Classical Greece CHAPTER 5. Cultures of the Mountains and the Sea Chapter 5:1.
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Transcript of Classical Greece CHAPTER 5. Cultures of the Mountains and the Sea Chapter 5:1.
Vocabulary
Mycenaean: Indo-Europeans who settled in the Greek mainland around 2000 B.C.
Trojan War: 10 year war between Mycenaean and City-State of Troy.
Epic: Narrative poems that celebrate heroic deeds
Geography Shapes Life
Mountainous Peninsula 2,000 islands
Water Aegean Sea, Mediterranean Sea, Ionian Sea Water served as Transportation System Linked City States together
Skilled SailorsGreece lacks Natural Resources!!!
Must trade for Timber, metals and farmland/food!
Greece: The Land and Climate
¾ of Greece is Rugged, Rocky Mountains Mountains divided Greece up into specific regions Developed small individual communities/governments
Little fertile land and water (Small Population)
Varied Climate: 48 Degrees in the Winter 80 degrees in the Summer
Active lifestyle Sports/Olympics
Mycenaean Civilization Develops
Mycenaeans Indo-Europeans from the
Eurasian SteppesLeading City:
MycenaeContact with the
Minoans Adopted the Minoan
Writing system, Art,
The Trojan War
Mycenaean’s 10 year battle against Troy Troy: An Independent trading city located in Anatolia
Greek army attacked because Trojan Prince kidnapped Helen “the beautiful wife of a Greek King” English Class!!
The Trojan War: Video
Greek Culture Declines Under the Dorians
Dorians took over the Mycenaeans weakened from battles
Lack history No Writings
Homer: Blind Story Teller, Narrative Poems, The Iliad Achilles Hector of Troy
Greek Myths Love, hate, jealousy
Greek Gods
Zeus Ruler of the Gods (Lived on Mount Olympus
Hera Zeus’s Wife, Jealous all the time
Athena Goddess of Wisdom: Zeus’s daughter and favorite child
Hades Ruler of the Underworld
Name some other Gods?
Main Idea Questions: PG 126
What impact did nearness to the sea have on the development of Greece?
What aspects of culture did the Mycenaean's adopt from the Minoans?
Why were the epics of importance to the Greeks of the Dorian period?
Vocabulary
Polis: City stateAcropolis: Fortified hilltop, gathering for
politicsAristocracy: Government ruled by small
group of noble landowning families (rich families)
Democracy: Rule by the people (direct democracy)
Helot: Peasants force to stay on the land they worked
Phalanx: Military formation (shield to shield)Persian Wars: Wars between Greece and the
Persian Empire
Rule and Order in Greek City-States
Polis City State “Fundamental political unit in ancient Greece” Fewer than 10,000 People
Acropolis: Fortified hilltop, downtown area, trade area, meeting area for politics
Greek Political Styles: Monarchy: Single person, King Aristocracy: Government ruled by a small group of noble
landowning families Oligarchy: Government ruled by a few powerful people
Athens Builds a Limited Democracy
Idea of Representative GovernmentDemocracy
Rule by the People. In Athens, citizens participated directly in political
decision making.
Draco Developed Legal Code No Citizen should own another citizen Only free adult male property owners born in
Athens were considered citizens. Women, slaves, and foreigners were excluded
from citizenship and had few rights
Athenian Education
Wealthy families sent children to schools Reading, grammar, poetry, history, math, music, gym
Boys Military Schools
Girls Educated at home by mothers, Child-rearing, home
skills.
Spartan Daily LifeSparta Government
and Society
• Most Powerful Military in Greece
• No Individualism• Valued
• Strength, duty, discipline
• Served in Military till 60 • Men 7-30 years
• “Come back with your shield or on it!”
Branches: Assembly Included everyone
The Council of Elders (5)
Sparta Builds a Military State
The Persian Wars
Sparta and Athens Unites against the Persians Shifted from Bronze
weapons to IronCreated The Phalanx
Most Powerful fighting force in the Ancient World
Persian Wars
The Persian Wars: Battles between Greece and the Persian Empire
Ionian Greeks were invaded by PersiansBattle of Marathon
25,000 Persians 10,000 Athenians (Phalanxes) 6,000 Persians vs. 200 Greeks died
Battle of Thermopylae
Battle of Thermopylae (The Real 300) 300 Spartans 7,000 Greeks vs. Xerxes Army Greeks stopped the Persian Advance for 3 days
Traitor informed the Persians of the “Secret Pass” 300 Spartans stayed the rest fled
Xerxes’s Army/Navy defeated in Aegean Sea Delian League (City States/ Greek Alliance)
Consequences of the Persian War
Athens became the leader of the Delian League Moved the Delian League capital to Athens
Golden Age of Athens Athens became the Center Piece for the Greek
Civilization
Main Ideas
How does an aristocracy differ from an oligarchy
What contributions did Solon and Cleisthenes make to development of Athenian democracy
How did Athens benefit from victory in the Persian War
Democracy and Greece’s Golden Age
CHAPTER 5:3ROOTS OF ANCIENT GREECE
Vocabulary
Direct Democracy: A form of government in which citizens rule directly not through representatives
Peloponnesian War: War between Athens and Sparta. Athens had a stronger Navy and Sparta had a stronger Army. Sparta wins.
