the upper reaches of the Longchuanjiang Rivers and Binglangjiang River.

33 Soil survey of Baoshang Prefecture. 1989.

30year Average Temp of Tengchong

0.2/Decade

13.014.015.016.017.0

1971

1974

1977

1980

1983

1986

1989

1992

1995

1998

Year

Deg

ree

30year Total Precipitation of Tengchong

800100012001400160018002000

1971

1974

1977

1980

1983

1986

1989

1992

1995

1998

Year

Am

ount

(mm

)





Ecosystems

The zonic vegetation in Tengchong County belongs to transitional zone from south subtropical evergreen broadleaf forest and mid-subtropical evergreen broadleaf forest, with apparent vertical and horizontal vegetation spectrum. Main natural vegetation types include Savanna-shrub-grass in valley bottom, temperate coniferous forests, monsoon evergreen broadleaf forest, semi-moist evergreen broadleaf forest, temperate evergreen broadleaf forest, mid-temperate coniferous forest, moss bosquet, cold-temperate coniferous forest, cold-temperate bamboo stands, cold-temperate shrub stand and meadow.

The current land use/covers of the lands to be planted are cropland, abandoned cropland and grassland. Major crops cultivated are corn, genus Nicotiana and buckwheat. The abandoned croplands are mostly covered with dense Eupatorium, an invasive weed. The grassland is occupied by dense fern and a few small shrubs.

Wildlife

The project region is one of key areas of global biodiversity conservation. There are over 2,000 species of higher plants in the Tengchong County, including 4 species (e.g., Taxus yunnanensis, Taiwania cryptomerioides, Alcimandra cathcardii) under the first category of the national protected rare and endangered plants, 20 species under the second category, 30 species listed in the provincial protected rate and endangered plants. 31 species of plants in Tengchong was listed in the IUCN plant list.

There are 154 species of mammals, 419 species of birds, 21 species of amphibians, 56 species of reptiles, 49 species of fish and 1690 species of insects. Among them 18 species are listed under the first category of the national protected rare and endangered wildlife and 49 species under the second category. Important animals include Rhesuls macaque (Macaca assamensid M), Pigtail macaque Macaca nemestrina Linnaeus, Phayre's monkey (Trachypithecus phayrei）, Slow loris( Nycticebus coucang) (Boddaert), Hoolock, White-browed gibbon (Hylobates hoolock) (Harlan), Malayan Sun-bear( Helarctos malayanus) (Raffles), Lepord(Panthera pardu)s(Lin-naeus), Bengal Tiger(Panthera tigris) (Lin-naeus), Takin(Budorcas taxicolor) Hodgson, Black Stork (Ciconia nigra) (Linnaeus), Golden Eagle (Aquila chrysaetos daphanea Menzbier), Sclater's Montal Pheasant( Lophophorus sclateri orientalis Davision), Mrs Hume's Pheasant (Syrmaticus humiae burmannicus) (Oates), Green Peafowl( Pavo muticus imperator Delacour), Crimson-bellied Tragopan (Tragopan temminckii), etc.

Based on baseline survey, No protected or endangered species and IUCN species have not been found on the proposed project lands. These lands currently have low biodiversity and Eupatorium is an invasive species in the region.

A.4.2. Species and varieties selected:

>> Tree species to be used have been determined by interviewing local farmers/communities and farms/companies involved, and taking into consideration carbon sequestration rates, biodiversity enhancement, soil and climate conditions, and the value of associated forest products. These species include:

Flous taiwania (Taiwania flousiana Gaussen)

Shiny-bark birch (Betula luminifera H.Winsl)

Nepal alder (Alnus nepalensis D. Don)





Yunnan pine (Pinus yunnanensis)

All species are native to the area. These species will be intermixed in planting (see Section A.4.8 for specific reforestation models).There will be no clone offsprings. A.4.3. Specification of the greenhouse gases (GHG) whose emissions will be part of the proposed small-scale A/R CDM project activity:

>> Based on paragraph 7 of the Revised Simplified baseline methodologies for small-scale afforestation and reforestation small-scale project activities under the clean development mechanism, emissions of GHGs from the actual net GHG removals by sinks do not need to be accounted. In addition, the leakage due to activity displacement can be omitted (see Section B.2). Therefore, CO2 is the only greenhouse gases (GHG) accounted.

A.4.4. Carbon pools selected:

>> Based on the simplified baseline and monitoring methodology1 applied by the proposed small-scale A/R CDM project activity, the aboveground and belowground biomass are the only carbon pools to be considered (table A-3 below).

Table A-3 Carbon pools selected

Carbon Pools Selected (answer with yes or no) Above ground Yes Below ground Yes Dead wood No Litter No Soil organic carbon No

A.4.5. Assessment of the eligibility of land:

>> The Chinese Government defines forests as lands having growing trees with:

A minimum area of 0.067 hectares;

A minimum tree crown cover of 20%; and

A minimum height of 2 meters.

Therefore, the threshold values of the forest definition of Chinese government comply with the UNFCCC definition and are to be used for the purposes of the Kyoto Protocol.

The land eligibility is demonstrated using “Procedures to define the eligibility of lands for afforestation and reforestation project activities”,

(a) The land at the moment the project starts is not a forest, which has been demonstrated by

(i) Field survey showed that the lands to be planted in the proposed small-scale A/R CDM project activity are currently cropland, abandoned cropland occupied by invasive Eupatorium, and grasslands covered by dense fern and a few shrubs, rather than forests or temporarily unstocked lands; Although parcels of the land have existing maturing trees, these trees are too sparse for any parcel to meet the definition of a forest.





(ii) Most recent land use/cover maps showed in figures above (from Fig A-2 to Fig A-5) also demonstrates that the lands to be planted are not forested lands. The maps were derived from satellite image (landsat ETM+, Dec 30 2002).

(b) The activity is an eligible CDM reforestation project activity, which is demonstrated by

(i) Interviewing with local farmers/communities on land use/cover history and important events that have impacted the land use/cover showed that the lands to be planted in the proposed small-scale A/R CDM project activity have been non-forested lands since at least 1989.

(ii) Land use/cover maps showed in figures below (Fig A-6, Fig A-7, Fig A-8, and Fig A-9) also demonstrate that the lands to be planted were not forested lands in 1989.

There are some pre-existing living trees on cropland and grassland, i.e, 40 tree and 29 tree per hectare (see table B-1). The crown diameter for one tree at maturity is estimated about 5 meters, and 40 trees gives about 785 m2, equivalent to 7.8% of crown cover, which is below the threshold of 20% for defining as a forest.

Note:The satellite images will be accessible to the DOE to confirm the eligibility of lands. The lands to be planted in the proposed small-scale A/R CDM project activity are marked with red lines in these figures.

Land covered with dense fern and a few shrubs

Tobacco Maize

Abandoned cropland covered with Eupatorium





Fig. A-6 Land use/cover to be reforested in the northern part of Qushi and Jietou Townships in 1989





Fig. A-7 Land use/cover to be reforested in the southern part of Qushi and Jietou Townships in 1989





Fig. A-8 Land use/cover to be reforested in the northern part of Houqiao Township in 1989





Fig. A-9 Land use/cover to be reforested in the southern part of Houqiao Township in 1989





A.4.6. A description of legal title to the land, current land tenure and land use and rights of access to the sequestered carbon:

>> The land to be reforested were deforested in 1958-1959 during the “Steel and Iron Campain”, followed by agricultural land use, fallow or abandonment. There was another round of devegetation in 1980s on some lands when the lands were contracted to local villagers who had no confidence on the governmental policy (see table A-5 for the specific land use history).

Table A-5 Land use history

Town-ships/ Farms

Villages Compartment No.

Land area within the

project boundary

(ha)

Current land uses

Land use history

Daba

TC0303 12.0

Abandoned cropland

Deforested in 1958, followed by fallow cropland; maize or buckwheat in 1980s, and abandoned since then with a few grazing

TC0103 12.3 cropland


Qushi

Pingdi

TC0105 5.8 cropland

Deforested in 1958-1959, followed by maize before 1980s and tobacco or maize since 1980s

TC0102 21.9 Abandoned cropland

TC0301 25.7 Abandoned cropland

Deforested in 1958, followed by fallow cropland; maize or buckwheat in 1980s, and abandoned since then with a few grazing

Donghua


Jietou

Zhoujiapo

TC0101 15.4 cropland Deforested in 1958-1959, followed by maize before 1980s and tobacco or maize since 1980s

Shangjie TC0203 83.8 Barren land

TC0204 86.2 Barren land

Houqiao

TC0205 69.6 Barren land

Deforested in 1958-1959, followed by fallow cropland, devegetation in 1980s, and abandoned as barren land since then. Currently with sporadic seasonal illegal grazing

TC0201 29.0 Barren landShujiang Forestry Farm TC0202 83.4 Barren land

Deforested in 1958-1959, keep abandoned barren land since then





There are 2,108 farmers from 433 households living in the project area. 264.7ha of land to be planted in the proposed small-scale A/R CDM project activity is legally owned by local villages/villagers’ groups as a collective property. However, the land use right of 25.2 ha lands within the project boundary was contracted to local farmers for 30 years starting on Jan 01 2001 and will be renewed upon expiration for another 30-50 years according to Chinese “ Land Contract Law” if farmers apply for. Local farmers have the right to decide themselves how to use the land and own the resources on the land. 90.6 ha of lands to be reforested are still managed by local villages. In addition, 112.4ha of lands are state-owned and are managed by the Sujiang Forestry Farm (table A-6). The area is estimated using GIS based on the GPS coordinates of the project boundary.

Currently there are three types of land uses, i.e., 66.2 ha of cropland (maize, genus Nicotiana and buckwheat), 49.6 ha of abandoned cropland covered with dense Eupatorium (invasive weed) and 351.9ha of grassland occupied by dense fern and a few small shrubs.(Fig A-9)

Table A-6 Land tenures

Town-ships/ Farms

Villages Villager Groups Land area within the

project boundary

(ha)

Number of households

population Current land uses

Land tenures (ha)

Minzudui 2.7 20 87 Cropland Farmers

Dazuyuan 6.6 34 154 Cropland Farmers

Lichaiba 10.3 58 299 Cropland Farmers

Pingdi

Sanjiachun 9.3 27 122 Cropland Farmers

Daijiazhai 7.2 42 204 Cropland Farmers

Qushi

Daba

Fanjiazhai 4.8 32 156 Cropland Farmers

Erdaohe 14.2 36 156 Cropland and abandoned cropland

Farmers

Banpo 20.1 22 108 Cropland and abandoned cropland

Farmers

Guanjiazhai 4.2 10 50 Cropland and abandoned cropland

Collectives

Lijiazhai 1.3 10 60 Cropland and abandoned cropland

Collectives

Wangjiaying 3.8 15 90 Cropland and abandoned cropland

Collectives

Cunjiaying 4.7 15 75 Cropland and abandoned cropland

Collectives

Yangjia 5.5 10 40 Cropland and abandoned cropland

Collectives

Jietou Donghua

Yujiazhai 1.4 10 51 Cropland and abandoned

Collectives





cropland

Zhaojiapotou 3.1 5 40 Cropland and abandoned cropland

Collectives

Hengzhaizi 1.2 15 47 Cropland and abandoned cropland

Collectives

Zhoujiapo Mopanshi 15.4 55 290 Cropland Farmers

Houqiao Shangjie Haoziba 239.5 17 79 Grassland Collective Sujiang Forestry Farm 112.4 Grassland Farm

Total 467.7 433 2,108

Under the contractual arrangement in the proposed small-scale A/R CDM project activity, local farmers/communities and forestry farm involved have the right to use the lands. The local farmers/communities own the timber and other wood and non-wood forest products, and have the legal right to harvest and sell the products. However, they should have the license, which is issued by the local government, to harvest the timber. The forestry farm own the right of sequestered carbon credit.

To effectively promote and govern CDM project activities in China, the Chinese government issued the Measures for Operation and Management of Clean Development Mechanism Projects in China on Oct 12, 2005, effective immediately. Based on the Measures, the Chinese Government allows any sponsor to apply, invest in, and implement a CDM project activity as long as it meets basic requirements stipulated in the Measures. The right of access to the sequestered carbon belongs fully to participants after Chinese government taxes 2% of transfer value4.

