CLASSIFICATIONCLASSIFICATION

•TaxonomyTaxonomy: The science : The science

of naming or classifying of naming or classifying

organisms.organisms.

CLASSIFICATIONCLASSIFICATION

•ClassifyClassify – To – To groupgroup things things together based on together based on similaritiessimilarities..

•TraitTrait – feature that a living – feature that a living thing hasthing has

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• AristotleAristotle (2000+ years ago) – Greek (2000+ years ago) – Greek

scientist, first person to classify lifescientist, first person to classify life

• Two main groups: Two main groups:

• PLANTSPLANTS

• ANIMALSANIMALS

• More specificMore specific

• Trees Trees *Land*Land

• Shrubs Shrubs *Water*Water

• HerbsHerbs *Air*Air

FOR EXAMPLE: ANIMALSFOR EXAMPLE: ANIMALS

• Cat / DogCat / Dog• LandLand

• FlyFly• Air / LandAir / Land

• BearBear• LandLand

• Shark Shark • WaterWater

• ButterflyButterfly• Land / AirLand / Air

• HawkHawk• Air / LandAir / Land

• LizardLizard• LandLand

• Sea OtterSea Otter• Water / LandWater / Land

• FishFish• WaterWater

• MosquitosMosquitos• Water / Air / LandWater / Air / Land

• Carolus Linnaeus Carolus Linnaeus (1735) – Developed a new (1735) – Developed a new

systemsystem

• Two main groups called Two main groups called KingdomsKingdoms

• Kingdom Kingdom AAnimalianimalia

• Kingdom Kingdom PlantaePlantae

• Then he created more specific groupsThen he created more specific groups

• GenusGenus

• speciesspecies

• He gave organisms two names that were based He gave organisms two names that were based

on their on their traitstraits• Homo sapiens Homo sapiens or or Homo sapiensHomo sapiens

BINOMIAL BINOMIAL NOMENCLATURENOMENCLATURE

• Scientific name = Scientific name = Genus and species Genus and species namename

• Genus name is Genus name is ALWAYSALWAYS capitalized. capitalized.

• Species name is Species name is NEVERNEVER capitalized. capitalized.

• Both are Both are ALWAYSALWAYS italicized or underlined. italicized or underlined.

EXAMPLESEXAMPLES

• Timber rattlesnakeTimber rattlesnake

– – Crotalus horridusCrotalus horridus

• Electric eel Electric eel – –

Electrophorus Electrophorus

electricuselectricus

• Bengal tiger Bengal tiger – –

Panthera tigrisPanthera tigris

• Wild cherry tree Wild cherry tree – –

Prunus aviamPrunus aviam

WHY DO WE USE SCIENTIFIC WHY DO WE USE SCIENTIFIC NAMES?NAMES?

1.1. No No mistakesmistakes about what living thing is about what living thing is being observed or described. Each type of being observed or described. Each type of living thing has its living thing has its ownown name. name.

2.2. Scientific names Scientific names rarelyrarely change. change.

3.3. Written in the same language all around the Written in the same language all around the world:world:

LATINLATIN

• Today, we have 7 groups for classifying living Today, we have 7 groups for classifying living

things.things.

1.1. KingdomKingdom AnimaliaAnimalia

2.2. PhylumPhylum ChordataChordata

3.3. ClassClass MammaliaMammalia

4.4. OrderOrder PrimatesPrimates

5.5. FamilyFamily HominidaeHominidae

6.6. GenusGenus HomoHomo

7.7. speciesspecies sapienssapiensKing Philip Came Over For Good spaghetti

KINGDOMSKINGDOMS• Kingdom = Largest group of living thingsKingdom = Largest group of living things

Kingdom Kingdom Monera Monera

Kingdom Kingdom ProtistaProtista

Kingdom Kingdom FungiFungi

Kingdom Kingdom PlantaePlantae

Kingdom Kingdom AnimaliaAnimalia

SIX KINGDOMSSIX KINGDOMS

http://rmascience.weebly.com/uploads/9/2/2/3/9223506/1268234_orig.jpg

CLASSIFICATIONCLASSIFICATION

• Organisms are classified based on the following ways:Organisms are classified based on the following ways:

