Classification Notes. Taxonomy Naming and grouping organisms according to their characteristics and...
-
Upload
loraine-barker -
Category
Documents
-
view
223 -
download
1
Transcript of Classification Notes. Taxonomy Naming and grouping organisms according to their characteristics and...
![Page 1: Classification Notes. Taxonomy Naming and grouping organisms according to their characteristics and evolutionary history.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062409/5697bfa41a28abf838c9713f/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
Classification Notes
![Page 2: Classification Notes. Taxonomy Naming and grouping organisms according to their characteristics and evolutionary history.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062409/5697bfa41a28abf838c9713f/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
Taxonomy
• Naming and grouping organisms according to their characteristics and evolutionary history.
![Page 3: Classification Notes. Taxonomy Naming and grouping organisms according to their characteristics and evolutionary history.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062409/5697bfa41a28abf838c9713f/html5/thumbnails/3.jpg)
Aristotle
• Greek philosopher who first attempted to classify living organisms
• Over 2000 years ago
![Page 4: Classification Notes. Taxonomy Naming and grouping organisms according to their characteristics and evolutionary history.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062409/5697bfa41a28abf838c9713f/html5/thumbnails/4.jpg)
Aristotle
• He classified living things into two groups:– Plants – Animals
![Page 5: Classification Notes. Taxonomy Naming and grouping organisms according to their characteristics and evolutionary history.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062409/5697bfa41a28abf838c9713f/html5/thumbnails/5.jpg)
Aristotle
• Why did his system create problems?– Not all living things are
plants and animals– Even plants and
animals are very diverse
– Our knowledge of life has changed
![Page 6: Classification Notes. Taxonomy Naming and grouping organisms according to their characteristics and evolutionary history.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062409/5697bfa41a28abf838c9713f/html5/thumbnails/6.jpg)
Carolus Linnaeus
• Swedish scientist who developed our modern system of classification.
• 1707 - 1778
![Page 7: Classification Notes. Taxonomy Naming and grouping organisms according to their characteristics and evolutionary history.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062409/5697bfa41a28abf838c9713f/html5/thumbnails/7.jpg)
Carolus Linnaeus
• Used morphology (form and structure) to categorize organisms
![Page 8: Classification Notes. Taxonomy Naming and grouping organisms according to their characteristics and evolutionary history.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062409/5697bfa41a28abf838c9713f/html5/thumbnails/8.jpg)
Carolus Linnaeus• Developed a hierarchy of levels in his
system– Kingdom King– Phylum Phillip– Class Came– Order Over– Family For– Genus Good– Species Soup
![Page 9: Classification Notes. Taxonomy Naming and grouping organisms according to their characteristics and evolutionary history.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062409/5697bfa41a28abf838c9713f/html5/thumbnails/9.jpg)
Species
• Remember that a species is a group of organisms that can mate and reproduce fertile offspring
• Not a clear cut definition
![Page 10: Classification Notes. Taxonomy Naming and grouping organisms according to their characteristics and evolutionary history.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062409/5697bfa41a28abf838c9713f/html5/thumbnails/10.jpg)
Common Names
• Most people use common names for organisms
• This causes problems– 13 lined ground
squirrels are often called gophers
![Page 11: Classification Notes. Taxonomy Naming and grouping organisms according to their characteristics and evolutionary history.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062409/5697bfa41a28abf838c9713f/html5/thumbnails/11.jpg)
Scientific Names
• Scientific names solve the naming problem
• Latin is used for most scientific names.
![Page 12: Classification Notes. Taxonomy Naming and grouping organisms according to their characteristics and evolutionary history.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062409/5697bfa41a28abf838c9713f/html5/thumbnails/12.jpg)
Binomial Nomenclature
All organisms are given a genus and a species name.
This way all people can use the same name to identify organisms
![Page 13: Classification Notes. Taxonomy Naming and grouping organisms according to their characteristics and evolutionary history.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062409/5697bfa41a28abf838c9713f/html5/thumbnails/13.jpg)
Genus and Species• The genus name
comes first and begins with a capital letter.– Ex. Felis (it can be
abbreviated as F.
• The species names comes second and begins with a lower case letter.– Ex. domesticus *Both the genus and species
names are usually italicized and often underlined.Ex. Felis domesticus
![Page 14: Classification Notes. Taxonomy Naming and grouping organisms according to their characteristics and evolutionary history.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062409/5697bfa41a28abf838c9713f/html5/thumbnails/14.jpg)
How do we classify organisms today?
• Not so much on physical similarities (can be based too much on opinions).
• Scientific evidence is a better way to do this.