A.4.7. Type(s) of small-scale A/R CDM project activity:

>> Based on the Decision 14/CP.10 “Simplified modalities and procedures for small-scale afforestation and reforestation project activities under the clean development mechanism in the first commitment period of the Kyoto Protocol and measures to facilitate their implementation”5, the proposed small-scale A/R CDM project activity belongs to the type of cropland to forested land and grassland to forested land.

A.4.8. Technology to be employed by the proposed small-scale A/R CDM project activity:

>> One of the main technologies which will be employed under this project is reforestation through direct planting with environmental-friendly techniques. Good practice guidance and successful national and international technologies. The following technical standards will be strictly followed:

State Technical Regulations for Afforesation/Reforestation: GB/T 15776-1995;

State Technical Regulations for Establishing Eironmental Service Forests: GB/T 18337.1-2001, GB/T 18337.2-2001, GB/T 18337.3-2001;

State Technical Regulations for Designing of Afforesation/Reforestation: LY/T 1607-2003;

State Technical Regulations for Forest Management: GB/T 15781-1995; 4 http://cdm.ccchina.gov.cn/ 5 FCCC/CP/2004/10/Add.2





Standards for Seedling Qualification: GB 6000-1999;

Technical Standard for Seedling Breading: GB/T 6001-1985;

Technical Standard for Container Seedling Breeding: LY1000-1991.

The local forestry agencies, i.e., Yunnan Provincial Forestry Department, Tengchong County Forestry Bureaus, China Office of The Nature Conservancy, China Office of the Conservation International and the Chinese Academy of Forestry will provide technical consultation and guidance, including training courses, and conduct quality control to the preparation and implementation of the proposed small-scale A/R CDM project activity. Project participants will also seek advice from other local, national, and international forestry experts. The most up-to-date technologies and silvicultural models will be adopted. No technology will be transferred to the host party.

Site and Soil Preparation

To prevent soil erosion, reduce GHG emission and protect existing carbon stocks, site burning and overall tillage will not be employed during the site and soil preparation. Existing non-tree vegetation will be slashed manually along landform contour with a width 60 cm and small holes (with diameter and depth 40 cm for flous taiwania and Yunnan pine, and 30 cm for shiny-bark birch and Nepal alder will be dug along slashed belts.

Species and model arrangements

Tree species will be planted in mixed block arrangements (mixed at landscape level, same species within each block) to minimize risks (fire, pest insects and disease) and maximize environmental and social benefits. Table A-7 lists the species and model arrangement and table A-8 lists species and model arrangement for each compartment/sub-compartment. Fig. A-10 presents a GIS example of species combination and planting model arrangement.

Table A-7 Species and model arrangement and planting plan

Species/Model Model No.

Species ratio

Area to be planted in 2007 (ha)

Total area (ha)

Shiny-bark birch + Nepal alder

M1 1:1 7.2 7.2

Flous taiwania + Shiny-bark birch

M2 1:1 282.6

282.6

12-year-old Shiny-bark birch plantation





Flous taiwania + Shiny-bark birch + Nepal alder

M3 1:1:1 60.7 60.7

Nepal alder M4 1 4.8 4.8

Nepal alder+ Yunnan pine

M5 1:1 112.4 112.4

Total 1:1 467.7 467.7

Table A-8 Species and model arrangement for each compartment/sub-compartment

Compartment_Sub-compartment Area (ha) Species/Model No TC0101_01 7.5 M2 TC0101_02 7.9 M2 TC0102_01 6.6 M2 TC0102_02 15.3 M2 TC0103_01 5.5 M2 TC0103_02 6.7 M2 TC0104_01 7.7 M2 TC0104_02 3.2 M2 TC0105_01 2.8 M2 TC0105_02 3.0 M2 TC0201_01 11.4 M5 TC0201_02 5.9 M5 TC0201_03 11.7 M5 TC0202_01 7.2 M5 TC0202_02 46.5 M5 TC0202_03 29.7 M5 TC0203_01 35.6 M2 TC0203_02 17.5 M2 TC0203_03 30.7 M2 TC0204_01 19.6 M2 TC0204_02 43.5 M2 TC0204_03 23.1 M3 TC0205_01 35.3 M2 TC0205_02 34.3 M2 TC0301_01 13.9 M3 TC0301_02 11.8 M3 TC0302_01 11.9 M3 TC0303_01 4.8 M4





TC0303_02 7.2 M1

Genetic Sources and Nursery Practices

All seedlings used in the proposed small-scale A/R CDM project activity will be produced on-sites beside the project lands, or purchased from local private nuseries in Qushi Township, Zhonghe Township and Tengyue Town of the Tengchong County. All seedlings will be bred from seed and there will be no clone

Fig A-10 Species Combination and Reforestation model arrangement in Houqiao Township





offsprings.

Seeds of Nepal alder and shiny-bark birch will be collected from local seed orchards at Linjiapu in Gaoligongshan Nature Reserve. Seeds of flous taiwania will be collected from seed orchards or parent trees in Qushi Township, Jietou Township, Houqiao Town, Beihai Township and Heshun Town in the Tengchong County

Seedlings of Nepal alder and shiny-bark birch will be moved into plastic tubes (5 cm in diameter and 15

cm length) that hold soils mixed with 20 percent of organic soil. This technique ensures the control of the growing conditions in the initial stage after planting, and thus increases the survival rate and early growth.

Forest Establishment

Planting activities will be conducted in 2007, with spacing 2 m × 3 m for all species.

To ensure high survival rates and good growth in the early stages, weed will be slashed manually twice (April-May and September-October) a year in the first 3-5 years after planting. Survival rates will be checked and re-planting will be conducted 1 month after planting if needed.

Synthetic compound fertilizer with nitrogen content around 10% will be applied in order to enhance the growth of young stands: 50g per tree at the time of planting, 50g per tree in the second year, 100g per tree in the third year, and 100g per tree in the fourth

Forest Management

The plantations of Nepal alder, shiny-bark birch and flous taiwania will be thinned manually at 17--year-old, and once again at 24-year-old. The plantation of Yunnan pine will not be thinned. All plantations will be harvest after 30-year-old. Thinning intensity for each thinning event is 30 percent of the standing volume. Upon harvesting, shiny-bark birch and Nepal alder will be regenerated naturally and other stands by direct re-planting.

On-site nursery beside project land

Nepal alder seedlings in plastic bag





A.4.9. Approach for addressing non-permanence:

>> The issuance of tCER for the net anthropogenic GHG removals by sinks achieved by the proposed small-scale A/R CDM project activity is chosen.

A.4.10. Duration of the proposed small-scale A/R CDM project activity / Crediting period:

>> During the interview, the Sujiang Forestry Farm (the implementing entity) and local farmers involved expressed that they would like to have the crediting period of 30 years.

A.4.10.1. Starting date of the proposed small-scale A/R CDM project activity and of the (first) crediting period, including a justification:

>> 01/06/2007 is the starting date of the proposed small-scale A/R CDM project activity and the crediting period.

A.4.10.2. Expected operational lifetime of the proposed small-scale A/R CDM project activity:

>> 30 years.

A.4.10.3. Choice of crediting period and related information:

>>30 years

A.4.10.3.1. Renewable crediting period, if selected:

>> N/A

A.4.10.3.1.1. Starting date of the first crediting period:

>> N/A

A.4.10.3.1.2. Length of the first crediting period:

>> N/A

A.4.10.3.2 Fixed crediting period, if selected:

>> 30 years

A.4.10.3.2 .1. Starting date:

>> 01/06/2007

A.4.10.3.2.2. Length:

>> 30 years





A.4.11. Brief explanation of how the net anthropogenic GHG removals by sinks are achieved by the proposed small-scale A/R CDM project activity, including why these would not occur in the absence of the proposed small-scale A/R CDM project activity, taking into account national and/or sectoral policies and circumstances:

>>Carbon dioxide will be sequestered from the atmosphere through the growth of planted trees and stored in the aboveground biomass and belowground biomass of living trees. Leakage due to activity displacement and GHG emissions from nitrogen fertilization will occur only on a limited scale and can be omitted.

Due to the deforestation and subsequent cultivation, overuse for fuel wood, and grazing, the project areas have been steadily degrading over the last several decades. Currently the lands to be reforested within the project boundary are cropland, abandoned cropland occupied with a dense invasive weed, or grasslands occupied by dense fern and a few shrubs.

Long-term agricultural cultivation has resulted in the complete loss of seed pool of trees. It is hardly possible for seed to spread into the lands due to the large size of the lands. The dense coverage of the invasive weed also prevents young trees from growing up where there is any existing seed of trees in abandoned cropland or seed spread from nearby forests. There are limited amount of existing trees on some grasslands to be planted. However, field survey indicated that natural regeneration on the grassland is quite limited due to dense fern cover. Therefore, the natural regeneration would not result in the conversion to a forest in the absence of the proposed small-scale A/R CDM project activity.

For two sites with a few growing trees, our baseline scenario includes a slight increase in biomass carbon stocks due to the continued growth of these trees. As a result, the baseline net greenhouse gas removal by sinks is very small.

Therefore, the net anthropogenic greenhouse gas removals by sinks will be achieved only by the proposed A/R CDM project activity, and would not occur without the A/R CDM project activity A.4.11.1. Estimated amount of net anthropogenic GHG removals by sinks over the chosen crediting period:

>>The net anthropogenic GHG removals by sinks as a result of the proposed A/R CDM project activity is anticipated to be a 167,547 tones of CO2 equivalent during the crediting period (between June 01, 2007 and May 30, 2037) per the Table A-9 below.

Table A-9 Ex ante estimated net anthropogenic GHG removals by sinks Please provide the total estimation of net anthropogenic GHG removals by sinks as well as annual estimates for the chosen crediting period. Information on the net anthropogenic GHG removals by sinks shall be indicated using the following tabular format.

Years Annual estimation of net anthropogenic

GHG removals by sinks in tonnes of CO2 e 2007 -925





2008 -270 2009 -33 2010 388 2011 945 2012 1,604 2013 2,344 2014 3,147 2015 4,003 2016 4,904 2017 5,844 2018 6,815 2019 7,813 2020 8,830 2021 9,860 2022 10,895 2023 -9,637 2024 7,441 2025 9,899 2026 10,585 2027 11,247 2028 11,880 2029 12,481 2030 -23,213 2031 7,005 2032 9,964 2033 10,268 2034 10,540 2035 10,779 2036 10,986 2037 11,160

Total estimated net anthropogenic GHG removals by sinks (tones of CO2 e)

167,547

Total number of crediting years 30 Annual average over the crediting period of estimated net anthropogenic GHG removals by sinks (tonnes of CO2 e)

5585

Notes: minus sign indicates the source while plus indicates the sink A.4.12. Public funding of the proposed small-scale A/R CDM project activity:

>> The establishment cost will be from local commercial bank loans, counterpart funds from local government, and the participants themselves. The operating and maintenance cost will be covered by short-term loans from local commercial banks and participants. There is no available public funding that will result in a diversion of official development assistance and financial obligations of any Parties under UNFCCC.





A.4.12.1. Confirmation that the small-scale A/R CDM project activity is not a

debundled component of a larger project activity:

>> There is no registered small-scale A/R CDM project activity and no application to register another small-scale CDM project activity that conform to criteria for determining the occurrence of debundling6:

(a) with the same project participants

(b) Registered within the previous two years

(c) Whose project boundary is within 1 km of the project boundary of the proposed small-scale A/R CDM activity at the closest point.

Therefore the proposed small-scale A/R CDM project activity is not a debundled component of a larger project activity. SECTION B. Application of a baseline and monitoring methodology : B.1. Title and reference of the approved baseline and monitoring methodology applied to the proposed small-scale A/R CDM project activity:

>> Approved baseline methodology “Revised Simplified baseline and monitoring methodologies for selected small-scale afforestation and reforestation project activities under the clean development”(AR-AMS0001/Version 02)7 was applied to the proposed small-scale A/R CDM project activity.

B. 2. Justification of the choice of the methodology in Appendix B of the CDM simplified modalities and procedures for small-scale A/R project and its applicability to the proposed small-scale A/R CDM project activity:

>> The proposed small-scale A/R CDM project activity complies with the applicability conditions under which the chosen baseline methodology is applies in the following ways:

Due to the degraded feature of the land and identifiable barriers that prevent investors or local communities using the land in a manner that will lead to carbon sequestration, the lands to be reforested, without the proposed A/R CDM project activity, will continue to be current status. Therefore, baseline approach 22(a): “Existing or historical, as applicable, changes in carbon stock in the carbon pools within the project boundary”, is the most appropriate approach for determination of the baseline scenario. The approach 22(b): “Changes in carbon stocks in the carbon pools within the project boundary from a land use that represents an economically attractive course of action” is not appropriate for the proposed small-scale A/R CDM project activity because the status of the land is economically unattractive, and there is no economically attractive alternative to this status unless CDM finance is available. The third approach is also a valid option. The most likely land use would be continued current land use, therefore, it is similar to the Approach 22(a).

