Civil War

Why was it so bad?

War• Is war good or bad?

• Take a side and explain your opinion.

How do you know who will win?

VS

Read

• Read your section and fill in any strengths or weaknesses that you can find.

• Show me when you are done.

North = the UnionStrengths

• Abraham Lincoln: strong leader

• Population (4x as many people)

• Economy:– Factories: make guns,

ammunition, uniforms, shoes, etc.

– Supplies: much more than the South.

• Farms: not a part of the war (Midwest)-food for troops

• Trains and canals: supply the army easily

• Navy – world class navy and the Confederacy had none = blockade!

Weaknesses• Overconfidence: 90 days!• Military leaders: first choices

for leadership all southerners. Other officers = failures.

• Offense: Had to take over the South!

• Border states: MO, KY, MD, and DE had slaves – many people there were against the war

• Supply lines: long and hard to defend.

• Fighting in the South: away from home = always bad!

• “Copperheads:” people in the North against the war.

South = The ConfederacyStrengths

• Military Leaders: Robert E. Lee, Stonewall Jackson, J.E.B. Stuart, etc! – Military colleges in the

South = trained and experienced

• Home War Advantage:• Motivation: something to

fight for (independence = risking their lives and freedom to fight)

• Defensive war: easier to defend than attack.

• Geography = knew the land and where to go/hide/shortcuts

Weaknesses• Overconfidence: it would take only

a couple of cannon shots• Small population: (30% + slaves)• Economy: Plantation economy with

rivers for transportation.• Needed the North and Europe• Few factories: could not produce

for war.• Few railroads: slow moving!• Government: Conservative South

formed a Confederacy (too weak).– States too much power.– Same weaknesses as A of C

• Slaves: Slowed or even refused to work. – Emancipation Proclamation

(1863): over ¼ of the slaves fled the South.

Test Question:

• What was an advantage of the Union in the Civil War?

a.Strong military leaders

b.Fighting at home

c.Robert E. Lee

d.Population

Test Question:

• What was an advantage of the Confederacy in the Civil War?

a.Strong military leaders

b.Factories and supplies

c.Government

d.Population

Now you tell me!

• Answer the Assessment Questions

Use your strengths and weaknesses to come up with a plan to win the war!

War Plans

• What were the plans for war?

North: “Anaconda Plan”• Blockade = stop things from

coming in/out• Seize capitol city Richmond,

VA• Take control of the

Mississippi River

South:• Defense = Make the North

tired of fighting.• Get Britain or France to help

First Battle of Bull Run• How did the real

fighting begin?• July 1861: Union troops

marched on the Confederate capitol (Richmond)

• Armies fought at Bull Run.• Confederates won the battle

led by “Stonewall” Jackson• Important: war would be

long and bloody (just like Bunker Hill in the Revolution)

Hundreds of Washingtonians rode out to watch the battle. They had no idea what they would be getting into.

The Civil War• The Union had many bad

generals (McClellan)• The Confederacy won

most battles early in the War (Robert E. Lee).

What happened after the first major battle of the Civil War?

McClellan had the numbers, supplies, and trained men to take Richmond but he was too paranoid to move quickly!He was even so afraid of Quaker Guns (fake guns) that he often allowed southern armies to get away.

“The Peninsula Campaign”

Battle of Antietam• What happened after the

Union’s attacks on the South failed?

• Aug. 1862: Confederates won the Second Battle of Bull Run

• Sept: Lee attacked the North• The Union found out his plan• Armies met near Antietam

Creek in MD• Battle of Antietam lasted all

day• Bloodiest and deadliest single

day in US history.• Confederates retreated at

night.

McClellan would only use some of his troops in his battle. He was too afraid of losing to risk it. After the battle he refused to chase the rebels = This was the last straw for Lincoln.

What were the results of Antietam?• Lee retreated south• McClellan was fired• Looked like the North won =

people felt better about the war

• Lincoln used the “victory” to announce the Emancipation Proclamation.

Ambrose Burnside was not a capable leader either. But he did give us a great fashion trend!

