The Asian Citrus Psyllid and the Citrus Disease Huanglongbing

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The Asian Citrus Psyllid The Asian Citrus Psyllid and the Citrus Disease and the Citrus Disease Huanglongbing Huanglongbing Psyllid Huanglongbing M. Rogers Beth Grafton-Cardwell University of California Riverside

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The Asian Citrus Psyllid and the Citrus Disease Huanglongbing. Psyllid. M. Rogers. Beth Grafton-Cardwell University of California Riverside. Huanglongbing. The psyllid (pronounced s í l - lid) is a small insect, about the size of an aphid. The pest insect. M. Rogers. - PowerPoint PPT Presentation

Transcript of The Asian Citrus Psyllid and the Citrus Disease Huanglongbing

Page 1: The Asian Citrus Psyllid and the Citrus Disease Huanglongbing

The Asian Citrus Psyllid and the The Asian Citrus Psyllid and the Citrus Disease HuanglongbingCitrus Disease Huanglongbing

Psyllid

Huanglongbing

M. Rogers

Beth Grafton-CardwellUniversity of CaliforniaRiverside

Page 2: The Asian Citrus Psyllid and the Citrus Disease Huanglongbing

The psyllid (pronounced sThe psyllid (pronounced sííl - lid) is a small l - lid) is a small insect, about the size of an aphidinsect, about the size of an aphid

The pest insect

M. Rogers

Page 3: The Asian Citrus Psyllid and the Citrus Disease Huanglongbing

It has an egg stage, It has an egg stage, 5 wingless intermediate stages called 5 wingless intermediate stages called

nymphs, and winged adultsnymphs, and winged adults

Adult

Egg5 Nymphs

(insects molt to grow bigger)

The pest insect

Page 4: The Asian Citrus Psyllid and the Citrus Disease Huanglongbing

Adult psyllids can feed on either young or Adult psyllids can feed on either young or mature leaves. This allows adults to survive mature leaves. This allows adults to survive

year-round.year-round.

When feeding, the adult leans forward on its elbows and tips its rear end up in a very characteristic 45o angle.

The pest insect

M. Rogers

M. Rogers

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The eggs are yellow-orange, tucked into The eggs are yellow-orange, tucked into the tips of tiny new leaves. They are the tips of tiny new leaves. They are

difficult to see because they are so smalldifficult to see because they are so small

The pest insect

M. Rogers

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The nymphs produce waxy tubules that direct The nymphs produce waxy tubules that direct the honeydew away from their bodies. These the honeydew away from their bodies. These

tubules are unique and easy to recognize.tubules are unique and easy to recognize.

Nymphs can only survive by living on young, tender

leaves and stems.

Thus, nymphs are found only when the plant is producing new leaves.

The pest insect

M. Rogers

M. Rogers

Page 7: The Asian Citrus Psyllid and the Citrus Disease Huanglongbing

As the psyllid feeds, it injects a salivary toxin As the psyllid feeds, it injects a salivary toxin that causes the tips of new leaves to easily that causes the tips of new leaves to easily

break off. If the leaf survives, then it twists as break off. If the leaf survives, then it twists as it grows.it grows.

Twisted leaves can be a sign that the psyllid has been there.

The pest insect

M. Rogers

M. Rogers

M. Rogers

Page 8: The Asian Citrus Psyllid and the Citrus Disease Huanglongbing

What plants can the psyllid attack? What plants can the psyllid attack? All types of citrus and closely related plants All types of citrus and closely related plants

in the Rutaceae familyin the Rutaceae family• Citrus (limes, lemons, oranges, grapefruit,

mandarins…)• Fortunella (kumquats) • Citropsis (cherry orange)• Murraya paniculata (orange jasmine)• Bergera koenigii (Indian curry leaf)• Severinia buxifolia (Chinese box orange)• Triphasia trifolia (limeberry)• Clausena indica (wampei)• Microcitrus papuana (desert-lime)• Others…..

Calamondin

Plants affected

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Asian citrus psyllid feeds and reproduces on Asian citrus psyllid feeds and reproduces on plants that we don’t think of as citrus: plants that we don’t think of as citrus:

like the ornamental orange jasminelike the ornamental orange jasmine

This orange jasmine plant, Murraya paniculata, is grown throughout Florida as a bush, tree or hedge. It is a preferred host for the psyllid because it produces new leaves continuously. It is not a common plant in California or Arizona.