6 Appendix C in Decision 14/CP.10, FCCC/CP/2004/10/Add.2 7 http://cdm.unfccc.int/EB/026/eb26_repan17.pdf





It can be demonstrated that the most likely baseline scenario of the small-scale A/R CDM project activity is considered to be the land-use prior to the implementation of the project activity, i.e., cropland, abandoned cropland or grasslands (see section B.3.1 below).

The lands to be planted in the proposed small-scale A/R CDM project activity will not be ploughed before the establishment of plantation

There are 66.2 ha of croplands to be planted within the project boundary. In one hand, the cropland used by farmers per capita is plentiful. On the other hand, the croplands to be planted are located in the remote places and are quite infertile. The interview with local communities indicates that the cropland use is economically unattractive or even no net income if the labor input is accounted, and local farmers would like to give up cropping on these remote infertile lands if alternative economically attractive land use is available. Therefore cropland displacement is hardly possible (see also Section F.2). There is sporadic seasonal grazing on the project lands in Houqiao Townships. Through extension of the socio-economic survey in Haoziaba village, totally, there are 24 buffalo, 56 cattle, and 148 goat in the village. The land to be forested in Haoziba village is a seasonally grazing land, it is estimated 9 months grazing behavior happened from March to December. From the village people interviewing, the land is far from the village with low productivities, few people are willing to graze in the land, but there are still some sporadic activities. In general, livestock of 2 families are often grazed in the proposed land for farm land plowing. The number of livestock is fluctuated from time to time, but the total animals in these 2 families are 3 buffalo, 2 cattle and 12 sheep. Furthermore, the lands are legally defined as forestry land use by local government rather than grazing land, thus the existing grazing activity is illegal and the sporadic livestock is just unintentionally across to the lands from legally grazing land in the vicinity. Thus the grazing displacement will unlikely occur due to the legally defined land use.

Therefore the implementation of proposed small-scale A/R CDM project activity will not displace more than 10% of households activities.

Any expected changes in the living biomass in the absence of the project activity will be estimated using the methodology in section III.B of the small scale approved methodology applied.

The additionality of the proposed small-scale A/R CDM project activity is assessed using Appendix B “Assessment of additionality” in the approved methodology applied.

Investment Barriers

Lack of access to credit: No credit mechanisms are in place for farmers to make long term investment in plantation forestry. Agricultural production is the main income source for local communities in the project area. Productivity is very low and the mean gross income (or GDP) per capita in the project areas is only US$ 228 with the lowest at US$ 75 in Lisu village (see Section E for details). Under this situation, local farmers still live below the poverty level8. Due to the poverty in this region, local farmers are not able to afford the high plantation establishment investment in the early stage, because all incomes from wood and non-wood products will occur quite some time after the initial investment. On the other hand, carbon credits will provide income in a shorter period following the start of the proposed small-scale A/R CDM project activity.

8 The criteria for determining national poverty level is 2,700 RMB (about 340 US$) GDP per capita for people living in remote areas or for ethnic groups (State Council. 1996. List of national poverty counties).





Debt funding not available for this project activity: There is no chance to get commercial loans from banks for the purpose of reforestation in the project area due to high risk and the economical unattractiveness in the context of remote lands. With the proposed A/R CDM project activity, the loan from local commercial banks become available, and the Chinese Government is willing to commit counterpart funding.

The forestry farm is financially independent accounting enterprise without any government subsidy. The existing forest resources that allow to be harvested annually and the harvest amount of license approved by government are quite limited. The revenue from timber harvest can only afford to the regeneration of forests and the operation of the forestry farm including the salary. In many cases the farm has to find other income sources for the forest regeneration on the slashed lands. In addition to the unavailable debt funding from banks, as elaborated above, it is difficult for the farm to reforest on the remote degraded lands in the absence of the proposed A/R CDM project activity.

The total work days of the entire project process are 171,313. However, 49,012 work days are needed for the site preparation and planting period, and the average cost for one work day is approximately 20 RMB, thus the total payment of the site preparation and planting is 1,000,000RMB. The forestry farm will be fully responsible for the initial investment including the labor cost, among this, 30% of the investment will come from the annual revenue, 70% from the commercial bank loan.

Technological barriers

Lack of access to planting materials: Interviews with local communities showed that local farmers/communities lack access to quality seed sources

Lack of silvicultural and forest management technology

Barriers due to social conditions

Lack of skilled or properly trained labor force: Through interviews it was shown that local farmers/communities lack skills needed to produce high quality seedlings, and successful tree planting, and lack the skills needed to prevent planted trees from being subject to fire, pest and disease attack.

Lack of organization of local communities: Individual farmer households/communities are too weak to successfully manipulate the chain from investment, production to market especially for the wood and non-wood forest products which will take a much longer period than food production. In addition, the lack of organizational instruments also prevents them from overcoming technological barriers mentioned above. Forestry farms have less institutional barriers.

For forestry farms, investment barrier is the major barriers faced.

B. 3. Application of baseline methodology to the proposed small-scale A/R CDM project activity:

>>

B. 3. 1. Description of how the actual net GHG removals by sinks are increased above those that would have occurred in the absence of the registered small-scale A/R CDM project activity:





>> Currently the lands to be reforested within the project boundary are cropland, abandoned cropland occupied with a dense invasive weed, or grasslands occupied by dense fern and a few shrubs. The most likely baseline scenario of the proposed small-scale A/R CDM project activity is considered to be the land-use prior to the implementation of the project activity, because:

The identifiable barriers (investment, technical and/or social barrier) described in Section B.2 and market risks prevent investors or local communities from using the land in a manner that will lead to forest, the lands to be reforested, in the absence of the proposed small-scale A/R CDM project activity, will continue as they were.

Interviews with stakeholders and land use surveys show that similar lands in the vicinity are not being converted to any other land use. Because of lacking investment and no policy support, all land parcels near Gaoligongshan nature reserve are pretty far away from the village, and the land owner has no motivation to convert the land to forest. The field surveys and interviews with stakeholders indicated that the only realistic and credible alternative available to the project participants is to continue the current marginal agricultural practices, grassland or abandoned cropland.

The lands owned by the Sujiang Forestry Farm to be planted in the proposed A/R CDM project activity are severely degraded lands and located in the remote area, making the lands economically unattractive for planting trees. Currently the tree planting activity implemented by the forestry farm is actually the regeneration after harvest, which has no investment barrier. Furthermore, both national and local governments have not been invested in the afforestation/reforestation of barren lands in the forestry farm for many years. Therefore, the reforestation in the proposed project is not a part of the forestry farm’s regular reforestation activities.

In all cases the natural regeneration would be quite limited and would not result in the conversion to a forest in the absence of the proposed small-scale A/R CDM project activity due to:

Long-term agricultural cultivation has resulted in the complete loss of seed pool of trees;

The large size of land parcels makes it hardly possible for seed to spread into the lands from forests in vicinity;

Where seeds do disperse into edge of the land parcels or pre-project existing trees do produce seeds, the dense invasive weed on abandoned croplands and dominated fern on grassland prevents the survival of any seedlings.

A field study took place within these parcels and few tree seedlings were found.

There are some pre-project growing trees on the lands to be reforested. The carbon stock in living biomass of the spotted growing trees is expected to increase in the absence of the proposed small-scale A/R CDM project activity, due to continuous growth of existing trees. The invasive weed on abandoned cropland and dominated fern on grassland as well as spotted shrubs on cropland and grassland are all in a steady state, as a result their biomass is unlikely to increase and changes in their carbon stocks is assumed to be zero.

To estimate the baseline net removals by sinks, the proposed project area was stratified based on the baseline land use. Table B-1: Strata delineated in the baseline Strata number Area Pre-existing trees





of land parcels

(ha) No of trees per ha

Mean diameter at breast height (cm)

Mean height (m)

Mean age

Mean crown diameter(R)

Mature Crown diameter (R)

cropland edged with spotted trees and shrubs, and Eupatorium, an invasive herbaceous weed

5 66.2 40 12.4 6.5 10 2m 5m

Grassland with fern dominated, existing spotted trees and shrubs

5 351.9 29 14.9 6.1 15 2.5m 5m

Abandoned cropland dominated by Eupatorium, and grass, no trees

3 49.6

Major species of pre-existing trees are Nepal alder, shiny-bark birch, maple (Acer amplum) and Siebold walnut (Juglans sigillata).

Carbon dioxide will be sequestered from the atmosphere through the growth of planted trees and stored in the aboveground biomass and belowground biomass of living trees. In the project scenario, 1667 trees per hectare will be planted, resulting in much higher carbon stock change in living biomass than in the baseline scenario (below 40 trees per hectare). It can also be demonstrated that the increase in GHG emission is negligible. Therefore the actual net GHG removals by sinks will be increased above those that would have occurred in the absence of the registered small-scale A/R CDM project activity.

See section C for detailed methods and ex ante estimation of baseline net removals by sinks and actual net GHG removals by sinks.

B.3.2. Detailed baseline information, including the date of completion of the baseline

study and the name of person(s)/entity(ies) determining the baseline: >> Please see Section B.2 and Section B.3.1 for baseline information, and Section C.3 for data used for baseline net removal by sinks. Date of completion of baseline preliminary survey: May 26 – June 15, 2006 Name of person/entity determining the baseline:

The Nature Conservancy China program Jian Ma, [email protected]

Winrock International Sarah Walker, [email protected]

Southwest Forestry College, China Mei Lu, [email protected]

Yunnan Forestry Department Carbon Sequestration Office Zeyuan Xia, [email protected]





Tengchong Forestry Bureau Carbon sequestration office Chengbo Duan, [email protected]

Gaoligongshan Nature Reserve, Tengchong Branch office Tiancan Wang, [email protected]

Chinese Academy of Forestry Xiaoquan Zhang, [email protected]

B.4. Application of monitoring methodology and plan to the small-scale A/R CDM project activity:

>>

a. Ex post estimation of the baseline net greenhouse gas removals by sinks As described in the approved small-scale A/R CDM methodology, the baseline will not be monitored. The baseline net GHG removals by sinks will be assumed to be those estimated in section C.3 below. b. Ex post estimation of the actual net greenhouse gas removals by sinks The project participants will determine any changes in carbon stocks via measuring and monitoring the project area that has been planted. The project boundary will be monitored and carbon sampling will take place within stratified sample plots. All sampling to take place will be in accordance with the methods described in 4.3.3.4 of the IPCC GPG for LULUCF. This monitoring plan will be used throughout the project area and the crediting period. If carbon stocks in some areas differ significantly from those in same strata, these areas will be assessed as a separate stratum. The project boundary will be monitored via satellite imagery or monitoring of parcels using a GPS. Any changes in project boundary will be accounted for in all calculations of actual net GHG removals. The proposed project area was stratified based on the following criteria influencing carbon stocks in accordance with Section 4.3.3.2 of the IPCC GPG for LULUCF: climate, landform, soil conditions, and proposed project activity, including species, planting density, and cohort group. The monitoring methodology uses permanent sample plots to monitor carbon stock changes in above- and below-ground biomass pools. The sample frame used will determine the number of plots needed in each stratum/sub-stratum to reach the targeted precision level of about ±5% of the mean at the 95% confidence level in a cost-effective manner. GPS located plots ensure the measuring and monitoring consistently over time. The carbon stocks will be estimated through stratified random sampling procedures and using the following equations:

ijkijktBi j k

ijktAt APPP •+= ∑∑∑ )( )()()( (B.1)

where: P(t) carbon stocks within the project boundary at time t achieved by the project

activity (t C)





PA(t)ijk carbon stocks in above-ground biomass at time t of stratum i species j age class k achieved by the project activity during the monitoring interval (t C/ha)

PB(t)ijk carbon stocks in below-ground biomass at time t of stratum i species j age class k achieved by the project activity during the monitoring interval (t C/ha)

Aijk project activity area of stratum i species j age class k (ha)

