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![Page 1: Systematics Study of the diversity of organisms to classify them and determine their evolutionary relationships Taxonomy: naming, identifying and classifying.](https://reader038.fdocuments.in/reader038/viewer/2022103022/56649d0b5503460f949df012/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
SystematicsStudy of the diversity of
organisms to classify them and determine their evolutionary relationships
Taxonomy: naming, identifying and classifying of species created by C Linnaeus
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Taxonomy: Classification of Species
Binomial system: all species have a 2 part name consisting of genus + specific epithet (usually latin)
Domain* Eukarya *least specific, includes all others
Kingdom AnimaliaPhylum ChordataClass MammaliaOrder PrimatesFamily HominidaeGenus HomoSpecies** H. Sapiens **most specific
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Taxonomy: Classification of Species
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Phylogenetic TreesEvolutionary tree showing common ancestorsDivergence occurs due to derived traits traits
not previously not seen
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Phylogenetic TreesSpecies are most
closely related to other species in same genus
More distantly related to those of different families, orders
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Cladistic Phylogenetic Trees• A method of tracing
evolutionary history of a group by using shared traits derived from a common ancestor to determine which species are most closely related
• Cladogram• Outgroup not part
of the group being studied
• Ingroup group being studied
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Cladistic Phylogenetic Trees
Which organism(s) have gizzards?
Which organism (s) have an amniotic egg?
Which organism has the most traits in common? The least?
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Which of the Groupings Below is a True Cladogram?
Explain why or why not each is or is not a true clade: a single common ancestor and all its descendents that share one or more shared derived traits.
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Monophyletic grouping: a single ancestor gave rise to all species in that taxon and no other taxon
Polyphyletic grouping: members of the taxon are derived from 2 or more ancestral forms not common to all members
Paraphyletic grouping: a taxon excluding species that share a common ancestor that gave rise to the species included in the taxon
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Tracing PhylogenyFossil records and
Behavior are used to determine relationships/common ancestors
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Tracing Phylogeny: Morphological Data• Homologous
structures similar due to common descent
– Developmental studies
Convergent evolution distantly related species have same structure because developed in same environment
Analogous structures same function without common ancestor
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Tracing Phylogeny: Molecular Data
Protein and DNA/RNA comparisons can be used to determine relationships/common ancestors
Compare mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) high mutation rate
Molecular Clocks study neutral changes in DNA that accumulate at a constant rate; used with fossil common ancestor
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3 Domain SystemArchae,
Bacteria, Eukarya
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3 Domain System
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3 Domain System
Which are prokaryotic? Eukaryotic? Unicellular or multicelled? Heterotrophic or autotrophic? Which have cell walls?
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3 Domain System