Civil Wars and EmpiresBy Jake Flores

History 141

Crossroads of Freedom: Antietam (part 1)

CH. 3 – The Federals got a Very Complete Smashing: Aug-Sept 1862

1. Union war effort was not going well especially in the eastern theater

2. Robert E. Lee and Stonewall Jackson were outshining their Northern counterparts

3. The South triumphed at Second Manassas and in the Shenandoah Valley

4. Managed to turn back McClellan's invasion of Virginia

Intro - Death in September

1. Sept 17, 1862, 6,300 to 6,500 lives were lost near Sharpsburg, Maryland

- More than twice the number of deaths

than 9/11/2001

CH. 1 – The Pendulum of War: 1861 – 1862

1. With the seizure of Ft. Sumter, the

South only needed to defend its

possession to win the war.

2. James Mason vs. Charles Francis Adams

a. Mason of Virginia lobbied Britain to recognize the Confederacy

b. Adams (son of John Quincy) lobbied to prevent British recognition of Confederacy

CH. 2 – Taking Off the Kid Gloves: June-July 1862

1. 1862, support for Confederates’

views among European leaders and citizens

2. Lack of Federal success triggers a wider and deeper commitment in the Union to wage a different sort of war.

Crossroads of Freedom: Antietam (part 2)

CH. 4 Showdown at Sharpsburg

1. The Richmond Enquirer wrote propagandistically of the South’s deliverance of Maryland from Northern tyranny, and the optimism of Southern victory

2. The reality was quite different. Maryland did not welcome the Southern invaders.

3. Weak strategic victory at Antietam diminished any successes Lee may have had in winning the hearts and minds of the people of Maryland

CH. 5 The Beginning of the End

1. The Northern Army of Virginia was badly hurt.

2. The battle deeply affected the moral of Southern troops

3. The Emancipation Proclamation grew from a need to re-ignite Northern enthusiasm by radicalizing the war

4. British skepticism to the Proclamation was evident early on as they assumed that it was intended to ignite slave insurrection

The Haitian Revolution

The Haitian Revolution 1791–1804

“the only successful slave revolt in history.” historian C.L.R. James

Haiti was the first republic in modern history led by people of African descent

Riches of the Caribbean depended on the Europeans' increasing taste for sugar.

Plantation owners traded for provisions from North America and manufactured goods from Europe

1789 - racial tension between whites, free people of color, and enslaved blacks, the country was polarized by regional rivalries between the North, South, East, and West

August 22, 1791 - Slaves of Saint Dominguerose in revolt and plunged the colony into civil war

By 1792, slaves controlled a third of the island

On January 1, 1804, Dessalines, the new leader under the dictatorial 1801 constitution, declared Haiti a free republic

Haiti was the first independent nation in Latin America, the first post-colonial independent black-led nation in the world, and the only nation whose independence was gained as part of a successful slave rebellion

The US-Mexican War

The US-Mexican War 1846-1848

Was a result of the 1845 U.S. annexation of Texas

Mexico claimed ownership of Texas as a breakaway province and refused to recognize the secession and subsequent military victory by Texas in 1836

The most important consequences of the war for the United States were the Mexican terms of surrender under the Treaty of Guapalupe Hidalgo

The Mexican territories of Alta California and Santa Fe de Nuevo Mexico were ceded to the United States

The Indian Rebellion of 1857

Indian Rebellion of 1857 Began as a mutiny of Indian born soldiers

(sepoys) working for the British East India Company's army on in May of 1857

Cause: many sepoys were disquieted both from losing their perquisites, as landed gentry, in the Oudh courts and from the anticipation of any increased land-revenue payments that the annexation might augur

Much of the resistance to the Company came from the old aristocracy, who were seeing their power steadily eroded

Mutinies and civilian rebellions occurred in: a. The upper Gangetic plain b. Central India Major hostilities confined to: a. present-day Uttar Pradesh b. Bihar c. northern Madhya Pradesh d. the Delhi region The rebellion posed a considerable threat to

Company power in that region It was contained only with the fall of

Gwalior on 20 June 1858

The Crimean War

The Crimean War: Oct 1853 - Feb 1856

Fought between the Russian Empire and an alliance of the British Empire

British alliance:

1. France

2. Ottoman Empire

3. Kingdom of Sardinia

The war was part of a long-running contest between the major European powers for influence over territories of the declining Ottoman Empire

Is notorious for the logistical and tactical mistakes that plagued both sides

Introduced technical changes which affected the future course of warfare:

1. First tactical use of railways and

telegraph

First war to be extensively documented in Photographs

The French Intervention in Mexico

The French Intervention in Mexico

It followed President Benito Juarez's suspension of interest payments to foreign countries in July 1861

The French bombarded Veracruz on January 15, 1863

April 31st the Battle of Camaron

Capitaine and his battalion were forced to make a defense in Hacienda Camarón

They fought to nearly the last man, with three survivors

'Camerone Day' is still the most important day of celebration for Legionnaires.

The War of the Triple Alliance

The War of the Triple Alliance 1864 -1870

Fought between Paraguay and the allied countries of Argentina, Uruguay, and Brazil

After-effect of colonialism in Latin America

Struggle for physical power over the strategic Rio Del Plat region

The outcome of the war was the utter defeat of Paraguay

French Intervention in Cochinchina

French Intervention in Cochinchina 1858–1862

Fought between the French and the Spanish on the one side and the Vietnamese on the other

Concluded with the establishment of the French colony

1864 the three southern provinces ceded to France were formally constituted as the French colony of Cochinchina

Within three years, France's new colony doubled in size

Inaugurated nearly a century of French colonial dominance in Vietnam

Scramble for Africa

Scramble for Africa

The New Imperialism period between the 1880s and WWI in 1914◦ Belgium

◦ France

◦ Germany

◦ Italy

◦ Portugal

◦ Spain

◦ United Kingdom

Attractive to Europe's ruling elites for economic and racial reasons

The ideas of Charles Darwin, the eugenics movement and racism, all helped to foster European expansionist policy