Since the trees will be planted in a way of mixed block (same tree species within each block) and the blocks with different tree species are stratified into different sub-strata, therefore, the measured plots are actually the pure stand rather than mixed stand. Sampling to estimate these carbon stocks will take place under the following methodology:

b.1 Stratification of the project area

The strata in section B.3 may be further divided into sub-strata in terms of the year to be planted, and the stratification map will be rebuilt on GIS platform. However, post stratification will be conducted after the first monitoring event to address the possible changes of project boundary and planting timing in comparison with the project design, and to address the change in carbon stocks more or less variable than that is expected. Following factors will be considered in the post-stratification:

• Data from monitoring of forest establishment and project boundary, e.g., project boundary, and planting year that occur actually;

• Data from monitoring of forest management, e.g., thinning and fertilization that occur actually;

• Variation in carbon stock change for each stratum and substratum after the first monitoring event. Strata or substrata will be grouped into one stratum or substrata if they have similar carbon stock, carbon stock change and spatial variation.

b.2 Sampling Frame

Permanent sampling plots will be established for sampling over time to measure and monitoring changes in carbon stocks of the relevant carbon pools. The plots will be treated in the same way as other lands within the project boundary, e.g., during site and soil preparation, weeding, fertilization, thinning, etc., and will be prevented from being deforested over the crediting period.

b.2.1 Determining sample size

The precision target for monitoring will be ±10% at a 95% confidence level of the mean. In the proposed small-scale A/R CDM project activity total sum of samples (n) will be estimated using the following equation (Avery and Burkhart 1994)9:

9 Avery T.E. and H.E. Burkhart (eds.). 1994. Forest Measurements, 4th edition. McGraw-Hill, New York





⎟⎠

⎞⎜⎝

⎛+

⎟⎠

⎞⎜⎝

⎛

=

∑

∑

=

=L

hhh

L

hhh

sNt

EN

sNn

1

22

22

2

1

**

*

(B.2)

where: E =allowable error or the desired half-width of the confidence interval. Calculated by

multiplying the mean carbon stock by the desired precision (i.e. mean carbon stock * 0.1 (for 10 % precision) or 0.2 (for 20 % precision)

t =the sample statistic from the t-distribution for the 95 % confidence level. t is usually set at 2 as sample size is unknown at this stage

Nh =number of sampling units for stratum h (= area of the stratum in hectares / area of the plot in hectares)

N =number of sampling units in the population )( ∑= hNN

sh =standard deviation of stratum h

b.2.2 Randomly locating sampling plots

Plot locations will be randomly and evenly distributed throughout the project area using a GIS script. Permanent sample plots with documented GPS coordinates will be established. The size of plots is 400 m2 (20m × 20m).

b.3. Measuring and estimating carbon stock changes over time

The growth of individual trees on plots shall be measured at each time interval. The diameter at breast height (DBH), height, and species of each tree will be measured during each monitoring period. The carbon stock changes in the tree biomass will then be estimated using either a nationally developed allometric equation or based on stem volume, a nationally developed biomass expansion factor, and local wood density, depending on the tree species planted as described in the approved small-scale A/R methodology section IV.B.

Step 1: Measuring the diameter at breast height (DBH, at 1.3 m above ground) and height of all the trees in the permanent sample plots above a minimum DBH (2 cm).

Step 2: Estimating the stem volume of trees based on following national derived equations10:

Yunnan pine: 90715154.09796344.110000582901.0 HDBHNTSV ⋅⋅⋅= (B.3)

10 The China Ministry of Forestry. 1983. Yield table of major trees species in China. China Forestry Publishing House





Nepal alder and shiny-bark birch: 88580889.00172708.2110000489419.0 HDBHNTSV ⋅⋅⋅= (B.4)

Flous taiwania: 89646157.09699831.1420000587770.0 HDBHNTSV ⋅⋅⋅= (B.5)

Where:

SV stem volume, cubic meter (m3.ha-1)

DBH diameter at breast height, centimetre (cm)

H tree height, meter (m)

NT Number of trees per hectare, trees.ha-1

Step 3: Choosing BEF, wood density, root-shoot ratio (R) and other parameters: Parameters from China’s Initial National Communication for Land Use Change and Forestry Sector are used in the estimation (Table B-2).

Table B-2 WD, BEF and R for species used in the proposed small-scale A/R CDM project activity11

Tree species Wood density

(tonnes d.m.m-3 stem volume)

BEF Root-shoot ratio ®

Flous taiwania 0.295 (5, 0.031) 1.954 (3, 0.008) 0.320 (3, 0.009)

Shiny-bark birch 0.541 (62, 0.018) 1.370 (15, 0.140) 0.180 (15, 0.043)

Yunnan pine 0.483 (27, 0.009) 1.740 (4, 0.810) 0.213 (5, 0.098)

Nepal alder 0.443 (189, 0.013)12 1.423 (10, 0.245) 0.313 (13, 0.071)

Note: data in parentheses represent number of samples and standard deviation respectively

Step 4: Calculating aboveground biomass via the stem volume, basic wood density, BEF, given by equations (15) of the approved small-scale A/R CDM methodology applied:

jjkijkijkt WDBEFSVE ⋅⋅=)( (B.6)

where:

E(t)ijk =estimate of above-ground biomass at time t for stratum i species j age class k achieved by the project activity (t dm/ha)

WDj =basic wood density for species j (t d.m. m-3) BEFjk =biomass expansion factor from stem volume to aboveground volume for species j age

class k (dimensionless)

11 Institute of Forest Ecology and Environment, CAF, database and report of the GHG Inventory in Forestry Sector,2005. 12 Value for softwood.





Step 5 Calculating above- and below-ground carbon stock in living biomass

5.0)()( •= ijktijktA EP (B.7)

5.0)()( ••= REP ijktijktB (B.8)

where:

0.5 =carbon fraction of dry matter (t C/t dm) Rj root to shoot ratio for species j (dimensionless) c. Ex post estimation of leakage As described in the approved small scale methodology applied, the possibility of leakage from the displacement of activities will be monitored at each monitoring period in the project area. The percentage of families affected by displaced project activity and the percentage of the total production of the main produce within the project will both be measured, using sampling method. However, it is expected that the percentage of both displaced household and displaced production will be less than 10 per cent (See Section B.2 and Section F.2), and therefore:

0)( =tL However, if the monitoring of the project boundary found that either the actually displaced household or displaced production is greater than 10 per cent and less than or equal to 50 per cent, then leakage will be estimated as:

15.0)()( ⋅= tt PL (B.9) As described in the approved small scale methodology, if either of these indicators is larger than 50 per cent, the net GHG removals cannot be estimated and the project will not claim emission reductions. The use of fertilizers will be monitored and if found to be significant will be estimated in accordance with the IPCC GPG. d. Ex post estimation of the net anthropogenic GHG removals by sinks The estimated temporary certified emission reductions (tCER) at the year of verification will be calculated as described in the approved small-scale A/R methodology section IV.D:

)(12/44 )()()()( tvtvtvtv LBPtCER −−⋅= (B.10) where: tCER(tv) =tCERs emitted at time of verification tv (t CO2) P(tv) =carbon stocks in the living biomass pools within the project boundary at time of verification

tv under project scenario (t C) B(tv) = carbon stock in the living biomass pools within the project boundary at time of verification





tv that would have occurred in the absence of the project activity (t C) L(tv) = leakage attributable to the project activity at time of verification tv (t C) tv = year of verification 44/12 = conversion factor from t C to t CO2 equivalent (t CO2/t C) e. Monitoring and Verification frequency The planting activity will be conducted in 2007. The project and permanent sample plots will be monitored and verified every five years, i.e., 2012, 2017, 2022, 2027, 2032 and 2036, the end of the crediting period. Since the plantations of Nepal alder, shiny-bark birch and flous taiwania will be thinned at 17-year-old (the year 2023), and once again at 24-year-old (the year 2030), the monitoring and verification will not coincide with peak of carbon stock in the carbon pools. f. Data collection Data collection will be organized taking into account the carbon pools measured, the sample frame used and the number of permanent plots to be monitored in accordance with the section on quality assurance/quality control (QA/QC) below. g. Quality control and quality assurance A quality control, quality assurance (QA/QC) plan has been developed and will become a part of project documentation (see section B.4.2).

UNFCCC/CCNUCC _____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

CDM – Executive Board PROJECT DESIGN DOCUMENT FORM

FOR SMALL-SCALE AFFORESTATION AND REFORESTATION PROJECT ACTIVITIES (CDM-SSC-AR-PDD) - Version 01


B.4.1 Data to be monitored: Monitoring of the actual net GHG removals by sinks and leakage.

B.4.1.1. Actual net GHG removals by sinks data: B.4.1.1.1. Data to be collected or used in order to monitor the verifiable changes in carbon stock in the carbon pools within the project boundary resulting from the proposed small-scale A/R CDM project activity, and how this data will be archived:

Data Variable Source Data

unit

Measured (m) calculated (c) estimated (e)

Frequency(years) Proportion Archiving Comment

Location of the areas where the project activity has been implemented

Field survey or cadastral information or aerial photographs of satellite imagery

Latitude and longitude

Measured 5 100 percent Electronic, paper, photos

GPS can be used for field survey

Ai - Size of the areas where the project activity has been implemented for each type of strata

Field survey or cadastral information or

aerial photographs or satellite imagery or GPS

ha Measured 5 100 percent Electronic, paper, photos

GPS can be used for field survey

Location of the permanent sample

plots

Project maps and project design

Latitude and longitude

Defined 5 100 percent Electronic, Paper Plot location is registered with a GPS and marked on the map

Diameter of tree at breast height(1.3m)

Permanent plot cm Measured 5 Each tree in the

sample plot

Electronic, paper Measure diameter at breast height(DBH) for each tree that falls within the sample plot and applies to size limits

Height of tree Permanent plot m Measured 5 Each tree in the

sample plot

Electronic, paper Measure height(H) for each tree that falls within the

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sample plot and applies to size limits

Basic wood density Permanent plots, literature

Tonnes of dry matter

per m3

Estimated once 3 samples per tree

from base, middle and top of the

stem of tree individuals

Electronic, paper

Total CO2 Project activities Mg Calculated 5 All project data

Electronic Based on data collected from all plots and carbon pools

B.4.1.2 Data for treatment of leakage (if applicable) >>

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B.4.1.2.1. If applicable, please describe the data and information that will be collected in order to monitor leakage of the proposed small-scale A/R CDM project activity: Data variable Source Data unit

Measured , calculated or estimated

Frequency(Years)

Proportion Archiving Comment

Percentage of families/households of the community involved in or affected by the project activity displaced due to the implementation of the project activity

Participatory survey Number of families or households

Estimated 5 Percent electronic

Percentage of total production of the main produce(e.g. meat, corn) within the project boundary displaced due to the CDM A/F project activity

Survey Quantity(volume or mass)

Estimated 5 percent electronic

B.4.2. Qualitative explanation of how quality control (QC) and quality assurance (QA) procedures are undertaken:

>> A quality control, quality assurance (QA/QC) plan has been developed and will become a part of project documentation. This plan describes all procedures in the form of Standard Operating Procedures (SOPs) and includes:

(a) Collecting reliable field measurements;

(b) Verifying methods used to collect field data;

(c) Verifying data entry and analysis techniques;

(d) Data maintenance and archiving.

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This QA/QC plan includes descriptions of how all field staff shall be trained and includes detailed SOPs for all field, laboratory, and data entry and analysis procedures. The QA/QC plan will also include SOPs to quantify the error involved with each step in the analysis including: field measurements, laboratory analysis, and data entry and analysis:

The QA/QC also includes procedures on data maintenance and storage. Due to the long-term nature of the A/R project activities, data archiving SOPs are essential. An offsite location will story copies of all data including: field measurements, laboratory measurements, and GIS products, and copies of measuring and monitoring reports. This plan will also ensure that all electronic data be upgraded as technology changes. Verification documents will be produced and filed with the project documents to show that QA/QC steps have been followed.