Classical Art: Art that shows ideal beauty. (Harmony, order, balance, proportion)
Philosophers: Means “Lover of Wisdom” (Education)Socrates: Father of Philosophy, absolute standards for truth
and justice. Examine themselves. Socratic Method (Question/Answer)
Plato: Person with the greatest intelligence should be king. Found the Academy (oldest school). The Republic
Aristotle: Developed the scientific method. Taught Alexander the Great
Pericles’ Plan for Athens
Golden Age of Athens (50 Years) 477-431 B.C.Arts
Drama, Sculpture, Poetry, Philosophy, Architecture, and Science
Pericles Leader of Athens Politician, General, Inspiring Speaker
Three Goals1. Strengthen Athenian Democracy2. Strengthen Empire3. Glorify Athens
Stronger Democracy
Paid Public Officials Why is this important?
More citizens engaged in politics
Direct Democracy A form of Gov. in which
citizens rule directly and not through representatives.
How is this different from the United States?
Greece vs. United States (Pg. 134)
United StatesCitizens: born in U.S. or
complete citizenship processReps. Elected to propose and
vote on lawsElected presidentExecutive branch made up of
elected and appointed officials Juries composed of 12 jurorsDefendants and plaintiffs have
attorney; long appeals process
Both Political power exercised by citizens
Three branches of Gov. Legislative Branch passes laws
Executive branch carries out laws Judicial branch conducts trials with paid jurors
AthensCitizens: male 18 yrs. Born
of citizen parentsLaws voted on and proposed
directly by assembly of all citizens
Leader chosen by lotExecutive branch composed
of a council of 500 men Juries varied in sizeNo attorney; no appeals,
one-day trails
Athens
Citizens Male 18 yrs. Born of citizen parents
Laws voted on and proposed directly by assembly of all citizens
Leader chosen by majorityExecutive branch composed of a council of
500 menJuries varied in sizeNo attorney
No appeals, one-day trails
United States
Citizens: Born in U.S. or complete citizenship process
Reps. Elected to propose and vote on lawsElected presidentExecutive branch made up of elected and
appointed officialsJuries composed of 12 jurorsDefendants and plaintiffs have attorney
Long appeals process
Both
Political power exercised by citizens Three branches of Gov. Legislative Branch passes laws Executive branch carries out laws
Athenian Empire
Defeated Persians in The Persian Wars
Organized the Delian League
Athens's Navy the Strongest in the World!!! (Makes Sense)
At odds with Sparta Similar to United States and
Soviet Union after World War II
Glorifying Athens
Used money form the Delian League to Beautify Athens Bought Gold Ivory
and Marble These resources went
to “Beautifying” Athens
Glorious Art and Architecture
The Parthenon The Parthenon The Parthenon II
23,000 square feetBuilt to Honor Athena (Goddess of Wisdom and
Protector of Athens)Sculptor PhidiasGiant Statue of Athena (Gold, Ivory)30 Feet TallFaces showed no expression, Portray ideal BeautyClassical Art: Harmony, order, balance and
proportion
Drama and History
First Theaters Civic duty for wealthy to pay for Theaters
Tragedy: Serious drama about common themes such as love, hate, war or betrayal Hero’s tragic flaw
Comedy: A performance filled with slapstick situations and crude humor Politics, People and Ideas
History: Thucydides First real historianMust understand the past to know the
future!!
Athenians and Spartans Go to War
“Cold War” Differences in ways of lifePeloponnesian War:
War between Athens and Sparta 431 B.C.- 404 B.C.Athens had a stronger NavySparta Stronger Army
Spartans burned the Athenian food supplySparta Wins
Plague swept through Athens Syracuse is attacked (Sparta’s Friend)
Athens surrendered in 404 B.C.
Philosophers Search for Truth
War left Athenians lacking confidence in Democratic Government and they began to question their values
Philosophers Lovers of Wisdom
Two Constant Ideas!!1. The universe (Land, sky, and sea) is put together in an
orderly way, and subject to absolute and unchanging laws2. People can understand these laws through logic and
reason
Sophists Questioned ideas about justice and traditional values Questioned Reality of “Gods”
Socrates
Question yourself and Moral Character• Marjory of citizens
could not understand his ideas
• 70 yrs• Corrupting Athens
youth • Not worshiping the
Gods• Died by drinking
Hemlock
Plato
Student of Socrates• The Republic• vision of a perfectly
governed society• Not a democracy• 3 groups of citizens• Farmers/ artisans,
warriors and Ruling Class
• Dominated European thinking for 1,500 yrs.