![Page 15: Classification Notes. Taxonomy Naming and grouping organisms according to their characteristics and evolutionary history.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062409/5697bfa41a28abf838c9713f/html5/thumbnails/15.jpg)
Evidence for Classification
• Chromosome Structure
• Biochemical Similarities
• Embryology
• DNA Sequencing
• Reproduction
![Page 16: Classification Notes. Taxonomy Naming and grouping organisms according to their characteristics and evolutionary history.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062409/5697bfa41a28abf838c9713f/html5/thumbnails/16.jpg)
Systems of Classification
• Linnaeus used 2 Kingdoms– Plant– Animal
![Page 17: Classification Notes. Taxonomy Naming and grouping organisms according to their characteristics and evolutionary history.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062409/5697bfa41a28abf838c9713f/html5/thumbnails/17.jpg)
Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall
The Three-Domain System
The Three-Domain SystemMolecular analyses have given rise to a new
taxonomic category that is now recognized by many scientists.
The domain is a more inclusive category than any other — larger than a kingdom.
![Page 18: Classification Notes. Taxonomy Naming and grouping organisms according to their characteristics and evolutionary history.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062409/5697bfa41a28abf838c9713f/html5/thumbnails/18.jpg)
Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall
The Three-Domain System
The three domains are:• Eukarya, which is composed of protists, fungi, plants,
and animals.• Bacteria, which corresponds to the kingdom
Eubacteria.• Archaea, which corresponds to the kingdom
Archaebacteria.
![Page 19: Classification Notes. Taxonomy Naming and grouping organisms according to their characteristics and evolutionary history.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062409/5697bfa41a28abf838c9713f/html5/thumbnails/19.jpg)
Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall
Domain Bacteria
Domain BacteriaMembers of the domain Bacteria are unicellular
prokaryotes.
Their cells have thick, rigid cell walls that surround a cell membrane.
Their cell walls contain peptidoglycan.
![Page 20: Classification Notes. Taxonomy Naming and grouping organisms according to their characteristics and evolutionary history.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062409/5697bfa41a28abf838c9713f/html5/thumbnails/20.jpg)
Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall
Domain Archaea
Domain ArchaeaMembers of the domain Archaea are unicellular
prokaryotes.
Many live in extreme environments.
Their cell walls lack peptidoglycan, and their cell membranes contain unusual lipids not found in any other organism.
![Page 21: Classification Notes. Taxonomy Naming and grouping organisms according to their characteristics and evolutionary history.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062409/5697bfa41a28abf838c9713f/html5/thumbnails/21.jpg)
Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall
Domain Eukarya
Domain EukaryaThe domain Eukarya consists of organisms that
have a nucleus.This domain is organized into four kingdoms:
– Protista– Fungi– Plantae– Animalia
![Page 22: Classification Notes. Taxonomy Naming and grouping organisms according to their characteristics and evolutionary history.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062409/5697bfa41a28abf838c9713f/html5/thumbnails/22.jpg)
Modern Kingdoms
• Animalia
• Plantae
• Fungi
• Protista
• Archaebacteria
• Eubacteria
![Page 23: Classification Notes. Taxonomy Naming and grouping organisms according to their characteristics and evolutionary history.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062409/5697bfa41a28abf838c9713f/html5/thumbnails/23.jpg)
Animalia
• Multicellular heterotrophs
![Page 24: Classification Notes. Taxonomy Naming and grouping organisms according to their characteristics and evolutionary history.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062409/5697bfa41a28abf838c9713f/html5/thumbnails/24.jpg)
Plantae
• Multicellular autotrophs
![Page 25: Classification Notes. Taxonomy Naming and grouping organisms according to their characteristics and evolutionary history.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062409/5697bfa41a28abf838c9713f/html5/thumbnails/25.jpg)
Fungi
• Most are multicellular• Yeast is unicellular• Absorb food through
cell walls
![Page 26: Classification Notes. Taxonomy Naming and grouping organisms according to their characteristics and evolutionary history.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062409/5697bfa41a28abf838c9713f/html5/thumbnails/26.jpg)
Archaebacteria
• Unicellular prokaryotes
• Related to first life forms
• Live in harsh environments
![Page 27: Classification Notes. Taxonomy Naming and grouping organisms according to their characteristics and evolutionary history.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062409/5697bfa41a28abf838c9713f/html5/thumbnails/27.jpg)
Eubacteria
• Unicellular prokaryotes
• Includes most bacteria
![Page 28: Classification Notes. Taxonomy Naming and grouping organisms according to their characteristics and evolutionary history.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062409/5697bfa41a28abf838c9713f/html5/thumbnails/28.jpg)
Classification of a human
• Kingdom = Animalia• Phylum = Chordata• Class = Mammalia• Order = Primate• Family = Hominid• Genus = Homo• Species = sapien