QA/QC for field measurements Collecting reliable field measurements is an important step in the quality assurance plan. Those responsible for the carbon measurement work will be fully trained in all aspects of the field data collection and data analyses, and standard operating procedures will be followed rigidly to ensure accurate measurement and re-measurement. The SOPs include auditing procedures. The first type of audit, often called a ‘hot check’ consists of the project leader observing field crew members during data collection to ensure field measurements SOPs are followed and to correct any technique errors. The second type of audit is used to quantify measurement errors. To implement this type of check, a complete re-measurement of 10-20% of plots by people other than the original field crews will be performed at the end of the fieldwork (often called a ‘blind check’). The verifying crew will be experienced in forest measurement and highly attentive to detail. After measurement a comparison will be made with the original data and discrepancies re-verified. Field data collected at this stage will be compared with the original data. Any errors found will be corrected and recorded. Any errors discovered will be expressed as a percentage of all plots that have been rechecked to provide an estimate of the measurement error.

For all the verified plots: ( ) 100x

scorrectionafter Biomassscorrectionafter Biomass- scorrection before Biomass (%)nt Error MeasuremeField = (B.11)

QA/QC for laboratory measurements

Standard operating procedures (SOPs) have been created and will be rigorously followed for each part of the analyses. All combustion instruments for measuring total C or C forms will be calibrated using commercially-available certified C standards. 10-20 % of samples will be reanalyzed/reweighed to produce an error estimate.

( ) 100x

scorrectionafter estimatescorrectionafter estimate - scorrection before estimate (%) Error Laboratory = (B.12)

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QA/QC for data entry

To produce reliable carbon estimates the proper entry of data into the data analyses spreadsheets is required. Steps will be taken to ensure that errors are minimized. Results will be reviewed any outliers double-checked for typing errors. If there are any problems with the monitoring plot data (that cannot be resolved), the plot should not be used in the analysis.

QA/QC for data archiving

Due to the long-term length of the project activities, data storage and maintenance is very important. SOPs have been developed to ensure proper data archiving. The procedures include data archiving take several forms and copies of all data be provided to project participants. Original copies of field and laboratory data will be stored in a secure location. Copies of all data will be stored both electronically and paper in a separate remote location. Procedures also include updating storage onto new data storage technologies, both hardware and software.

B.4.3. Please describe briefly the operational and management structure(s) that the project operator will implement in order to monitor actual GHG removals by sinks by the proposed small-scale A/R CDM project activity:

>> The proposed A/R project activity will be implemented within the FCCB project which is a joint project by CI (Conservation International) and TNC(The Nature Conservancy) and Yunnan Forestry Department Under the authorization of the project participants, the provincial and county carbon sequestration office have been established and will be responsible for the administrating and coordinating the project participants, facilitating and supervising the implementation of the proposed small-scale A/R CDM project activities, organizing technical training and consultation, and organizing and coordinating the measuring and monitoring of the actual GHG removals by sinks and any leakage generated by the proposed small-scale A/R CDM project activities. Any activity data and monitoring and measuring data will be reported to and archived in the county carbon sequestration office as well be imported to the new developed GIS based information management system installed in Provincial carbon sequestration office.

Tengchong Forestry Bureau, under the guidance and coordination of provincial carbon sequestration office, will provide instruction of reforestation and forest management, and conduct the specific supervision of the implementation of the proposed A/F CDM project activity, and collect specific activity data at routine basis.

Carbon Sequestration office of Tengchong Forestry Bureau, under the guidance and coordination of provincial Carbon Sequestration office, will conduct the actual GHG removal by sinks and leakage generated by the proposed small-scale A/R CDM project activity measurement, and will be responsible for drafting monitoring report with the consultant of expert group.

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TNC China program conservation and climate change group, under the coordination of the provincial carbon sequestration office, will provide technical consultation and training in the measuring and monitoring of the actual GHG removal by sinks and leakage generated by the proposed small-scale A/R CDM project activity, and will be responsible for helping the Carbon Sequestration Office of Tengchong Forestry Bureau draft the monitoring report.

An expert team will be established for addressing any technical issues arisen, conducting checking and verification of measured and monitored data.

B.4.4. Name of person/entity determining the monitoring methodology:

>> Name of persons/entity determining the monitoring methodology

Winrock International

Sarah Walker, [email protected]

Institute of Forestry Ecology and Environment, the Chinese Academy of Forestry

Dr. Zhang Xiaoquan, [email protected]

The Nature Conservancy China Program, Conservation and Climate Change group

Ma Jian, [email protected]

Carbon Sequestration Office of Yunnan Forestry Department

Xia Zeyuan, [email protected]

Carbon Sequestration Office of Tengchong Forestry Bureau

Wang Tiancan, [email protected] Duan Chengbo, [email protected]

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_________________________________________ CDM – Executive Board

PROJECT DESIGN DOCUMENT FORM FOR AFFORESTATION AND REFORESTATION PROJECT ACTIVITIES (CDM-AR-PDD) - Version 02


SECTION C. Estimation of net anthropogenic GHG removals by sinks: C.1. Formulae used: >>The formulae presented in the section III.B, III.C, III.D and III.E of the simplified baseline and monitoring methodology for small-scale A/R CDM project activity are used for the estimation of net anthropogenic GHG removals by sinks, detailed below. C. 1.1. Description of formulae used for estimation of the actual net GHG removals by sinks due to the project activity within the project boundary: >> The carbon stocks at the starting date of the project activity are the same as the projection of the baseline net GHG removals by sinks at t=0. For all other years, the carbon stocks within the project boundary at time t (N(t)) can be calculated as follows:

iitBitAt ANNN ⋅+= ∑ )()()()( (C.1)

5.0)()( ⋅= ttA TN (C.2)

5.0)()( ⋅⋅= RTN ttB (C.3)

WDBEFSVT tt ⋅⋅= )()( (C.4)

where N(t) total carbon stocks in biomass at time t under the project scenario, t C. ha-1

NA(t) i carbon stocks in above-ground biomass at time t of stratum i under the project scenario, t C.ha-1

NB(t) i carbon stocks in below-ground biomass at time t of stratum i under the project scenario, t C.ha-1

Ai project activity area of stratum i, ha

T(t) above-ground biomass at time t under the project scenario, t dm.ha-1

R root to shoot ratio, dimensionless

0.5 carbon fraction of dry matter, t C.(t dm)-1

SV(t) stem volume at time t for the project scenario, m3 ha-1

WD basic wood density, t dm. m-3

BEF biomass expansion factor (over bark) from stem volume to total volume, dimensionless

i Stratum i

C. 1.2. Description of formulae used to estimate leakage due to the project activity, where required, for the applicable project category in appendix B of the simplified modalities and procedures for small-scale A/R CDM project activities under CDM:

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>> Both the percentage of families/households of the community involved in or affected by the proposed small-scale A/R CDM project activity displaced due to the project activity and the percentage of total production of the main produce within the project boundary displaced due to the project activity are lower than 10% (see Section B.2), and N2O emissions from nitrogen application is estimated to be less than 20% of the net anthropogenic removals by sinks (for detail estimation please see section C.4 below), therefore,

0)( =tL (C.5)

Where L(t) leakage attributable to the project activity within the project boundary at time t, t C

C. 1.3. Description of formulae used to estimate net anthropogenic GHG removals by sinks, for the applicable project category in appendix B of the simplified modalities and procedures for small-scale A/R CDM project activities under CDM:

>> The net anthropogenic GHG removals by sinks, expressed as temporary certified emission reductions (tCERs) at the year of verification tv are calculated as follows:

1244)( )()()()( ⋅−−= tvtvtvtv LBNtCER (C.6)

Where

tCER(tv) tCER emitted at year of verification tv, t CO2e

N(tv) carbon stocks in the living biomass pools within the project boundary at year of

verification tv under project scenario, t C

B(tv) carbon stock in the living biomass pools within the project boundary at year of verification tv that would have occurred in the absence of the project activity, t C

L(tv) leakage attributable to the project activity within the project boundary at year of

verification tv, t C

tv year of verification

44/12 conversion factor from t C to t CO2 equivalent (t CO2/t C), dimensionless

C. 2. Estimate of the actual net GHG removals by sinks:

>> Local growth curves are used to estimate the biomass stock change achieved by the proposed small-scale A/R CDM project activity, assuming that the curves can apply to all strata . They are:

flous taiwania: 942134.50452113.0()()( )1(251370.2 A

tt eNTSV ⋅−−⋅⋅= (C.6)13

Yunnan pine: 978562.2054764.0()()( )1(200346.0 A

tt eNTSV ⋅−−⋅= (C.7)14

13 Derived using data from: Tao Guo-xiang. 2001. Studies on living law of flous taiwania. Forestry Inventory and Planning, 26(3), 1-8 14 Derived using plot data of national forestry inventory in Yunnan during inventory year 1992, 1997 and 2002.

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Nepal alder & shiny-bark birch: 912148.2039517.0()()( )1(880452.0 A

tt eNTSV ⋅−−⋅⋅= (C.8)13

Where

SV(t) stem volume at time t for the project scenario, m3 ha-1

NT(t) Number of trees at time t, tree ha-1

A Stand age, year

These curves were derived from local forestry inventories data that have been carried out every five years since the 1990s, or publications. Growth data (standing volume per hectare) are converted into biomass via wood density (WD) and Biomass Expansion Factors (BEF) and root-shoot ratio (R) (Table B-2) by using equation (C.4).

The stocks of carbon for the project scenario at the starting date of the project activity (t=0) are same as for the projection of the baseline net GHG removals by sinks at t=0. The estimated actual net GHG removals by sinks over the 30-year-crediting period are listed in Table C-1 below. The total actual net GHG removals by sinks are further broken down to strata and tree species in table C-2 and C-3, respectively.

Table C-1 Estimate of actual net GHG removals by sinks 15

Carbon stock (t C) Actual net GHG removals by sinks (tCO2 yr-1)

Year

Aboveground biomass

Belowground biomass Total Aboveground

biomass Belowground

biomass Total

200716 202 50 252 -742 -183 -925 2008 10 2 12 37 8 45 2009 73 16 89 231 51 283 2010 230 51 281 575 129 703 2011 511 114 625 1,029 232 1,261 2012 937 211 1,149 1,565 355 1,920 2013 1,528 346 1,874 2,164 495 2,659 2014 2,295 523 2,818 2,813 649 3,462 2015 3,250 746 3,996 3,503 816 4,319 2016 4,403 1,017 5,420 4,227 993 5,220 2017 5,761 1,339 7,100 4,978 1,182 6,159 2018 7,329 1,715 9,044 5,752 1,380 7,131 2019 9,114 2,148 11,261 6,543 1,586 8,129 2020 11,117 2,639 13,756 7,347 1,799 9,146 2021 13,342 3,189 16,531 8,158 2,018 10,176 2022 15,788 3,800 19,588 8,969 2,241 11,210 2023 13,710 3,336 17,046 -7,620 -1,702 -9,322 2024 15,415 3,747 19,162 6,252 1,505 7,757 2025 17,634 4,314 21,947 8,134 2,080 10,214 2026 19,997 4,923 24,920 8,667 2,234 10,901 2027 22,500 5,573 28,074 9,178 2,384 11,563

15 Notes: minus sign indicates the source while plus indicates the sink. 16 From table C-4

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2028 25,137 6,263 31,400 9,667 2,529 12,196 2029 27,899 6,991 34,890 10,129 2,668 12,796 2030 22,879 5,766 28,645 -18,408 -4,489 -22,898 2031 24,477 6,164 30,641 5,861 1,459 7,320 2032 26,690 6,755 33,445 8,115 2,165 10,280 2033 28,967 7,365 36,331 8,346 2,238 10,584 2034 31,299 7,993 39,292 8,551 2,304 10,855 2035 33,680 8,638 42,318 8,732 2,363 11,095 2036 36,104 9,296 45,400 8,887 2,415 11,302 2037 38,563 9,967 48,530 9,017 2,460 11,476

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FOR AFFORESTATION AND REFORESTATION PROJECT ACTIVITIES (CDM-AR-PDD) - Version 02


Table C-2 Actual net GHG removals by sinks for each stratum (tCO2 yr-1) Croplands Abandoned croplands Grassland1 Year

