citrus classification

Classification of Citrus

Term paper on

Submitted by C.Madhumathi,

Ph.D. (Horticultre)

Course Title: Citriculture & Viticulture (HORT 606)Course In-charge: Dr.K.Malla Reddy, Professor & Head, Department of Horticultre April, 2006

Classification of Citrus• The genus citrus contains many kinds

or types that differ as to their fruits, flowers, leaves and twigs.

• The arranging of the kinds of citrus into groups is termed classification.

• The naming of these groups with valid names is termed nomenclature.

• There are definite international rules of nomenclature but not of classification.

Classification of Citrus• Several persons have classified

citrus into different groups and given them valid names.

• The classification one accepts is one of personal choice, based on utility, common usage and natural relationships.

• Classification of genus citrus is a very complicated and problematic one.

Classification of Citrus• Since 19th Century, several

taxonomists tried in their own way to classify the genus citrus.

• Many scholars in the past and present tried to give some solution to the problem, which is agreeable to one and all.

• However, till to date no perfect solution was given.

• Each classification has its own merits and demerits.

Criteria for Citrus Classification1. Plant characters2. Leaf characters3. Floral characters4. Fruit characters

a. External characters b. Internal characters

5. Miscellaneous characters


1. Plant Characters Hardiness to cold Height Habit Mode of branching Foliage Nature of thorns Roundness of branches,

pubescence


2. Leaf characters Shape Size Thickness Apex Margin Colour vines Wings Articulation Aroma of crushed

leaf Pubescence of leaf

Classification of Citrus3. Floral characters

Sex Solitary or crowded Size of peduncle Pedicel Size of flower Pubescence Colour Shape of calyx Division of sepals Stamens free or united Nature of anthers Ovary size, shape, colour Style size, nature of stigma Fragrance of flowers Nature of inflorescence


4.Fruit charactersa. External characters

ColourShapeSizeSurface Base of calyxAreolePersistency of style

4. Fruit charactersb. Internal characters

Nature of rind ThicknessFirmnessAdherence

Density of oil glandsColour of glandular layersTaste of mesocarpNumber and size of carpels

4. Fruit characters (Internal characters)

Pulp colour and texture Size and shape of juice vesicles Closely or loosely packed Arising from dorsal or radial side of

carpellary wall Presence or absence of acrid oil Axis Hallow or solid Juice taste,quality, amount and flavour Sugar and acid content Seeds - number, size, shape, colour Cotyledons- colour Nature of embryo (monoembryonic or

polyembryonic) Number of embryos


5. Miscellaneous characters

Fruiting season Quality rank General and horticultural importance

and uses

Different Classifications of genus CitrusScientist Year No. of Spices

1. Rox burgh 1832 52. Rafinesque 1838 53. Hooker 1872 44. Brandis 1874 35. Watts 1889 46 .Ergler 1896 67. Lushington 1910 218. Marcovitch 1926 209. Hume 1941 1010. Swingle 1943 1611. Tanaka, T 1941 12812. Tanaka, T 1954 14513. Tseug 1960 -14. Tanaka, T 1961 15815. Hodgson 1962 12816. Ranjit Singh 1967 14817. Tanaka, T 1979 162


• Tanaka’s system

– difficult– splitter– 145 species

• Swingle’s system

– Simple– lumper– 16 species

Swingle’s System (1943)Genus: Citrus

Sub-genus: Papeda (6 species)

Eucitrus(10 species)

1. C. ichangensis2. C. latipes3. C. micrantha4. C. celebica5. C. macroptera6. C. hystrix

1. C. tachibana (Tachibna orange)2. C. medica (Citron)3.C. limon (Lemon)4.C.reticulata(mandarin orange)5.C. indica (Indian wild orange)6.C. grandis (Pummelo)7.C. paradisi (Grape fruit)8. C. aurantifolia (Lime)9. C. sinensis(Sweet orange)10.C. aurantium (Sour/sevile orange)

Swingle’s systemEucitrus Pulp-vesicles are nearly free from oil

droplets and never contain acrid oil All the species with edible fruits. Petioles are with narrow wings or wingless

or if broadly winged, are subcordate and never 3/4 as broad as the leaf blades.