1.1. How related they areHow related they are

2.2. AncestryAncestry

3.3. Body StructuresBody Structures

4.4. DNADNA

1. CLASSIFYING BY 1. CLASSIFYING BY RELATEDNESSRELATEDNESS

Classifying the House CatGroup GROUP NAME Group trait

ANIMALIA Many cells/eats food

CHORDATA Rod-like structure along back for support

MAMMALIA Nurse young, hair

CARNIVORE Eats meat, large teeth

FELIDAE Sharp claws, large eyes

FELIS Small cats

CATUS Tame

Comparing House Cat and Lion

House Cat Lion Comparison

Kingdom Animalia Animalia

Phylum Chordata Chordata

Class Mammalia Mammalia

Order Carnivore Carnivore

Family Felidae Felidae

Genus Felis Panthera

species catus leo

Comparing House Cat and Shark

House Cat Shark Comparison

Kingdom Animalia Animalia

Phylum Chordata Chordata

Class Mammalia Chondrichthyes

Order Carnivore Lamniformes

Family Felidae Lamnidae

Genus Felis Carcharodon

species catus carcharius

Comparing House Cat and Button Mushroom

House Cat Mushroom Comparison

Kingdom Animalia Fungus

Phylum Chordata Basidiomycota

Class Mammalia Homobasidiomycete

Order Carnivore Agaricales

Family Felidae Agaricaceae

Genus Felis Agaricus

species catus bisporis

2. CLASSIFYING BY ANCESTORS2. CLASSIFYING BY ANCESTORS

• Ancestor – related organism that lived Ancestor – related organism that lived

some time in the pastsome time in the past

• Which 2 do you think would have the most Which 2 do you think would have the most

ancestors in common?ancestors in common?

3. CLASSIFYING BY BODY 3. CLASSIFYING BY BODY STRUCTURESTRUCTURE

• Homologous structures – similar in Homologous structures – similar in structurestructure but differ in but differ in functionfunction

ExamplesExamplesLimbs of:Limbs of:HumansHumans

CatsCatsWhalesWhales

BatsBats

• DNA comparisons – Comparing the DNA sequences of DNA comparisons – Comparing the DNA sequences of

organisms can show how closely related they are.organisms can show how closely related they are.

4. CLASSIFYING BY DNA4. CLASSIFYING BY DNA

CLADISTICSCLADISTICS

• PHYLOGENYPHYLOGENY: Evolutionary history of a species: Evolutionary history of a species

• CLADISTICSCLADISTICS: system of taxonomy that reconstructs : system of taxonomy that reconstructs

phylogenies. (determines the sequence in which phylogenies. (determines the sequence in which

different groups of organisms evolved)different groups of organisms evolved)

MAKING A CLADOGRAMMAKING A CLADOGRAM

Derived characteristics

Plants Seeds Vascular system

Horsetails No Yes

Liverworts No No

Pine trees Yes Yes

MAKING A CLADOGRAMMAKING A CLADOGRAM

1.1. Identify the out-group.Identify the out-group.

• LiverwortsLiverworts

2.2. Name the least common derived traitName the least common derived trait

• SeedsSeeds

3.3. List the order in which the in the table would be List the order in which the in the table would be

placed on a cladogramplaced on a cladogram

• Liverworts – Horsetails – Pine treesLiverworts – Horsetails – Pine trees

MAKING A CLADOGRAMMAKING A CLADOGRAM

DICHOTOMOUS KEYDICHOTOMOUS KEY

DICHOTOMOUS KEYSDICHOTOMOUS KEYS: :

are tools used by scientists to are tools used by scientists to

identify specific names of natural identify specific names of natural

objects, such as trees, ferns, objects, such as trees, ferns,

wildflowers or insects. wildflowers or insects.

Dichotomous means "divided into TWO parts", so there are Dichotomous means "divided into TWO parts", so there are

always TWO choices in a step to identification, usually in the always TWO choices in a step to identification, usually in the

form of form of

YES OR NOYES OR NO

RULES FOR USING RULES FOR USING DICHOTOMOUS KEYSDICHOTOMOUS KEYS

• Always read Always read BOTHBOTH choices, even if the first seems to be the choices, even if the first seems to be the logical one at first. logical one at first.

• Be sure you understand the meaning of the terms involved. Be sure you understand the meaning of the terms involved. DO DO NOT GUESSNOT GUESS. .

• If the choice is not clear, for whatever reason, try If the choice is not clear, for whatever reason, try BOTH BOTH DIVISIONSDIVISIONS. If you end up with two possible answers, read . If you end up with two possible answers, read descriptions of the two choices to help you decide. descriptions of the two choices to help you decide.

DICHOTOMOUS KEY EXAMPLE

1A Object has only straight lines, go to 2

1B Object has curved line, go to 4

2A Color is blue-- Azul calamus

2B Color is not blue, go to 3

3A Object has four equal sides--Quadratis rufus

3BOpposite sides of object are equal-- Rectangulo crudus

4A Object has one continuous curving line, go to 5

4B Object has curved and straight lines--Azul undo

5A Object is red--Ovalado rufus

5B Object is green--Orbis crudus