Aboveground biomass

Belowground biomass

Total Aboveground biomass

Belowground biomass

Total Aboveground biomass

Belowground biomass Total

2007 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2008 5 1 5 4 1 5 28 6 34 2009 28 5 33 24 5 28 171 38 209 2010 68 12 81 57 11 68 425 94 519 2011 121 22 143 100 20 120 758 169 927 2012 185 34 219 150 29 180 1,151 259 1,410 2013 257 48 305 205 40 246 1,589 360 1,949 2014 337 65 401 264 52 316 2,062 471 2,533 2015 425 83 508 324 65 389 2,563 591 3,154 2016 521 104 625 386 78 465 3,087 719 3,806 2017 624 128 752 450 92 542 3,630 854 4,484 2018 734 155 888 514 107 621 4,188 995 5,183 2019 850 184 1,034 578 122 700 4,756 1,143 5,899 2020 973 215 1,187 643 137 780 5,333 1,295 6,628 2021 1,100 248 1,348 707 153 860 5,914 1,451 7,365 2022 1,231 283 1,514 770 169 939 6,494 1,610 8,104 2023 -1,282 -252 -1,534 -387 -70 -457 -5,027 -1,120 -6,147 2024 1,049 250 1,300 693 156 849 4,672 1,119 5,791 2025 1,144 277 1,421 735 167 902 5,948 1,508 7,456 2026 1,238 304 1,542 775 178 954 6,327 1,617 7,945 2027 1,330 331 1,661 813 189 1,002 6,691 1,724 8,415 2028 1,420 358 1,777 849 199 1,048 7,038 1,827 8,865 2029 1,506 383 1,890 882 209 1,091 7,365 1,925 9,290 2030 -3,046 -686 -3,732 -1,148 -251 -1,399 -12,571 -3,069 -15,640 2031 1,167 303 1,469 727 173 901 4,454 1,104 5,558 2032 1,218 318 1,537 744 179 922 5,957 1,575 7,532 2033 1,266 333 1,599 758 184 941 6,117 1,626 7,743 2034 1,309 347 1,656 770 188 958 6,259 1,672 7,932 2035 1,349 360 1,708 780 192 972 6,383 1,714 8,097 2036 1,384 371 1,755 788 195 983 6,489 1,750 8,238 2037 1,415 381 1,796 794 197 991 6,576 1,781 8,356

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Table C-3 Actual net GHG removals by sinks for each tree species (tCO2 yr-1) Flous taiwania Shiny-bark birch Nepal alder Yunnan pine

Years Above-ground biomass

Below-ground biomass

Total Above-ground biomass






Total

2007 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2008 0 0 0 23 4 27 10 3 13 4 1 5 2009 0 0 0 140 25 165 65 20 85 26 6 32 2010 2 1 3 339 61 400 170 53 223 64 14 77 2011 10 3 14 595 107 702 313 98 411 111 24 135 2012 30 10 40 889 160 1,050 482 151 632 164 35 198 2013 69 22 91 1,209 218 1,427 667 209 876 219 47 265 2014 135 43 178 1,542 278 1,820 863 270 1,133 274 58 332 2015 235 75 310 1,879 338 2,218 1,062 332 1,395 327 70 396 2016 374 120 494 2,214 399 2,613 1,261 395 1,656 377 80 457 2017 558 179 736 2,541 457 2,998 1,456 456 1,912 423 90 513 2018 788 252 1,040 2,855 514 3,369 1,644 515 2,159 465 99 564 2019 1,065 341 1,405 3,153 568 3,721 1,824 571 2,395 502 107 609 2020 1,387 444 1,831 3,433 618 4,051 1,993 624 2,617 534 114 647 2021 1,753 561 2,314 3,693 665 4,358 2,150 673 2,823 561 119 680 2022 2,157 690 2,848 3,933 708 4,641 2,296 719 3,014 583 124 708 2023 -752 -241 -993 -5,626 -1,013 -6,639 -1,843 -577 -2,420 601 128 730 2024 2,144 686 2,829 3,043 548 3,591 450 141 591 615 131 746 2025 2,485 795 3,280 3,165 570 3,735 1,859 582 2,440 625 133 758 2026 2,838 908 3,746 3,273 589 3,862 1,925 602 2,527 631 134 766 2027 3,196 1,023 4,219 3,366 606 3,972 1,982 620 2,603 634 135 769 2028 3,556 1,138 4,694 3,445 620 4,066 2,031 636 2,667 634 135 769 2029 3,914 1,252 5,166 3,511 632 4,143 2,073 649 2,721 631 134 765 2030 -4,798 -1,535 -6,333 -10,290 -1,852 -12,142 -3,946 -1,235 -5,181 626 133 759 2031 3,225 1,032 4,256 2,524 454 2,978 -506 -158 -665 618 132 750 2032 3,454 1,105 4,560 2,545 458 3,003 1,506 472 1,978 609 130 739 2033 3,673 1,175 4,848 2,559 461 3,019 1,516 474 1,990 598 127 726 2034 3,879 1,241 5,120 2,565 462 3,027 1,521 476 1,997 586 125 711 2035 4,071 1,303 5,374 2,566 462 3,028 1,522 476 1,998 573 122 695 2036 4,248 1,359 5,607 2,560 461 3,021 1,520 476 1,995 559 119 678 2037 4,409 1,411 5,820 2,549 459 3,008 1,514 474 1,988 544 116 660

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Total 48,106 15,394 63,500 50,172 9,031 59,203 29,368 9,192 38,560 13,714 2,921 16,635

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C. 3. Estimated baseline net GHG removals by sinks:

>>There are some pre-project growing trees on the lands to be reforested. The carbon stock in living biomass of growing trees is expected to increase in the absence of the proposed small-scale A/R CDM project activity, due to continuous growth of existing trees. The carbon stock in the living biomass of growing trees has been estimated using formulae presented by the simplified baseline and monitoring methodology for small-scale A/R CDM project activity.

iitBi

itAt ABBB ⋅+= ∑ )( )()()( (C-7)

5.0)()( ⋅= ttA MB (C-8)

⎩⎨⎧

⋅⋅

=mgag

M t)( )()(

mama

≥<

(C-9)

5.0)()( ⋅⋅= RMB ttB (C-10)

Where

B(t) carbon stocks in the living biomass pools within the project boundary at time t in the absence of the project activity, t C

BA(t) i carbon stocks in above-ground biomass at time t of stratum i in the absence of the project activity, t C.ha-1

BB(t) i carbon stocks in below-ground biomass at time t of stratum i in the absence of the project activity, t C.ha-1

Ai project activity area of stratum i

M(t) above-ground biomass at time t that would have occurred in the absence of the project activity, t dm.ha-1

A average age of the growing trees, years

G annual biomass growth rate of the growing trees, t dm.ha-1year-1

M time to maturity of the growing trees, years

R root to shoot ratio, dimensionless

0.5 carbon fraction of dry matter, t C.(t dm)-1

i Stratum i

Based on the baseline and monitoring methodology for small-scale A/R CDM project activities applied, If significant changes in the carbon stocks, in particular the living biomass pool of woody perennials and the below-ground biomass of grasslands, are not expected to occur, or is expected to decrease, in the absence of the project activity, the changes in carbon stocks shall be assumed to be zero and the baseline carbon stocks in the carbons pools is constant at the level of the existing carbon stock measured at the start of the

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project activity. Otherwise, baseline net GHG removals by sinks shall be equal to the changes in carbon stocks from the living biomass pool of woody perennials or from below-ground biomass of grasslands that are expected to occur in the absence of the project activity.

There are some existing trees on grassland and cropland edge, and the carbon stock in the living biomass of these pre-existing trees is expected to increase due to their continuous growth. The grassland dominated by fern and abandoned cropland dominated by the invasive weed are in a steady state. The spotted shrubs in the grassland and cropland edge have been growing for a long term and are also in a steady status. As a result, both the belowground biomass of grassland and biomass of spotted shrub are unlikely to increase. Therefore only the biomass growth of pre-existing spotted trees is accounted in the baseline scenario.

The area of each baseline stratum, number of pre-existing trees per hectare and mean age of existing trees for each stratum are listed in table B-1. The dominated species of the spotted growing trees are Nepal alder and shiny-bark birch with a mature age of 50 years for natural growth trees17. Based on data of 7 plots from national forestry inventory in Yunnan Province conducted in 1992, 1997 and 2002, the mean standing volume of natural growing Nepal alder and shiny-bark birch at the age of 50 years was estimated at 0.521457 m3 tree-1 (with a standard deviation of 0.10642 m3 tree-1). Using the mean wood density and BEF of Nepal alder and shiny-bark birch listed in table B-2, the above-ground carbon stock in living biomass at 50 year-old was estimated at 0.537423 t d.m.tree-1. It should be noted that, to be conservative, the BEF used has been set to 1.5 times of that listed in table B-2. Based on the number of the spotted growing trees listed in table B-1, the mean annual biomass growth rate of the spotted growing trees was then estimated to be 0.43 t d.m. ha-1 for croplands and 0.31 t d.m. ha-1 for grassland. The baseline net GHG removals by sinks have been then estimated using equation (C-7) through equation (C-10).

Table C-4 Estimates of baseline net GHG removals by sinks

Baseline carbon stock (tC) Baseline net GHG removals by sinks (t CO2 yr-1) Year Abovegroun

d biomass Belowground

biomass total Aboveground biomass

Belowground biomass total

2007 202.5 49.9 252.4 0.0 0.0 0.0 2008 271.5 66.9 338.5 253.3 62.4 315.7 2009 340.6 84.0 424.6 253.3 62.4 315.7 2010 409.7 101.0 510.7 253.3 62.4 315.7 2011 478.8 118.0 596.8 253.3 62.4 315.7 2012 547.8 135.0 682.9 253.3 62.4 315.7 2013 616.9 152.1 769.0 253.3 62.4 315.7 2014 686.0 169.1 855.1 253.3 62.4 315.7 2015 755.1 186.1 941.2 253.3 62.4 315.7 2016 824.1 203.1 1,027.3 253.3 62.4 315.7 2017 893.2 220.2 1,113.4 253.3 62.4 315.7 2018 962.3 237.2 1,199.5 253.3 62.4 315.7 2019 1,031.4 254.2 1,285.6 253.3 62.4 315.7 2020 1,100.4 271.3 1,371.7 253.3 62.4 315.7 2021 1,169.5 288.3 1,457.8 253.3 62.4 315.7 2022 1,238.6 305.3 1,543.9 253.3 62.4 315.7 2023 1,307.7 322.3 1,630.0 253.3 62.4 315.7

17 China Ministry of Forestry. 1994. Forestry Inventory Manual.

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2024 1,376.7 339.4 1,716.1 253.3 62.4 315.7 2025 1,445.8 356.4 1,802.2 253.3 62.4 315.7 2026 1,514.9 373.4 1,888.3 253.3 62.4 315.7 2027 1,584.0 390.4 1,974.4 253.3 62.4 315.7 2028 1,653.0 407.5 2,060.5 253.3 62.4 315.7 2029 1,722.1 424.5 2,146.6 253.3 62.4 315.7 2030 1,791.2 441.5 2,232.7 253.3 62.4 315.7 2031 1,860.3 458.6 2,318.8 253.3 62.4 315.7 2032 1,929.3 475.6 2,404.9 253.3 62.4 315.7 2033 1,998.4 492.6 2,491.0 253.3 62.4 315.7 2034 2,067.5 509.6 2,577.1 253.3 62.4 315.7 2035 2,136.6 526.7 2,663.2 253.3 62.4 315.7 2036 2,205.6 543.7 2,749.3 253.3 62.4 315.7 2037 2,274.7 560.7 2,835.4 253.3 62.4 315.7

Table C-5 Baseline net removal by sinks broken by strata (t CO2 yr-1)18

Cropland Grassland Abandoned cropland

Year

Above-ground biomass

Below-ground biomass total





2007 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2008 52.2 12.9 65.0 201.1 49.6 250.7 0 0 0 2009 52.2 12.9 65.0 201.1 49.6 250.7 0 0 0 2010 52.2 12.9 65.0 201.1 49.6 250.7 0 0 0 2011 52.2 12.9 65.0 201.1 49.6 250.7 0 0 0 2012 52.2 12.9 65.0 201.1 49.6 250.7 0 0 0 2013 52.2 12.9 65.0 201.1 49.6 250.7 0 0 0 2014 52.2 12.9 65.0 201.1 49.6 250.7 0 0 0 2015 52.2 12.9 65.0 201.1 49.6 250.7 0 0 0 2016 52.2 12.9 65.0 201.1 49.6 250.7 0 0 0 2017 52.2 12.9 65.0 201.1 49.6 250.7 0 0 0 2018 52.2 12.9 65.0 201.1 49.6 250.7 0 0 0 2019 52.2 12.9 65.0 201.1 49.6 250.7 0 0 0 2020 52.2 12.9 65.0 201.1 49.6 250.7 0 0 0 2021 52.2 12.9 65.0 201.1 49.6 250.7 0 0 0 2022 52.2 12.9 65.0 201.1 49.6 250.7 0 0 0 2023 52.2 12.9 65.0 201.1 49.6 250.7 0 0 0 2024 52.2 12.9 65.0 201.1 49.6 250.7 0 0 0 2025 52.2 12.9 65.0 201.1 49.6 250.7 0 0 0 2026 52.2 12.9 65.0 201.1 49.6 250.7 0 0 0 2027 52.2 12.9 65.0 201.1 49.6 250.7 0 0 0 2028 52.2 12.9 65.0 201.1 49.6 250.7 0 0 0 2029 52.2 12.9 65.0 201.1 49.6 250.7 0 0 0 2030 52.2 12.9 65.0 201.1 49.6 250.7 0 0 0 2031 52.2 12.9 65.0 201.1 49.6 250.7 0 0 0 2032 52.2 12.9 65.0 201.1 49.6 250.7 0 0 0

18 The baseline net removals by sinks for abandoned land were assumed to be zero because of no pre-existing trees.

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2033 52.2 12.9 65.0 201.1 49.6 250.7 0 0 0 2034 52.2 12.9 65.0 201.1 49.6 250.7 0 0 0 2035 52.2 12.9 65.0 201.1 49.6 250.7 0 0 0 2036 52.2 12.9 65.0 201.1 49.6 250.7 0 0 0 2037 52.2 12.9 65.0 201.1 49.6 250.7 0 0 0

C. 4. Estimated leakage:

>> The leakage is set as zero as the activity displacement will be below 10%. See Section B.2 and Section F.2.