Flowers large and fragrant. Stamens cohering in bundles.

Swingle’s systemPapeda Pulp vesicles containing numerous droplets

of acrid oil.

All inedible fruits. Petioles are very long and very broadly

winged as compared with those in Eucitrus, but not cordate often nearly as broad as the leaf blade.

Stamens are usually free. Flowers and fruits are small.

II. Tanaka’s System (1954)Genus: Citrus

Sub-genus: Archicitrus Metacitrus

5 sections 3 sections

13 subsections

8 Groups

2 Sub groups

2 Micro groups

Totally 145 species

Comparison between Swingle and Tanaka system

Swingle’s system Tanaka’s system Lemons:1. Meyer- lemon hybrid 1.C. jambheri (rough lemon)2. Rangapur lime 2.C. limonia 3. Ponderosa leirion- lemon hybrid 3.C. pyriformis

Sour limes:1. Tahiti lime 1.C. latifolia2. Not treated lime like fruit 2.C. macrophylla3. Sweet lime of India 3.C. limettiodes

Comparison between Swingle and Tanaka system

Swingle’s system Tanaka’s system

Mandarins1. Satsumas of C. reticulata1.C. unshiu2. Ponkan of C. reticulata 2.C. reticulata3. Dancy of C. reticulata 3.C.tangerina4. Cleopatra of C. reticulata4.C. reshni5. Clementine of C. reticulata 5.C. clementina6. Willow leaf of C. reticulata 6.C. deliciosa7. King tangor 7.C. nobilis8. Temple tangor 8. C. temple9. Calamandin (C. reticulata x 9. C. madurensis C. ichangensis)10.Yuzu (tangerina x 10.C. junose C.ichangensis)

Hodgson classification(1962): 4groups

A. The acid members (6 species) C. medica (Citron) C.limon (lemon) C.jambhiri (Rough lemon) C.limettiodes (Sweet lime) C.limetta (Lemon x lime)

Hodgson classification: 4 groups

B. The Oranges (2 species) C. aurautium (Sour orange) C.sinensis (Sweet orange)

C. The Mandarins (3 species) C. reticulata (Mandarin orange) C. unshiu (Satsuma mandarin) C. nobilis (C. reticulata x C.sinensis)

Hodgson classification: 4 groups

D. Pummelos (2 species) C. paradisi (Grape fruit) C.maxima/C. grandis (Shaddock

or pummelo)

Ranjit Singh’s classification (1967)

Genus Citrus (2 subgenera)Subgenus Eucitrus (8 sections)Section A- Decumana Group (7 species)

C. pennivesiculata (Gajanimma) C. pennivesiculata var. assamensis (Adajamir

of Assam) C.semperflorens (Sadaphal) C.paradisi (Grapefruit) C.grandis (Shaddock, pommelo) C.magaloxycarpa C.magaloxycarpa var.Keem

Ranjit Singh’s classification Section B- Medica Group (4 species)

C. medica(citron)C. medica var. ethrogC. medica var. sacrodactylus (finger citron)C.limonimedica

Ranjit Singh’s classification:•Section c- Limonoid Group (10 species)

• C. limon(lemon)• C. karna (Kharna khatta)• C. pseudolimon• C.limonia (Rangapur lime)• C.limonia var. Kusai• Soh jhalia• Acidless Rough lemon (Mitha tulia)• C. jambhiri (Florida rough)• C. jambhiri - Intermedite type (kata

jamir)• C. jambhiri - katajamir type

Ranjit Singh’s classification:• Section D- Aurantium Group (5 species)