Emancipation Proclamation• What was it? • Announcement that

all slaves in states that were “in rebellion” = Confederacy would be free

• Goal: get support for abolition and help the Union win the war

Why Emancipate?• Why did Lincoln issue

the Emancipation Proclamation?

• To hurt the South– Emancipation encouraged

slaves to run away, slow down, or refuse to work.

• Keep Europe out of the war• Introduce freedom for slaves

slowly because many were still against it.

• Lincoln believed slavery was wrong

• After a victory = made it look better than after a loss

Emancipation• Why was emancipation

important?• No slaves were actually freed

• Changed purpose of the war = end slavery

• Got support in Europe = stopped them from helping the South

• Led to African Americans helping the North

• First as workers eventually as soldiers (Massachusetts 54th = Glory)

• Slaves slowed work, ran away, or rebelled = running to the Union troops

Test Question:

• What was the Union plan at the start of the war?

a.Anaconda Plan

b.Capture Richmond, VA

c.Blockade and control the Mississippi River

d.All of the above

Test Question:

• What was the first major battle of the Civil War?

a.Antietam

b.Gettysburg

c.Vicksburg

d.Bull Run

Test Question:

• Why was the Battle of Antietam important?

a.It showed the war would be long and hard

b.It was a turning point

c.Lincoln decided to issue the Emancipation Proclamation

d.It was the last battle

Test Question:

• Why was the Emancipation Proclamation important?

a.It freed all slaves

b.It stopped Britain and France from helping the South

c.It stopped African Americans from helping

d.All of the above

So how did the Union win the war?

How did the Union win the War?3. Southern

economy collapsed

4. New leadership

5. Total war

6. Too many advantages!

1. Won the war in the west2. Won important turning

point battles.

Why were things different here?

1.The West = Same time different result!

• Why was the war in the West different?

• Goal: control Mississippi River = big not just one place to defend.

• Union had better leaders there!

War in the West

• Army won important battles to support.

• Led by Ulysses S. Grant

• Could use the Navy captured Memphis and New Orleans = The Union controlled the ends of the Mississippi River

2. Turning Points• West = Siege of Vicksburg • Laid siege to the

city for 6 weeks!• Confederates

surrendered on July 4th 1863

• With navy victories = the Union controlled the river!

• Confederacy split in two!

•Grant attacked the city from behind its defenses!

2. Turning Points• East = Gettysburg • Lee attacked the North

• Hoped to end the war by taking Washington

• Northern army got the high ground on the battlefield

• South had to attack!• 3 days long• Union never gave up

and won!

Pickett’s charge was a desperate attempt to win the battle = but it failed and may have cost the Confederacy the war

Importance • Confederacy never recovered from losses at Gettysburg

• Victory got support for the war in the North

• Proved Lee could be defeated

• Lincoln’s speech = Gettysburg Address became most famous by a president = “Profound statement of American ideals”

3. Southern Economy

Compare prices to money

supplyCompare prices to real wages

Table 4:Indices of Prices and Real Wages During the Civil War

(1860=100)

Union Confederate

Year Prices Real Wages

Prices Real Wages

1860 100 100 100 100

1861 101 100 121 86

1862 113 93 388 35

1863 139 84 1,452 19

1864 176 77 3,992 11

1865 175 82

3. Southern Economy• Destroyed by war• Had relied on the North

and Britain• Too much money printed =

inflation• Britain bought cotton from

other places• Union blockade meant the

people did not have enough food and supplies

• Farms changed from plantations to food crops

4. New Leadership • After Gettysburg

Lincoln chose U.S. Grant as commander of all Union forces

• Grant chose William Tecumseh Sherman to lead in the west.

• Plan: total war against the South and attack two places at the same time

5. Total War

• Total War = destroy anything that could be useful to the South (include civilians)

• Gen. Philip Sheridan went into VA’s Shenandoah Valley and destroyed farms and killed livestock

• Sherman attacked from the west and captured/burned Atlanta

• Then he marched to the sea burning and destroying everything he encountered.

