The North

8.6.1

By: Jasmine Lin for Mr. Haskvitz

Discuss the influence of industrialization and technological developments on the region, including human modification of the landscape and how physical geography shaped human actions (eg., growth of cities, deforestation, farming, mineral extraction).

Industrial Revolution

• In the 1700s, the Industrial Revolution swept over the United States.

• New inventions and concepts were created to make everything quicker and more efficient.

• The new systems led to more jobs for women and children. • During the Industrial Revolution, there were significant

changes that occurred in transportation, agriculture, and manufacturing.

© Yahoo! Geocities

Textile Industry

• Richard Arkwright invented the water frame, which could produce cotton threads faster and more cheaply. However, water sources were needed for the machine to function.

• Samuel Slater secretly brought the designs of textile mills from Great Britain to America. He owned the first textile mill in the United States.

"Feature" © by Guide

Samuel Slater

• Samuel Slater immigrated from England to America, secretly memorizing the designs of textile machines.

• The textile machines resulted in faster and cheaper cloth production.

• Slater’s invention led to textile mills across the United States, and opened new job opportunities for the people.

• New mills were built across the United States, especially in the North.

Mass Production Mass production is the concept of large numbers of goods being produced

quickly and efficiently for low cost per unit influenced by Eli Whitney. The elements of mass production are: - interchangeable parts: identical parts of a machine that can be replaced instead of custom made (invented by Eli Whitney) - machine tools: make identical and interchangeable parts - division of labor: work divided among people, with each laborer repeating the same, specific task (normally, the workers were unskilled) - mass-produced goods: the result of the mass production technique (Eli Whitney mass-produced firearms)

• Eli Whitney also invented the cotton gin.

Rhode Island system The Rhode Island system was created my Samuel Slater to

complete work on the mills at a low cost. Families were employed, including the children, and work was

divided among several workers. Each person performed a simple, tedious task over, and over again.

The employees were paid low wages, and were sometimes paid by receiving credit at the company store.

The mills did not only employ textile workers, but also workers who operated the machine part making and dam builders.

The mills supported dressmakers, small workshops, butchers, tailors, and other businesses who needed the supply from textile mills.

Lowell system

•Francis Cabot Lowell invented the Lowell system for water-powered mills. •The system hired young, single women, who would spin thread and weave cloth for 12 to 14 hours.•The Lowell girls were paid more than other women could earn per week in other jobs.•The women and girls were provided with educational and cultural opportunities.•Interested in his own manufacturing benefits, Lowell cut his employee’s wages and lengthened their hours to stay more profitable and meet demands.

Labor Reforms Because of the hard work, low wages, and poor working conditions,

workers began to form trade unions in attempt to improve pay and working conditions.

They formed strikes, in which they refused to work, until their demands were met. However, these strikes were unsuccessful, without the support of the government.

Sarah G. Bagley founded the Lowell Female Labor Reform Association, and tried to receive her demands of a 10 hour work day and better working conditions.

The Transportation Revolution The Transportation Revolution was a period of time in the

1800s where new forms of transportation were invented, with improved speed, efficiency, and convenience.

Steamboats and steam trains were very popular during the Transportation Revolution because they moved people and goods quickly across the United States.

The efficient transportation made delivering goods to long distances faster and cheaper.

© Canadian National Archives

Steamboats James Watt patented the steam engine, which kicked off the Industrial

Revolution, and inspired the idea of using steam power to propel boats.

John Fitch made the first successful steamboat in America. Robert Fulton tested the first full-sized commercial boat, the

Clermont, in the United States. His first steamboat design was tested a few years ago in France.

The steamboat was an improved form of transportation, due to its ability to move upriver. It did not rely on wind power, but instead on steam power.

Because of the faster transportation, goods could be moved more quickly and for cheaper rates. This increased trade and profits.

Boats carried things like cotton, sugar, and passengers.

Gibbons v. Odgen Thomas Gibbons owned a federal

license for his steamboat, but not a state license.

In 1824, the Gibbons v. Ogden Supreme Court case allowed the Congress to regulate both interstate and foreign commerce.

The Court stated that federal license was top priority over state lisence.

This case expressed the federal government’s ability to overpower states’ governments. © by Kenneth S. Panza

Steamtrains Peter Cooper built the Tom Thumb, which was a locomotive that

started slowly, but later increased its pace, going at a fast speed. The small locomotive led to railroad companies that built railroad

tracks and steam trains. The railroads linked almost every major city in the United States,

which made trade easier and cheaper. Citizens of all regions had access to goods from all across the country.

Steam trains transported people to the west, bring new residents to the other side of the nation, and causing those cities to grow.

Telegraph In 1832, Samuel F. B. Morse perfected

the telegraph, a device that sent information through wire over long distances.

Clicking sounds were used to represent the words being communicated from the other end.

Alfred Lewis Vail developed the Morse Code for the telegraph, which were used to represent each letter of the alphabet by replacing them with different combinations of dots and dashes.

Wires linked cities across the nation for the telegraph. Telegraph offices were established at train stations.

© by Steven E. Schoenherr

Farm Equipment In the 1830s, John Deere invented the steel plow. The steel blade plowed thick soil better than the iron blade did. In 1831, Cyrus McCormick invented the mechanical reaper, which cut

down wheat quickly and efficiently. McCormick used Eli Whitney’s techniques, and mass produced his

new invention. He also used other techniques, by advertising, giving demonstrations, warrantees, and credit.

These two inventions helped farmers on the field, producing more crop than previous years.

House Appliances House appliances made daily life easier and more convenient. Isaac Singer improved Elias Howe’s sewing machine. Like Cyrus

McCormick, Singer also allowed his customers to buy his machines on credit.

The icebox was also developed. Blocks of ice were used to store food and keep it fresh for longer periods.

Instead of cooking fires and stone hearths to cook food, iron cookstoves were used in common households.

Matches and safety pins were also invented during this time period. Due to Eli Whitney’s mass production strategy, household items, like

clocks, were more affordable.

Test Questions !

1. Samuel Slater2. Eli Whitney3. Robert Fulton4. John Deere5. Cyrus McCormick6. Samuel Morse7. Francis Lowell8. Sarah Bagley9. Peter Cooper10. Isaac Singer11. Richard Arkwright

a. steam trainb. steam boatc. steel plowd. telegraphe. labor reformerf. textile millg. sewing machineh. Lowell systemi. water framej. mechanic reaperk. mass production

Match the famous peoples’ names to what they are famous for.

Test Answers1. F2. K3. B4. C5. J6. D7. H8. E9. A10. G11. I

Resources Industrial Revolution:

http://www.yale.edu/ynhti/curriculum/units/1981/2/81.02.06.x.html Samuel Slater:

http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/548126/Samuel-Slater Industrial Revolution inventors:

http://americanhistory.about.com/library/charts/blchartindrev.htm Transportation Revolution: http://www.suite101.com/lesson.cfm/18139/1464/4 Lowell system:

http://www.novelguide.com/a/discover/eueh_02/eueh_02_00541.html Steamboats: http://inventors.about.com/library/inventors/blsteamship.htm Eli Whitney: http://web.mit.edu/invent/iow/whitney.html Mass production:

http://www.willamette.edu/~fthompso/MgmtCon/Mass_Production.html