• C. sinensis (Sweet orange)• C. aurantium (Bitter sweet orange)• C. aurantium (proper i.e. sour orange)• C. aurantium var. myrtifolia (Myrtale

orange)• C. aurantium (Natsudaidai)

• Section E- Aurantoid Group (3 species)• C. regulosa (Indian grapefruit)• Jenuru tenga• C. madaraspatana (Kichili)

Ranjit Singh’s classificationSection F - Acrumen Group (6 species)

C. nobilis (king mandarin)C.unshiu (Satsuma mandarin)C. deliciosaC. reticulata (Santra, Ponkan)C. reticulata var. austeraC. lycopersicaeformis (Cleopatra, Billi

Kichili)Section G- Limonellus Group (3 species)

C. limettioides (sweet lime)C. limettioides var. latifolia (Tahiti lime)C. aurantifolia (Acid lime)

Ranjit Singh’s classificationSection H- Pseudo Fortunella Group (3 species)

C. indica (India wild orange)C. tachibana C. madurensis

Others- Subgenus Papeda1. C. ichangensis 2. C. latipes3. C. micrantha4. C. micrantha var. microcarpa5. C. hystrix6. C. macroptera7. C. combara

Brief Notes on Kinds of Citrus fruits

• Fruit segments are numerous (9-14 or 15-18).• Pulp acidic, sweet or slightly bitter.• Fruits are large with thick peel.• Flowers are large (2.5-4.5cm diameter)• Petioles are wingless, joined directly to the leaf

blade.• Flowers complete or often staminate with aborted

overies.• It is monoembryonic.• Used mainly for their peel, which is candied.• Used in certain religious ceremonies by Hebrews.• Used as an indicator plant for exocortis.

Acid group - 1. Citrus medica (Citron)

1. Citrus medica (Citron)

CORSICAN FRENCH CITRON VARITETY (CITRUS INDUSTRY)

Etrog

Corsican ( Citrus medica )

Petioles are winged and clearly articulated with blade.

Stamens usually more than 4 times the no. of petals.

Flowers are perfect and often male.

Petioles are with narrow wingsincludes the lemons of commerce

such as Lisban & Eureka.

Acid group - 2. Citrus limon (Lemon)

2. Citrus limon (Lemon)

EURAKA LEMON

2. Citrus limon (Lemon)

EUREKA LEMON

Eureka lemon Lisbon lemon

• Fruits with adherent peel.• Seeds are not green within.• Fruits are small, usually 4-6 cm

diameter.• Pulp vesicles mutually coherent,

greenish, usually very acidic.• Peel yellowish green.• Petioles are with medium sized or

narrow wings but not subcordate.• Seeds are small, smooth with

brownish-red chalazal cap.

Acid group - 3.. Citrus aurantifolia (sour limes)

3.. Citrus aurantifolia (sour limes)

Acid group - 4. Citrus latifolia Tanaka (Tahiti or persion limes)

• It is a triploid and produces no viable pollen. It might be a hybrid between lime and lemon or even distinct species

• The large fruited acid limes.• Trees are larger, more spreading and more cold resistant, nearly

thornless, leaves much larger and of different shapes, fruits much larger and almost seedless.

• It is more resistant to pests, diseases and unfavorable conditions.

• It is a late variety.• Leaves much larger & thicker, somewhat different in form &

much darker green.• Flowers large & faintly coloured in the bud fading rapidly.• Fruits solitary or in clusters, large fruits often mistaken for

small lemons.• Seeds few or lacking, apparently monoembriyonic.

Acid group - 5. Citrus limettioides Tanaka (Sweet lime), Mithanimbu or Sharbati

• It is Indigenous to India.• Highly polyembryonic.• An important root stock in

the near east and grown to some extant for the non-acid fruit.

• Tender to frost.• Vigorously growing,

thornless and flowers all round the year.

• Fruits are yellow in colour, round but tapering towards the base, apex round, juicy and seedless.