Synthetic compound fertilizer with nitrogen content around 10% will be applied: 55g per tree at the time of planting, 50g per tree in the second year and 100g per tree in the third year, 150g per tree in the fourth year, and 200g per tree in the fifth year. To demonstrate that the leakage of N2O emissions due to nitrogen application is less than 10% of the anthropogenic removals by sinks, the direct N2O emissions from the fertilization were estimated using method presented in IPCC 2006 Guideline for AFOLU19:

31028/4412 ⋅⋅⋅=− EFFON SNNdirect fertilizer (C-11)

)1( GASFFertSNSN FracNF −⋅= − (C-12) where:

fertilizerNdirectON −2 the direct N2O emission as a result of nitrogen application within the project boundary, tonnes CO2-e yr-1

FSN mass of synthetic fertilizer nitrogen applied adjusted for volatilization as NH3 and NOX, tonnes N yr-1

NSN-Fert mass of synthetic fertilizer nitrogen applied, tonnes N yr-1 EF1 Emission Factor for emissions from N inputs, tonnes N2O-N (tonnes N input)-1 FracGASF the fraction that volatilises as NH3 and NOX for synthetic fertilizers,

dimensionless 44/28 ration of molecular weights of N2O and nitrogen, dimensionless 310 Global Warming Potential for N2O (valid for the first commitment period)

The default emission factor of EF1 (1.00 % of applied N) in IPCC 2006 Guideline for AFOLU and the default values in 1996 IPCC Guideline for the fractions of synthetic and organic fertiliser nitrogen that are emitted as NOX and NH3 (0.1 and 0.2 respectively) were used in the estimation since country-specific factors are unavailable.

The direct N2O emissions have been estimated to be 222 t CO2-e in total, which is negligible.

A medium size vehicle that uses diesel is usually used in the project area. Based on the amount of seedlings needed for reforestation, the expected output of timber and the needed amount of fertilizers, the leakage caused by vehicle uses is estimated. The emission factor is 2.6353 kg CO2 litre-1 for diesel for mid-size vehicle that is commonly used in the area (from China’s national initial national communication). The expected leakage is 9.15 t CO2-e by the end of the crediting period, which is insignificant.

19 Refers to Equation 11.2 in IPCC 2006 Guidelines for AFOLU.

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C. 5.. The sum of C. 2. minus C.3 minus C.4 representing the net anthropogenic GHG removals by sinks of the proposed small-scale A/R CDM project activity:

>> The sum of C.2 minus C.3 minus C4 indicates that the net anthropogenic GHG removals by sinks as a result of the proposed small-scale A/R CDM project activity is anticipated to be around 167,000 tones of CO2 equivalent during the crediting period (between 01 June 2007 and 30 May 2037) per the Table C-6 and Fig. C-1 (by the year 2012: 1,708 t CO2-e, by the year 2017: 21,949 t CO2-e).

Table C-6 Estimates of net anthropogenic GHG removals by sinks

Year Annual net anthropogenic GHG removals by sinks (t CO2-e yr-1)

Cumulative net anthropogenic GHG removals by sinks (t CO2-e)

2007 -925 -925 2008 -270 -1,196 2009 -33 -1,229 2010 388 -841 2011 945 104 2012 1,604 1,708 2013 2,344 4,052 2014 3,147 7,199 2015 4,003 11,202 2016 4,904 16,106 2017 5,844 21,949 2018 6,815 28,765 2019 7,813 36,578 2020 8,830 45,409 2021 9,860 55,269 2022 10,895 66,163 2023 -9,637 56,526 2024 7,441 63,967 2025 9,899 73,866 2026 10,585 84,451 2027 11,247 95,698 2028 11,880 107,578 2029 12,481 120,059 2030 -23,213 96,845 2031 7,005 103,850 2032 9,964 113,814 2033 10,268 124,082 2034 10,540 134,621 2035 10,779 145,400 2036 10,986 156,386 2037 11,160 167,547

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-20,000

0

20,000

40,000

60,000

80,000

100,000

120,000

140,000

160,000

180,000

2005 2011 2016 2021 2026 2031 2036

Year

Cumu

lative

net a

nthro

poge

nic G

HG re

mova

ls by

sink

s (t C

O 2-e

)

C. 6. Table providing values obtained when applying formulae above:

>> See Table C-7.

Table C-7

Years

Estimation of baseline net GHG removals by sinks

(tones of CO2 e yr-1)

Estimation of actual net GHG removals by sinks (tones of CO2 e

yr-1)

Estimation of leakage (tonnes of CO2 e yr-1)

Estimation of net anthropogenic GHG removals by sinks

(tones of CO2 e yr-1)A B C D E=C-D-B

2007 0 -925 0 -925

Fig.C-1 Ex ante estimated net anthropogenic GHG removals by sinks

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2008 315.7 45 0 -270 2009 315.7 283 0 -33 2010 315.7 703 0 388 2011 315.7 1,261 0 945 2012 315.7 1,920 0 1,604 2013 315.7 2,659 0 2,344 2014 315.7 3,462 0 3,147 2015 315.7 4,319 0 4,003 2016 315.7 5,220 0 4,904 2017 315.7 6,159 0 5,844 2018 315.7 7,131 0 6,815 2019 315.7 8,129 0 7,813 2020 315.7 9,146 0 8,830 2021 315.7 10,176 0 9,860 2022 315.7 11,210 0 10,895 2023 315.7 -9,322 0 -9,637 2024 315.7 7,757 0 7,441 2025 315.7 10,214 0 9,899 2026 315.7 10,901 0 10,585 2027 315.7 11,563 0 11,247 2028 315.7 12,196 0 11,880 2029 315.7 12,796 0 12,481 2030 315.7 -22,898 0 -23,213 2031 315.7 7,320 0 7,005 2032 315.7 10,280 0 9,964 2033 315.7 10,584 0 10,268 2034 315.7 10,855 0 10,540 2035 315.7 11,095 0 10,779 2036 315.7 11,302 10,986 2037 315.7 11,476 0 11,160

Total (tones of CO2 e) 9,471 177,943 0 167,547

SECTION D. Environmental impacts of the proposed small-scale A/R CDM project activity:

>> Through establishing 467.7 ha of multiple-use plantations using native species, the proposed small-scale A/R CDM project activity will provide the following environmental benefits.

Biodiversity conservation

The project area is one of critical areas of global biodiversity conservation, which provides habitats for important rare and endangered wildlife, making the proposed small-scale A/R CDM project activity significant positive biodiversity benefits:

Establishing a buffer zone for Gaoligongshan Nature Reserve on lands directly linked with the reserve, and suppressing invasive weed (Eupatorium) currently occupied the lands, and as a result, preventing its invading toward the nature reserve.

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Providing firewood to the local communities, thus reducing the pressure of firewood collection on the nature reserves and strengthening the biodiversity conservation.

Generating increased income to local communities from the proposed A/R CDM project activity. This will reduce their tendency to degrade biodiversity through practices such as poaching, forest fires and illegal logging and NTFP collection in the nature reserve.

Small hole site and soil preparation ensure least removal of pre-existing vegetation. The practice that Shiny-bark birch and Nepal alder will be regenerated naturally as well as the limited existing natural regeneration will be helpful to form a close to nature forest, which is advantageous for biodiversity conservation.

Controlling soil erosion

The soils in the project area are developed from granite or granite gneiss. With high sand and silt content in soils the lands are subjected to soil erosion. Therefore the forest restoration will improve soil conservation.

Risk analysis and countermeasures:

Fire and pest risk: The fire and pest are the potential risks of the proposed small-scale A/R CDM project activity. However the proposed small-scale A/R CDM project activity designs to alleviate these risk through technical and awareness training to local farmers/communities, strengthening patrolling and monitoring, as well as building the fire-break belt. Furthermore, a mixed reforestation arrangements will be adopted to reduce fire and pest risks. The technical and awareness training will be responsible by local forestry bureau. At least 8 forest patrollers will be employed from local villages involved to look after the forests to be established. The patrollers will conduct patrolling on daily basis. Fire brigades have already been established in each village for many years, thus in case of any fire risk being identified, it can be controlled effectively.

Site preparation: The site preparation will disturb the vegetation and soil in the planting sites. The main technical measures to be employed to mitigate the impacts designed in the project are to plant the trees with low density (1667 trees per hectare), limited hole site preparation (30-40 cm in diameter or 0.07-0.13 m2), retaining the existing vegetation as mush as possible (see section A.4.8). As a result, the surface area disturbed by site preparation is estimated to account for 1-2% of the total land surface. The hole will be dug along the landform contour in triangle form to reduce the soil loss. Therefore the site and soil preparation will have minor negative impacts on original soil and vegetation.

Fertilization: In the proposed A/R CDM project activity, fertilizer in the proposed project activity will be applied within the small planting hole rather than overall dispersing, so that the potential risk of the fertilization application can be reduced to minimum.

Pesticide: improper pesticide application would be harmful to natural environment, including polluting soil, water and air conditions, as well as the habitat of the wildlife. However under the proposed small-scale A/R CDM activity, the environmental friendly measures will be adapted such as mixed species arrangement, seed and seedling quarantine, as well as an integrated pest management (IPM) approach, especially biological measures to control pests and diseases will be adopted. Therefore, the pesticide application will be limited.

None of these risks and/or negative impacts is considered to be significant.

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D. 1. If any negative impact is considered significant by the project participants or the host Party, a statement that project participants have undertaken an environmental impact assessment, in accordance with the procedures required by the host Party, including conclusions and all references to support documentation:

>> No significant negative impacts have been identified due to the environmental-friendly techniques adopted in the proposed small-scale A/R CDM project activity, e.g., avoidance of slash and burn and overall tillage, proper choice of tree species and their spatial arrangement, etc. SECTION E. Socio-economic impacts of the proposed small-scale A/R CDM project activity:

>> Agriculture is the main source of income for local communities in the project area. However, the production is very low and the mean annual gross income (GDP) per capita in the project areas is only US$ 228, and even under US$ 100 for Lisu village group (Table E-1). To maximize the socio-economic benefit, the reforestation design was prepared with a participatory approach. PRA methods were adopted in interviewing and consulting with farmer households in the project areas to understand the local farmers/communities’ preferences, wishes and concerns, so that the proposed small-scale A/R CDM project activity would better respond to their desires for livelihood development (see Section F below). Farmers decided the final contractual production arrangements as they liked, such as shareholding arrangement between local farmers/communities and forestry farm (see Section F.2). It is expected that 2,108 villagers from 5 villages of 2 townships will benefit from the proposed project. The main socio-economic benefits of the project include:

(1) Income generation: According to the contractual arrangement between local communities and the forestry farm, Farmers/villages will obtain all incomes from wood and non-wood product by offering their lands and labors for forest establishment. About 2,108 local farmers of 433 households will benefit from the project.