Aristotle
• Question human beliefs, knowledge• Argued rules of logic• Psychology, Physics,
Astronomy and Biology
• Scientific Method• Famous Pupil• Alexander The Great• 3 years as his teacher
Main Idea Questions
What were the battle strategies of Athens and Sparta in the Peloponnesian War?
What steps did Pericles take to strengthen democracy in Athens?
Why do you think some Athenians found the ideas of Socrates so disturbing?
Vocabulary
Philip II: King of Macedonia, Alexander the Great’s Father
Macedonia: Area located directly above Greece. Rough terrain and a cold climate. Mountain villages.
Alexander the Great: Macedonian King who conquered Greece, Persia, Egypt and the Indus. Hellenistic Culture.
Darius III: Persian King who fled Alexander the Great’s Army in Anatolia. Lost his empire to Alexander the Great
Big Idea: Alexander’s Empire
Alexander the Great Conquers Persia and Egypt
Extends his empire to the Indus River Valley (Northwest India)
Unites 4 RegionsIndiaGreecePersiaEgypt
Philip Builds Macedonian Power
Macedonia
Macedonia Kingdom of Mountain
Villages North of Greece
King Philip II: Ruler, brilliant general;
dreams of controlling Greece
Macedonians: Call themselves Greek Rest of Greece does not
Philip’s Army
Philip Creates well-trained professional army; plans to invade Greece
Philip Builds Macedonian Power
Conquest of Greece
338 B.C. Macedonians defeat Greece Macedonian Phalanx
336 B.C. King Philip Murdered
His son named King of Macedonia
Alexander the Great
Alexander Defeats Persia
Alexander’s Early Life
Tutored by Aristotle Inspired by the IliadTrained by the
MilitaryBecomes King at 20
years old Destroys city of Thebes
to Curb Rebellion
Invasion of Persia
334 B.C. Alexander invades Persia Quick victory at Granicus
River Darius III (King of Persia)
Assembles army of 50-70,000 Alexander defeats Persians
again
Persians forced to flee
Alexander Defeats Persia:Conquering the Persian Empire
Alexander marches to Egypt Crowned Pharaoh in 332 B.C.
Defeats Persians at again (Gaugamela in Mesopotamia)
Battle of Gaugamela Video Alexander captures cities of Babylon, Susa and Persepolis Persepolis, the Persian capital is Burned to the Ground
Ashes of Persepolis signal total destruction of Persian Empire
Alexander’s Other ConquestsAlexander Video (9 mins)
Alexander in India
Fights his way across Central Asia to India
Alexander conquers the Indus River Valley in 326 B.C.
Reluctantly stops fighting (Soldiers wanted to go home!!)
11 years of fighting Dies in Babylon, 323
B.C.
Alexander’s Legacy
Alexander melts together Greek, Persian, Egyptian Cultures
Married a Persian women Empire becomes three
kingdoms after his death1. Macedonia, Old Greek City
States2. Egypt3. Persia: (aka Seleucid
Kingdom)
Main Ideas
How was Philip II able to Conquer Greece?
Philip II’s goal was to conquer Persia. Why did Alexander continue his campaign of conquest after this goal have been achieved?
What happened to Alexander’s empire after his death?
Vocabulary
Hellenistic: Blending of Greek, Egyptian, Persian, and Indian culture
Alexandria: Egyptian city which became the most important city in Alexander’s empire. Greatest city/Library
Archimedes: Hellenistic scientist, estimated the value of Pi, explained the law of the Lever
Colossus of Rhodes: Island of Rhodes. Bronze statue that stood 100 feet. 1-7 wonders of the ancient world
Hellenistic Culture in Alexandria
Alexander actively tried to blend cultures together
Spread Greek ideals throughout empireAlexandria: Most important city
Trade from all of Mediterranean Sea International Community due to trade Diverse population ½ million people Beautiful city (statues lined the streets) Enormous lighthouse (Pharos) Museum: Filled with arts/culture/paintings Library: ½ million papyrus scrolls. 1st research library
(scholars moved to study there)
Science and Technology
Alexandria’s Scholars Scholars preserve Greek and Egyptian learning in the sciences
Astronomy Astronomer Aristarchus proves the sun is larger than the
Earth Proposes planets revolve around the sun (14 Centuries before
anyone else) Eratosthenes uses geometry to calculate the Earth’s
circumferenceMath and Physics
Euclid: Mathematician: Elements the basis for courses in geometry
Archimedes: scientist; ideas helped build force pump and steam engine
Pythagorean Theorem????
Philosophy and Art
Stoicism and Epicureanism Zeno founds Stoic School: promoted virtuous simple
lives Epicurus believes people should focus on what sense
perceives
Realism in Sculpture Colossus of Rhodes Hellenistic bronze sculpture over 100 feet tall Sculptures move to non-classical, natural forms; real
people