Sweet Lime (Citrus limettiodes)

6. Citrus limetta (lemon of the Mediterranean)

• This species is the one used by English to prevent scurvey, the sailors eating them for their vitamin C content.

• They are used as a rootstock in Palastine.

Millsweet limetta , an old, low-acid mediteranean variety early introduced into Mexico and named in California

Acid group - 7. Citrus jambhiri (Rough lemon, Jambhiri)

• Highly polyembryonic.• One of the world’s

principal rootstocks.• It is fairly sensitive to

frost.• The most widly used

stock in India, S. Africa, Florida and Brazil.

• Effects the Scion fruits thickened, coarseness, lower sugar and acid content of the fruit juice. A lemon-like fruit which has

worldwide importance as a rootstock

Acid group - 8. Citrus karna (Kharna khatta)

• It is Indigenous to India.

• Leaves and flowers are similar to those of rough lemon, but are larger in size and the petiolar wing is more prominent.

• As a rootstock it is widely used in India.

Acid group - 9. Citrus limonia (Rangapur lime)

• It is a native of India.• It is a prolific variety of citrus with ell flavoured and very

acid fruit.• Hardier than true limes and hence mainly employed as

rootstock in India.• Considered to be a hybrid between mandarin and a lemon

like fruit.• It obviously exhibits mandarin characters.

An acid mandarin like fruit of India that is valuable both as a rootstock and ornamental. Usually seedy

9. Citrus limonia (Rangapur lime)

Rangpur Lime

Acid group - 10. Citrus pennivesiculata (Tanaka) Gajanimma

• It is a native of India, more or less confined to South India.

• Juicy sacs have an opaque dot in them.• Fruits are used in pickles.• Aroma of crushed leaves and rind is like

that of eucalyptus or ginger.

Orange group - 1. Citrus aurantium

(Sour orange / Bitter orange)

• Fruits medium sized.• Peel orange coloured, smooth or rough.• Pulp more or less sour or bitter.• Petiole are broadly winged• they can be distinguished from sweet oranges by

– their broadly winged petioles.– The hallow center in the fruit– the taste of fruit and their strong resistance to several

diseases.• It is one of the worlds principal rootstocks by virtue of

its hardiness to cold and resistance to several diseases, but due to intolerance to Tristeza it has been abandoned as rootstock.

• Flowers are used for perfumery purpose ( oil of neroli).

1. Citrus aurantium (Sour orange / Bitter orange)

Orange group - 2. Citrus sinensis (Sweet orange)

• Fruits medium sized (5-9 cm diameter) with adherent peel, pulp vesicles are mutually coherent.

• Subglobose in shape• peel bright orange

or scarlet orange pulp sweet and petioles are narrowly winged.

2. Citrus sinensis (Sweet orange)

Hamlin-major early ripening orange of florida

Valencia orange

Tenerife a yellow coloured orange variety – canary islands Doublefina, old light blood

orange - spain

2. Citrus sinensis (Sweet orange)

Doublefine-light blood variety of Spanish origin

Sanguinello Moscao – Italy (light blood)

Moro (deep-blood orange) - Italy Valancia orange

Orange group - 3. Citrus myrtiflolia (Myrtle leaf orange)• Obviously related to

aurantium.• It is hardy to cold and is

generally grown as an ornamental shrub.

• Dwarf tree with very short internodes, often spineless and small myrtle like leaves.

• The fruits are small, sour, orange coloured at maturity, contain few or no seeds.

Orange group - 4. Citrus bergemia (Bargmot orange)• Resumbles C. aurantium and C. limon.• Mainly grown for oil, used in toilet

waters and perfumes.

Orange group - 5. Citrus natsudaidai (Japanese summer grapefruit)

• Exhibits characters of both aurantium and reticulata.