(2) Sustainable fuel wood supply: The local communities depend on fuel wood for living to a certain extent, especially for minority villagers. The proposed small-scale A/R CDM activity will provide more sustainable fuel sources for local farmers.

(3) Strengthening social cohesion: Individual farmer households/communities are too weak to successfully manipulate the chain from investment, production to market especially for the timber and non-wood forest products which will take a much longer period than food production. In addition, the lack of organizational instruments also prevents them from overcoming technological barriers. Overall the proposed small-scale A/R CDM project activity will entail close interaction between individuals, communities, forestry farm and local government, with intensified communication among them and supporting networks for social and productive services, especially for the ethnic minorities.

(4) Technical training and demonstration: Interview with local communities indicated that local farmers/communities are usually short of access to quality seed sources and lack skills for producing high quality seedlings and for successful tree planting, as well as for preventing planted trees from being subject to fire, pest and disease attack. This is one of the important barriers of local communities in planting trees on their lands. In the proposed small-scale A/R

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CDM project activity, the local forestry agencies as well as farms will organize the training for local communities to assist them in understanding and evaluating the issues of hosting the proposed A/R CDM project activity, both on-site and off-site such as seed and seedling selection, nursery management, site preparation and planting models.

Potential socio-economic risks and countermeasures

(1) Cultural Resources

There are no cultural relics and/or cultural reserve that have been identified in the project area, and consequently, no damage to non-replicable cultural property will occur under the proposed small-scale A/R CDM project activity. Meanwhile, the project does not involve any sites for local social gatherings or other spiritual activities, thus the project activities will not impact the normal local gatherings and religious activities.

(2) Ethnic Minority Groups

Lisu is the only ethnic minority group involved in the proposed small-scale A/R CDM project activity. According to the social assessment report done by the social assessment team, the proposed project has designed to ensure that there are equal rights for the ethnic minority group to access to development opportunities.

(3) Economic risk

The potential economic risks will be poor management of the plantations established under the project such as lack of pest and fire control, which would contribute to project failure and farmers’ loss. The proposed small-scale A/R CDM project activity has designed to mitigate this risk by providing technical assistance and training to farmers and communities, by forestry farm and the extension network of the forestry sector. The forestry farm is experienced in reforestation and forest management, which will also provide the technical assistance to the farmers/communities. The Shujiang forestry farm will take the risk and upon deforestation occurred due to poor management local communities have no loss because they only provide lands in the contractual arrangement.

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Table E-1 Socio-economic Profiles of Project Areas

population Minority Town-ships

Villages Villager Groups

Number of household

total women Name

Number of labour force

Cropland area per capita

(ha)

Mean annual gross income per

capita (US$)

Annual fuel wood Consumption per capita

(kg)

Minzudui 20 87 40 Lisu 81 66 0.21 242 Dazuyuan 34 154 77 Lisu 18 93 0.18 188 Lichaiba 58 299 140 172 0.08 209

Pingdi

Sanjiachun 27 122 53 72 0.50 221

630

Daijiazhai 42 204 100 80 0.18 372

Qushi

Daba Fanjiazhai 32 156 75 107 0.14 367

247

Jietou Erdaohe 36 156 76 88 0.44 183 Banpo 22 108 58 67 0.32 129 Guanjiazhai 10 50 28 32 0.52 235 Lijiazhai 10 60 35 40 0.56 125 Wangjiaying 15 90 48 66 0.30 167 Cunjiaying 15 75 38 34 0.27 250 Yangjia 10 51 25 Lisu 1 33 0.21 118 Yujiazhai 10 40 24 15 0.25 156 Zhaojiapotou 5 40 18 22 0.58 313

Donghua

Hengzhaizi 15 47 20 34 0.53 266

129

Zhoujiapo Mopanshi 55 290 160 187 0.37 183 261 Houqiao Shangjie Haoziba 17 79 36 Lisu 15 39 0.37 182.5 270 Total 433 2,108 433 2,108 115 1,323 0.28 228 343



(CDM- SSC-AR-PDD) - Version 01


E. 2. If any negative impact is considered significant by the project participants or the host Party, a statement that project participants have undertaken a socioeconomic impact assessment, in accordance with the procedures required by the host Party, including conclusions and all references to support documentation:

>>There is no negative impact that is considered significant by the project participants or the host party.

SECTION F. Stakeholders’ comments: F. 1. Brief description of how comments by local stakeholders have been invited and compiled:

>> Comments by stakeholders have been invited using PRA methodology. All villages involved were investigated, specifically the PRA include following processes:

(1) Distribution of leaflet. A project leaflet has been prepared with the brief introduction of the project objective, main activities, benefits and potential risk, as well as the modalities and procedures of the CDM A/R project. The leaflet was distributed to the proposed project communities before the PRA process, and was explained during the PRA process.

(2) Seminar of farmers. To get comprehensive information of the historic and current situation and existing problems in local communities, as well as to understand the need and desire of local farmers, a meeting of farmers was held in each village. Main topic include, inter alia:

Introduction of the project objective, main activities, benefits and potential risk, as well as the modalities and procedures of the CDM A/R project activity;

Introduction of the objective, task, methods and main activities of the investigation, and how the local communities to involve in the investigation;

Question and discussion;

Election of farmers’ representatives who will directly participate in the investigation. The representatives shall include same proportion of women and ethic minority people;

Separate seminars were held to verify the participating survey.

(3) Participating survey: 10-15 farmers’ representatives from each villager

Mapping of resources: land use, land cover, land tenure, land ownership, land use right, and their boundary shall be mapped under the assistance of farmers’ representatives;

Current social-economic information, including population, income and sources, fuel wood collection, grazing activities, etc.

Important events: Important historic events related to community development, resource management, in particular the changes of land use and land cover, by interviewing with elders and past and current village leaders. These information shall be verified

Favorable tree species by scoring;

Favorable collaboration arrangement.





(4) Questionnaire. Questionnaire forms were developed and distributed among different stakeholders, including farmer households, villages, township governments, forest farm, local forest stations and forestry bureau, nature reserve and NGOs. The questionnaire forms were collected and analyzed to understand the local socio-economic profiles, land use, land tenure, income and sources, land management ways, awareness, technical know-how, favorable tree species, technical and financial barriers, need and desire of farmers in the ways to participating in the proposed small-scale A/R CDM project activity from relevant stakeholders.

(5) Semi-structure interview:

Group interview on seminar of farmers described above

VIP interview to village leaders, elder villagers, head of ethnic minorities and other important peoples.

Special group interview including interviewing of women, rich farmer household, poor household and households immigrated from outside. 10-15 households were interviewed in each village or villager group.

F. 2. Summary of the comments received:

>> Comments from local farmers, villages and farms, etc. are summarized as follow:

1. Primary stakeholders

(1) Farmers/communities

Local farmers/communities expresses their strong interests to participate in the proposed small-scale A/R CDM project activity because they thought that through participating in the project activity they can obtain the following benefits:

Income increase from selling wood and non-wood products;

Greening their grasslands that can improve local environment, shelter cropland and reduce drought, flood and other natural disasters.

Learning good practice on tree planting and forest management from technical training.

PRA survey indicates that all farmer households willing to participate the proposed small-scale A/R CDM project activity. Since the croplands to be planted in the proposed small-scale A/R CDM project activity are remote and infertile, the productivity and resulted income is very low, even in many cases there is no net income if the labor input is accounted. Therefore, they would like to plant trees on these croplands if investment and technologies available. Since they have plenty of croplands and food for them are well surplus, they would not like to cultivate lands outside the project boundary if these croplands were planted. All households interviewed prefer to cooperate with forest farm by contractual arrangements rather than lease lands to the forestry farm. The survey showed the proposed production arrangements: the household offer lands and labors for forest establishment as equity in return for forest products. Local forestry farm invest in seedlings, fertilizer, pesticide and forest management, and provide technical inputs and undertake related risks, in return for CER selling. Local farmers/communities indicated that without the proposed small-scale A/R CDM project activity it is impossible for them to plant trees on the project





area due to huge pre-investment, technical unknown how, organizational barriers and low economic return in terms of the degraded remote lands.

During the PRA process, the scoring assessment on tree species also indicates that local farmers/communities prefer tree species in following order: flous taiwania, Juglans regia L, Nepal alder, Chinese fir (Cunninghamia lanceolata), shiny-bark birch, etc.

(2) Sujiang Forestry Farm

The Sujiang forestry farm that mainly focuses on reforestation and forest management is very interested in participating in the proposed small-scale A/R CDM project activity. They would like to invest in the reforestation because:

It can get income from sale of CERs that have no market risk

It can get income from wood and non-wood forest products produced on lands within the its farm;

The commercial loan and carbon fund can alleviate their financial pressure from pre-investment, without the proposed small-scale A/R CDM project activity such fund sources are difficult to obtain.

Without the proposed A/R CDM project activity, they would be unwilling to invest in the reforestation on the communities’ lands due to the unacceptably low economic revenues.

With regard to the financing arrangements, the farm prefers to rent lands from local farmers/communities and pay labor costs in addition to land lease costs. However, they would also accept the share holder arrangement as the project promoted. With regard to the tree species, the farm would like to plant Nepal alder, Yunnan pine and shiny-bark birch based on the site conditions and the economic value.

2. Secondary stakeholders

(1) Local forestry departments: Forestry Bureaus and forestry stations of Tengchong county and Yunnan Province view that the proposed small-scale A/R CDM project activity will increase forest resources, improve the local environment and increase income of local farmers/communities, as well as demonstrate the modalities and procedures of A/R CDM project activity. They would provide technical training and consultation to farmers/communities and planting entity, and supervise the implementation of the proposed small-scale A/R CDM project activity.

(2) Local Governments: County and township/town governments in Tengchong County consider that the proposed small-scale A/R CDM project activity can improve local economy and alleviate local poverty especially for the ethnic minorities, and at the same time benefit to globally climate change mitigation and biodiversity conservation as well as improve soil erosion control. Therefore, the proposed small-scale A/R CDM project activity would have great impacts as if technical best practices developed by the proposed A/R CDM project activity are extended to neighbouring areas or local communities that do not involve in the project.

(3) Gaoligongshan Nature Reserve: Part of lands to be reforested is directly linked to the Gaoligongshan National Reserve. the reserve believe that the proposed small-scale A/R CDM project activity will benefit to the biodiversity conservation by suppressing invasive pest pant, establishing buffer zone outside of the reserve, enhancing forest connectivity, reducing pressure on the nature resources by providing sustainable fuel wood to the local communities. The reserves also propose to use native species





as much as possible, establish mixed forests, avoid a large area of pure plantation, be cautious to use pesticide and fertilizer, avoid site burning.

F. 3. Report on how due account was taken of any comments received:

>> The comments received from the PRA survey were fully taken into account as follows:

Participation of local farmers/communities and companies/farms is on a voluntarily basis.

Choice of stakeholder arrangements was based on the preference of local farmers/communities. Under the contractual arrangements, the project promotes joint partnerships where small farmers will be full partners getting the full income from forest products.

Preferences of local farmers/communities were taken into account in the selection of tree species;

Tree species used are native to local, and a mixed species arrangements will be used;

Although local farmers like Juglans regia L, Cunninghamia lanceolata, the site condition is not suitable for the two species.

Compound and/or organic fertilizers will be applied to plantations through small holes rather than overall dispersion;

Use of chemical pesticides will be limited. Rather, disease and pest will be controlled by mixed tree species arrangement and other biological measures;

Slash and burn site preparation will not be used.





Annex 1

CONTACT INFORMATION ON PARTICIPANTS IN THE PROPOSED SMALL-SCALE A/R CDM PROJECT ACTIVITY

Organization: Sujiang Forestry Farm Street/P.O.Box: Houqiao town Building: / City: Tengchong County State/Region: Yunnan Province Postfix/ZIP: 679119 Country: P.R. China Telephone: +86 0875 5895233 FAX: +86 0875 5895233 E-Mail: [email protected] URL: / Represented by: Li Litun Title: Farm director Salutation: Mr Last Name: Li Middle Name: / First Name: Litun Department: Mobile: 13987539179 Direct FAX: +86 0875 5895233 Direct tel: +86 0875 5895233 Personal E-Mail: /





Annex 2

INFORMATION REGARDING PUBLIC FUNDING

No funding will be used from Official Development Assistance.

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