5. Total War• Grant used his

advantages and attacked over and over again.

• Lost 60,000 men in one month at (Wilderness, Spotsylvania, and Cold Harbor) but kept attacking.

• He knew he could get new soldiers and Lee could not!

So how did the Union win the war?

6. Too many advantages• North: more people,

resources, supplies, better transportation etc.

• Blockade strangled the southern economy

• Emancipation stopped European nations from helping the South. It also encouraged slaves to run away

• Lincoln re-elected: people wanted to finish the war (not ask for peace)

War Ends• Lee dug his troops in at

Petersburg VA• Hoped Lincoln would

lose his election• Lincoln re-elected =

shows nation’s support• Grant laid siege for 9

months• Petersburg fell in April of

1865 (Richmond too)

War Ends• Lee and his army trapped

at Appomattox Court House.

• April 9, 1865 Lee surrendered = war over!

Results of the Civil War• Lost generation of men

= over 600,000 dead• War cost $20 billion• South would be rebuilt

= Reconstruction• National Government

Power wins over state• Slavery over

(discrimination remained)

• Republicans in power

Lincoln’s Reconstruction (1865)• What was

Lincoln’s Plan?

• “The 10 Percent Plan”

• 10% or more of voters had to swear allegiance to the United States

• States would have to abolish slavery.

• Gave amnesty or (forgiveness) to Confederates but not to former Confederate leaders.

• Freedmen’s Bureau – would help freed slaves (only part to happen)

• Didn’t happen because Lincoln was assassinated

Johnson’s Reconstruction (1865-67)• What was Andrew

Johnson’s plan for Reconstruction?

• What was the result?

• Johnson’s Plan:– Majority of a state’s

voters had to pledge loyalty to the Union

– Each state had to ratify the 13th Amendment ending slavery

• Southern states quickly elected old leaders

• Started passing Black Codes to limit rights of freed slaves

What’s going on here?

Congress Takes Control

• How did Congress react to Johnson’s Plan?

• Republicans refused to let Southerners take seats in Congress

• Formed their own Reconstruction Committee

• Angry about Black Codes and the violence against the freed slaves

Radical Reconstruction (1867-77)• What was

Congress’s Plan

• Radical Reconstruction - Forced the South to reform:– Civil Rights Act gave all African

Americans citizenship

– States needed new constitutions and ratify the 13th, 14th, and 15th Amendments:

• End slavery, citizenship and protection, and to guarantee all males the right to vote.

– No Confederates could have any power or office

– Divided South into 5 Military Districts.

What happened during Reconstruction?• Johnson impeached but (not removed) because he

refused to cooperate with Radical Reconstruction• Ulysses S. Grant was elected president in 1868

(and again in 1872).• Scalawags (Southerners who supported

Republicans) and Carpetbaggers (Northerners who moved South to get jobs, help freed slaves, etc) became hated in the South.

• African Americans were elected to the US Congress

• Most freed slaves went back to work as sharecroppers.

Southerners and Reconstruction• How did Southerners

react to Radicals Reconstruction?

• Conservatives in the South fought against it

• Groups like the KKK were formed – scared many from voting and speaking out.

• People were mad about taxes and corruption.

• Wanted to end Radical Reconstruction somehow!

Reconstruction Ends

• How did Reconstruction come to an end?

• Republicans’ reputation was hurt by corruption and scandal

• The North grew tired of trying to force the South to change

• Amnesty Act (1872): rights to nearly all white southerners

• Election of 1876 – Hayes (Rep) vs. Tilden (Dem): Election was too close

• Congress gave those votes to Hayes = Compromise of 1877:– Hayes became president and

the Republicans agreed to end Reconstruction

Results of Reconstruction• What were the results? • Black southerners had rights

taken away: – Poll taxes – high tax to be paid

in order to vote– Grandfather clause – said

grandfather had to be eligible to vote in 1867

– Literacy tests – difficult tests that had to be passed to vote

– Jim Crow Laws created segregation

• South began to develop industry and move forward.