Ideological Groups Description of Ideologies Similarities/Differences relating to Classical Liberalism

Luddism A protest movement of the early 1800s against industrialization and mechanization. Protesters broke into factories and destroyed machines.

The Luddites opposed competition because they now had to compete with the machines for work, so they destroyed them.

Chartism A walking-class movement in Britain that focused on political and social reform from 1838 to 1848. Goals of the Movement included: Universal suffrage for men over 21, equal-sized electoral districts, voting by secret ballot, an end to the need for property qualifications for Parliament, pay for Members of Parliament, and annual elections.

The Chartists opposed self interest of the government because it was more concerned for the upper classes rather than the middle and lower working classes.

Utopian Socialism Humanitarians who advocated an end to the appalling conditions of the average worker in the industrial capitalist countries of the 19th century; people who believed it was possible to work to bring about a better world and that obvious evils can be eradicated.

The Utopian Socialists preferred socialist and cooperative actions and opposed competition within society.

Marxism A radical form of socialism, often called scientific socialism or communism to distinguish it from other socialist ideologies.

Marxists opposed private property and the centralization of the means of production, as well as individual rights and freedoms because it was believed things should be done in a collective rather than individually.

Classical Conservatism

An ideology that says government should represent the legacy of the past as well as the well-being of the present, and that society should be structured in a hierarchical fashion, that government should be chosen by a limited electorate, that leaders should be humanitarian and that the stability of society is all important.

Classical Conservatists believe the government should be chosen by a limited electorate and should be chosen by those best suited according to their abilities. They opposed equality but support welfare and rule of law.

Welfare Capitalism Initiatives by industrialists to provide workers with non-monetary rewards to head off the growing demand for labor unions; also refers to government programs that would provide social safety nets for workers.

Supported welfare state, and individual rights and freedoms of workers. Opposed self interest of higher class and favored interests for workers.

Keynesian Economics John Maynard Keynes studied the Depression and developed a new economic theory. He believed that classical liberal economic theory, the basis for the market

This form best relates to each of the others because depending on the economic state of the nation, the government involvement and decisions varies. During