• Hardy to cold• A fruit of

importance in Japan

Second most important citrus fruit - Japan

Pummelo-Grapefruit group –

1. Citrus grandis (Pummelo or Shaddock or Schakotra)

• Flowers usually perfect.• Petioles are with narrow or broad wing• Fruits with adherent peel.• Seeds are not green within.• Fruits are large to very large (11-17 cm diameter).• Pulp vesicles are rather large, usually easily

separable.• Petioles are broadly winged.• Seeds are large in size, usually flat, rough and

yellowish.• A monoembryonic species with large-sized fruits

almost thornless tree.

1. Citrus grandis (Pummelo or Shaddock or Schakotra)

Pummelo-Grapefruit group – 1. Citru paradisi (Grapefruit)• It is very similar to

pummelo but the fruits are smaller than pummelo and thin peeled.

• Fruits highly juicy, sweet with bitter after taste and have typical flavour.

• Leaves are smaller than pumello.

• It is a polyembryonic.

1. Citru paradisi (Grapefruit)

Dwarf ruby grape fruit

Grapefruit MarshRed blush grapefruit

Mandarin group - 1. Citrus reticulata (Mandarins, loose skinned orange or Santra of India)• A highly polyembryonic

species of Chinese origin.

• Petioles are with narrow or broad wings.

• Fruits with loose peel, easily detachable from the segments.

• Seeds are small, not noticeably flattened, embryo green.

• Nagapur santra

Mandarin group - 2. Citrus unshiu (Satsuma mandarins)

• A polyembryonic species of Japanese origin.

• Cold hardy.• Fruits seedless with

thin rind, colour orange at maturity.

• The fruits are very juicy with agreeable flavour.

• Important cultivars: Famous Satsuma mandarins of Japan.

Satsuma

C. unshiu

2. Citrus unshiu (Satsuma mandarins)

Satsuma Mandarins

tangerines

tangerines along roadside in Japan

Mandarin group - 3. Citrus deliciosa

(willow-leaf mandarins or Mediterranean origin)

• Trees medium sized, drooping growth habit.• Fruits strongly compressed & yellow to light on

colour with distinctive flavour.• Fruits usually borne singly at the tips of slender

branches. It is a early variety.• Cultivars: Willow-leaf mandarin, Kinnow and Wilking

of USA.

Kinnow Wilking

Mandarin group - 4. Citrus nobilis ,(King mandarin)

• A polyembryonic species, native of Indo-China.

• Thought to be a natural tangor of ancient origin.

• Cultivars : Kunembo of Japan, King orange of USA and tangors like Temple etc.

• They are under cultivation in Assam.

• It is a prolific bearer, frost resistant and produces high quality fruit.

• Tree upright, erect growth, thorny or sometimes nearly thornless foliage narrowly winged, fruit colour deep orange-yellow to orange, surface rough and bumpy,

• It is a late maturing variety.

King orange of USA

Kunembo of japan

Mandarin group - 5. Citrus reshni(Spice mandarin)- Cleopatra

• It is originated in China• Tree thornless, with

dense top, fruits produced singly or in bunches.

• It is important as rootstock.

• Fruits small highly aromatic, seedy, polyembryonic.

Mandarin group - 6. Citrus madurensis, (Calamandin)

• It is very hardy, in fact it may be the hardiest of the edible citrus species.

• It is grown as an ornamental plant and the ripe fruits are sometimes used for preservation.

• It is very cold resisistant as hardy as satsuma.

• It is a promising hardy stock in Texas, for the lime.

A small mandarin like fruit of the Orient. Of value primarily as a container grown ornamental

Mandarin group – 7. Citrus madaraspatana (Kitchili or vadlapudi orange)

• Native of South India.• Cultivation is confined

largely to coastal districts of Andhra Pradesh.

• This species resembles the sour orange greatly but has larger spines and the petiolar wing is very large.

The Kitchli or Guntur sour orange of southern India

Citrus tachibana (Tachibana Orange)

• A cold hardy type of loose skinned fruit.

• It is a very primitive type of native citrus of Japan

Citrus indica (Indian wild orange)

• An unpalatable loose-skinned fruit included in the Metacitrus Subgenus by Tanaka.

