Clause As Exchange In Functional Grammar
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Clause as Clause as ExchangeExchange
The interpersonal functionIn Functional Grammar
A presentation by A presentation by Muhammad Sajid us SalamMuhammad Sajid us Salam
Mphil LinguisticsMphil Linguistics
Islamia University BahawalpurIslamia University Bahawalpur
[email protected]@gmail.com
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Overview What is the significance of clause as exchange? Components of interaction Mood and residue Components of mood and residue Elements outside mood and residue Mood tags Mood structures Types adjuncts Types of clauses Revision through questions
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Significance of clause as exchange
It is about the relationship speakers forge with listeners through the form of language
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Interpersonal
In the act of speaking, the speaker adopts for himself a particular speech role, and in so doing assigns to the listener a complementary role which he wishes him to adopt in his turn.
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Language as interaction
.
goods & services information
giving offer Statement
demanding command question
proposal proposition
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Language as interaction
Offer: Would you like a cup of tea?
Command: Make me some tea!
Statement: I had to make the tea myself.
Question: Do you take sugar with your tea? What kind of tea do you prefer?
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Language as interactionexpected response (supporting)
discretionary response (confronting)
way of responding
Offer acceptance rejection verbal/non-verbal (gestural)
Command undertaking refusal non-verbal/verbal
Statement acknowledgement contradiction verbal (non-verbal)
Question answer disclaimer verbal
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Language as interaction
Response to offer: Yes please / No thanks. Response to command: Hearer does
something, or refuses to do something Response to statement: Hearer acknowledges
the proposition or contradicts it (e.g. yes; mm; right / No, you didn't; That's not true.).
Response to question: Yes; No; I prefer herbal tea. / Why are you asking me that?
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Language as interaction
Mood declarative: Subject^Finite interrogative: Finite^Subject imperative: lacks mood element Examples Mr. Riaz has finished his work. Has Ali submitted his assignment? Look at him.
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Mood-Residue
I am writing This handout On my PC
subject finite predicator complement adjunct
mood residue
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What is complement?
According to F.G, object; direct or indirect or anything which completes the sense of the clause is complement. It is always a nominal group. Complement has a tendency to become a subject.
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What are adjuncts?
Prepositional phrases and adverbial phrases are called adjuncts.
Example They arrived on Sunday.
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Difference between adjunct and complement. 1- she is making her father a cup
of tea in the kitchen.
2- Ismail will sell Riaz his car at a low price.
3- Mr.Asif will send his friend some flowers on eid.
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Adjunct & complement.
1- She is making a cup of tea for her father in the kitchen.
2- Ismail will sell his car to Riaz at a cheap price.
3- Mr.Asif will send some flowers to his friend on eid.
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Mood: Subject + Finite
Mood: 'carries the burden of the clause as an interactive event'
- the nub of the proposition (Halliday )
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Mood consists of Subject + Finite
Subject: The element about which something is
predicated . the entity in respect of which the assertion is
claimed to have validity (Halliday)
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Mood: Subject + Finite
Finite The functions of the Finite are to show: tense (for what time in relation to that of
speaking is the proposition valid?) polarity (does the proposition have positive or
negative validity?) modality (to what extent is the proposition
valid?)
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Mood: Subject + Finite
Finite Other things to note: the finite is a verbal operator the finite and the Predicator may be
realized together (simple past or simple present tense)
Example ?
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Mood: Subject + Finite
there is analysed as subject, followed by Finite^Complement
Example There was a collection of dolls.
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Mood: Subject + Finite
Mood tags: refer back to the mood element may be useful in identifying the
Subject and the Finite Examples: It is hot ,isn’t it ?
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Elements outside the Mood + Residue structure
1- vocatives (interpersonal) Hamza, how are you? 2- expletives Heavens, how beautiful the flower is ! 3- conjunctive adjuncts Yes, it usually does rain. 4- conjunctions
but,while,and etc.
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Mood structures in interrogatives
yes/no interrogatives are marked by the order Finite^Subject and ask the listener to specify the polarity of the message
wh-interrogatives ask the listener to fill in a missing part of the message, marked by a wh-element.
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Mood structures in interrogatives
when he wh-element combines with the function of Subject, we have the order Subject^Finite, and the wh-element is part of the Mood.
when the wh-element combines with a complement or adjunct, we have the order Finite^Subject, and the wh-element is part of the Residue.
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Mood structure in imperatives Imperatives have no Mood
element
(e.g. Listen to me)
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Mood adjuncts
Mood adjuncts express temporal relationships (e.g. yet, already, still) polarity (e.g. yes, no, not) modality probability (e.g. definitely, maybe) usuality (e.g. never, always, sometimes) inclination / obligation (e.g. gladly, reluctantly)
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Comment adjuncts
Comment adjuncts express the speaker’s attitude to the proposition as a
whole, viz. opinion, admission, persuasion, entreaty, presumption, desirability, reservation, validation, evaluation, prediction. (See Halliday p 49)
Examples: frankly, unfortunately, actually, to be honest
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QuestionWhat is the difference between mood and residue?
Answer. In clause as exchange, the part of the clause has the subject and finite is called mood and the remaining part of the clause is called residue.
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Question. What is a non-finite clause? How is it different from a finite clause? How do we analyse non-finite clause?
Answer. A non-finite clause does not show time or judgment.and a finite clause vice versa; for example.
Nasir: Why did you go to Faisalabad? Sarfraz: to see my mother. To see is a non finite clause.We don’t
analyse a non-finite clause.
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Q.No. How many types of clauses we come across in analysis? Declarative. Elliptical. Imperative. Finite. Non-finite. Interrogative. Minor.
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Question.How many types of mood are there?
declarative: Subject^Finite interrogative: Finite^Subje
ct imperative: lacks mood ele
ment
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Question Is it necessary for the mood to come only in the beginning of the clause? exemplify
Answer. No, it is not. Example. Where are you going?.
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QuestionWhat is a minor clause? Give an example. How do we analyse it?
Minor clause does not contain subject and predicate. For example:
Saqib:Have you passed your phonetics paper?
Sajid:Yes “Yes”is a minor clause .We don’t
analyse it.
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Practice: 1 1- Zahid, the Sun is shining inside. 2- Now they extended their
programme. 3- In that movie they included him. 4- They used the lever. 5- May be we can get this flower.
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Practice: 2 1- There was one pen in the shelf. 2- On another wall there was a
small box. 3- There was a record player in a
corner. 4- And beside it was a vase. 5- On the table was a book .
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Practice -3 6- It would be difficult to enjoy it. 7- It’s surprising (that) they said it. 8- It irritates me (that) he did not
apologize. 9- It’s a relief (that) he has left. 10- It’s true (that) he comes late.
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The End
Thank you for your attention