• Found in the truly wild state northeastern India.

Papeda (Subgenus)-Winged leaf petioles with large flowersCitrus ichangensis• The most cold hardy, evergreen citrus usally

grown as an ornamental tree.• Is monoembryonic and hybridizes readily

with other species of citrus.• Stamens cohering in group.

Papeda (Subgenus) Winged leaf petioles with large flowers Citrus latipes (Khasi papeda)

• Another cold hardy species similar to citrus ichangensis but with a thicker peel and more variable leaves.

Eupapeda (Subgenus)- large winged petiol with small flowers

Citrus micrantha• Small fruited types found in the

Philippines.• It has the smallest fruit and flowers in

Citrus,

Papeda (Subgenus) large winged petiol with small flowers

Citrus celebica• A small thick peeled fruit of the

papeda type found in northeastern celebes.

• Fruits with 15 to 20 segments.

Papeda (Subgenus) large winged petiol with small flowers Citrus macroptera

• Inedible fruits with leaves 10-12 inches long and fruits as large as sweet oranges.

• Winged petioles with sub entire margins.

Papeda (Subgenus) - large winged petiol with small

flowers Citrus hystrix

• A very bumpy or warty fruit of the papeda type.

• Fruits bluntly pointed at one or both ends.• Fruits with 10-14 segments.

II. Fortunella• Fortunell margarita – Nagami/Oval

kumquat.• F. japanica – Maruni/Round kumquat• F. crassiflora – Mecioa kumquat.• F. hindsii – Hong kong wild kumquat.

II. Fortunella

F. margarita

F. crassifolia

F. hindsii

F. margarita

Fruits of other genus

fortunella

Kumquat orange

Kumquat

III.Poncirus – Poncirus trifoliata • Trifoliate orange:

– It is indigenous to central or North China.

– Unlike other citrus fruits, it is deciduous and more hardy to cold, therefore, used as a stock in regions where the frost hazard is great as in Japan, China, United States and USSR.

– Used as dried fruits in their medical practices.

– It is a small, much branched tree, twigs angled, leaves palmately trifoliate.

Citrus Hybrids

Intergeneric hybrids Intrageneric Hybrids

LemonageLemonimesLemandarinsTangorsTangelos

Hybrids of eremocitusEremolemonsEremoorangesEremoradiasCitrangermors

Hybrids of FortunellaProcimequatLimequatsOrangequats

Hybrids of PoncirusCitrangesCitrangequatsCitrangedinsCitrangorsCicitrangesCitrumelosCitradarinsCitremonsCitrumquats

Citrus Hybrids

Hybrid: Tangerine × Orange = Tangor (Murcott)

Hybrid: Tangerine × Pommelo = Tangelo (Page)

Citrus Cultivars1. Sweet oranges2. Mandarin oranges3. King mandarins4. Lemon5. Lime6. Pummelo7. Grapefruit

1. Tight jacket/tight skinned oranges

2. Placenta is solid3. Spreading type

1. Loose jacket

2. Placenta is hallow3. Upright growing

trees

Sweet Oranges Mandarins

1. Small fruits2. No nipple at stylar

end3. Skin is thin4. Highly acidic

5. Fruit is round or oval

1. Bigger2. Present

3. Thick4. Less acidic than

acid lime5. Oval to oblong

shape

Acid lime Lemon

1. Citrus paradisi2. Twigs glabrous3. Petioles broadly winged4. Fruit size medium to large5. Fruit mainly oblate,

spherical or obovate6. Rind thin to medium thick7. Segments closed at center8. Axis solid or semi-hollow9. Pulp tender and melting10. Seeds polyembryonic11. Fruits mainly borne in

clusters12. Very Juicy

1. Citrus grandis2. Young twigs pubescent3. Petioles very broadly winged4. Fruit size large to very large5. Fruit mainly spherical, obovate or

pyriform6. Rind thick to very thick7. Segments mainly open at center8. Axis semi-hollow or hollow9. Pulp tough and solid10. Seeds monoembryonic11. Fruits mainly borne single

12. Less juicy

Grape fruit Pummelo

Grape fruit Cultivars

• Two classes1. Pallid pulp group (pulp colour is chamois

to honey yellow): Duncan, Foster, Marsh seedless, Shaharanpur special

2. Pink or red pulp group (rind and membranes are more or less pink or red in colour): Ruby, Thompson (Pink Marsh)

Grape fruit Cultivars• Duncan: The flesh is creamy or yellowish

white in colour with abundant juice• Foster: Yellowish white flesh scattered with

pink tinge, juicy, sweet with good quality and more seeds

• Marsh seedless: Flesh is greenish yellow, more juice and slightly acidic. It is a seedless variety.

• Sharanpur Special: Pulp light yellow, soft, vesicles loosely packed, juicy.

• Ruby: It is a bud sport from white fleshed variety grown in Florida.

• Thompson (Pink Marsh): This is originated as bud sport from a typical marsh tree in Florida. The pink colour in Thompson is apparently limited to the pulp.

Grapefruit (Citrus paradisi)

Marsh

Redblush

Sweet Orange Hume – 4 groups• Spanish Oranges• Mediterranean oranges• Blood oranges• Naval orangesWebber – 3 groups• Those with normal fruits• Those with abnormal or navel fruits• The blood oranges with red or red

streaked pulp.Punjab: Malta Blood Red, PineappleWestern India: MosambiSouth India: Sathgudi and Batavian

Sweet Orange

Sweet Orange• Batavian:

– It has come from Batavia.– Distinguished from sathgudi except in rind colour which is light yellowish green,

usually with pale yellow patches on the green rind in case of Batavian.– In sathgudi axis is solid while in Batavian it is hollow. It is inferior to sathgudi in

quality.– This is mainly grown in coastal districts of A.P.

• Hamlin:– Originated from Florida, segments 11-12cm even in size, seeds usually 1-5 but many

fruits are seedless.– It is an early variety grown in Punjab, Haryana, Uttar Pradesh etc.

• Jaffa:– It is from palestine.– It is a mid season variety, cultivated in Punjab, Haryana and U.P.

• Malta Blood Red:– Blood oranges, so called due to the presence of red colour or red streaks in the pulp.– The tree dwarfish, compact, abundant foliage, small oval leaves, rounded almost

wingless petioles.– This is a mid season variety mainly under cultivation in Punjab, Haryana, U.P, M.P

and West Bengal.– It is one of the leading sweet oranges under cultivation in United States.

Sweet Orange• Shamouti:

– It is originated in Palestine, probably as a budsport or bud mutation from the Bellady oranges of Palastine.

– It is a mid to late season variety, grown mainly in Palestine.

• Valancia late:– Originated from China.– It is a late variety grown in Punjab.

• Washington navel oranges:– It is originated near Bahia, Brazil.– The apex of the fruit is slightly protruded

originated broadly nippled.– It is an early variety, found promising at Kodur,

A.P.

(Round orange) 'Valencia'

Navel orange 'Washington Navel'

Round oranges (for juice)

Fortune

Fremont

1. Spreading type2. Fruits are small to medium3. Fruits having smooth surface with longitudinal furrows1. Stylar end a ring is present.2. Thick skin3. Number of fruits more4. Flavour insipid of very low acidity5. Cultivated mainly in western

India in states Maharastra and Gujarat.

1. Non-Spreading type2. Fruits are medium to large3. No furrows, smooth.

• Absent• Thin skin• Less• Flavour fair • Mostly cultivated in Southern

districts of Andhra pradesh and Tamil Nadu

Sweet Orange Mosambi Sathgudi

Mandarin oranges – Loose skinned oranges

• Clementine (Algerian Tangerine)– It is a tangerine.

Probably an accidental hybrid of the mandarin and the sour orange and originated in a garden in Algeria.

– It is an early variety.


•Coorg oranges– It is the most commercial variety in south

India particularly grown on large scale in coorg region.

– The trees are very vigorous and upright with compact foliage.


•Dancy Tangerine– Originated from a seedling in Florida, tree

large, nearly thornless, upright in growth, foliage moderately dense.

– Fruits colour deep orange-red to scarlet, surface smooth and glossy, in age becoming bumpy and irregularly furrowed.

– It is a variety.


•Desi Mandarins (Pathankot):– This variety is mainly grown in the Punjab

hills. It seems to have originated as a seedling.

– The tree is large with semi-upright growth habit, and compact foliage and spineless.


•Khasi oranges:– It is the chief commercial variety of Assam.– Tree is generally medium to tall with an erect

habit, dense foliage, both thorny and thornless.


• Kinnow mandarin– It is a first generation hybrid

between the King and willow leaf mandarin and developed by H.B.Frost.

– It was introduced into Punjab from United State, where it is performing well and is gaining commercial importance.

– It is a late variety.


•Nagpur Santra– This variety occupies the premium position in

Indian markets and is one of the finest mandarins grown in the world.

– It is originated in India.– It is also referred as Ponkan.– Fruit matures in January – February.


• Satsuma Oranges– This is highly frost

resistant of any commercial citrus variety, it can with stand temperature as low as -100C with out serious injury.

– It is some what more resistant than the sweet orange to citrus canker, gummosis, scaly bark (Psorosis) and Melanose.

– Tree thornless with spreading growth habit. Fruit surface slightly rough, in age becoming bumpy and furrowed.


•Temple mandarin– Its origin is unknown– Its characteristics suggest it is a hybrid of the

tangerine with the sweet orange– When growing the proper environment, this

variety is one of the most beautiful and highly flavored fruits of the citrus group.

– It is a late variety.

Lemon• Eureka lemon

– Tree medium size, spreading, open almost thronless.

– It is a heavy yielder & begins bearing early in age.

– It has a tendency to bear the fruit at the end of the branches and is poorly covered with foliage.

– The fruits in Punjab normally mature from August onwards.

– The Eureka is more extensively grown in California than any other lemon

Eureka

Lemon• Lisbon lemon

– Next to Eureka, it is most commonly grown variety in California.

– In general, it is a heavy yielder than Eureka.– The tree is rather more vigorous in growth, with

denser foliage and is slightly more resistant to frost, heat and wind injury than that of the Eureka.

– It differs from Eureka, is being a larger tree with more upright growing thorny branches, with numerous small branches and denser foliage.

– The fruits differ in being rather smooth and less markedly ribbed or lobed, with a larger, more drawn out nipple.

Lime• Acid lime:

– The lime is a native of India and south-Eastern china.

– Tree medium sized, hardy and semi-vigorous, upright with an irregular and loose crown, foliage not sense, light green numerous thorns, petiole narrowly winged.

– Fruit round to oblong, yellow, smooth, apex rounded and slightly nippled.

– The acid limes bloom throughout the year, but main blooming period is February – March, with lean period from July – August.

– Impartant varieties: Kagzi lime, Promolini, Vikram, Chakradhar, Tenali (Balaji)

Bears’ Seedless lime

References1. Walter Reuther et. al.(1967), The citrus

Industry- volume I, Published by University of California.

2. Hort 403 Lecture 32, www.hortpurdue.edu/newcrop/tropical/lecture,

3. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/citrus4. Rajput, C.B.S. and Haribabu, (2002),

Citriculture, published by Kalyani publications. Pp.4-44.

5. Sham singh and Naqui.S.A.M.(2001), Citrus. Published by International Book Distributing company,Lucknow,pp:45-82.

http://www.hortpurdue.edu/newcrop/tropical/lecture

citrus classification

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