Plants affected

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Katrina Vitkus

How did the psyllid spread through Florida?How did the psyllid spread through Florida?

The psyllid was first detected in backyard citrus trees in southern Florida in 1998. The psyllid spread very rapidly both by flying (pink areas) as well as riding on nursery plants moved between retail nurseries throughout the state.

In retail nurseries, orange jasmine (Murraya paniculata) was a common host.

Distribution of the pest

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Asian citrus psyllid feeds and Asian citrus psyllid feeds and reproduces on Indian Curry Leafreproduces on Indian Curry Leaf

This Indian curry leaf, Bergera koenigii, is grown in Hawaii and the leaves are shipped to California for use in restaurants. It is a favorite host of the psyllid. Shipments of ACP-infested leaves have been intercepted at airports.

Plants affected

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Why are we so worried about this psyllid?Why are we so worried about this psyllid?The Asian citrus psyllid can pick up the bacterium that The Asian citrus psyllid can pick up the bacterium that

causes Huanglongbing (HLB) disease and move the causes Huanglongbing (HLB) disease and move the disease from citrus tree to citrus tree as it feedsdisease from citrus tree to citrus tree as it feeds

Huanglongbing means “yellow shoot disease” in Chinese.

It causes branches of citrus trees to turn yellow.

The bacterial disease

E. Grafton-Cardwell

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What is HLB?What is HLB?HLB is thought to be caused by a bacterium that

affects the plant’s ability to move nutrients

Bacterium: Candidatus Liberibacter asiaticus

The bacterial disease

*Some researchers think that a phytoplasma may also be required to produce symptoms

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An early sign of the disease is An early sign of the disease is yellowing of the leavesyellowing of the leaves

Leaves with nutrient deficiencies (Zinc is an example) have the same yellow pattern on both sides of the leaf.

Zinc

HLB

Leaves with HLB disease have a blotchy yellow pattern that is not the same on both sides of the leaf.The

bacterial disease

M. Keramane

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HLB leaf symptoms can range from HLB leaf symptoms can range from slight to nearly completely yellowslight to nearly completely yellow

The bacterial disease

S. Halbert

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HLB symptomsin Grapefruit

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HLB symptoms in orangeMottled leaf color plus vein

thickening

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HLB disease prevents the fruit from HLB disease prevents the fruit from developing the proper colordeveloping the proper color

The lower half of the fruit may remain green, which is why this disease is also sometimes called citrus greening.The

bacterial disease

S. Halbert

S. Halbert

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Even more devastating, HLB causes the Even more devastating, HLB causes the fruit to be small, oddly shaped, with fruit to be small, oddly shaped, with

aborted seeds and bitter juiceaborted seeds and bitter juice

The fruit grows crookedly, forming uneven segments

The bacterial disease

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Symptoms may not show up in the tree until Symptoms may not show up in the tree until

1 to 2 years after it becomes infected1 to 2 years after it becomes infected

The bacterial disease

E. Grafton-CardwellE. Grafton-Cardwell

E. Grafton-Cardwell

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In as little as 5 years after HLB infection, the In as little as 5 years after HLB infection, the tree stops bearing fruit and eventually dies. tree stops bearing fruit and eventually dies.

There is no cure for the disease!There is no cure for the disease!

This citrus tree in a backyard in Florida is obviously very sick, with few leaves and no fruit.

The bacterial disease

S. Halbert

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The HLB leaf and fruit symptoms The HLB leaf and fruit symptoms can look very similar to another citrus disease can look very similar to another citrus disease

called citrus stubborncalled citrus stubborn

Other diseases

So don’t panic if you see yellowed leaves or off-colored fruit – but do get them checked out!

D. Gumpf

G. vidalakis

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How does the insect pick up the bacteria? How does the insect pick up the bacteria?

The psyllid carries the bacteria in its body for the rest of its life (weeks to months).

The pest insectand the pathogen

When the insect feeds it takes up the bacteria and passes it on when it feeds on the next citrus tree

or ‘citrus-like’ plant

M. Rogers

M. Rogers

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Both the psyllid and HLB diseaseAsian citrus psyllid, but not the disease

HLB Disease found inFlorida in 2005 and Cuba in 2007

Where did Asian citrus psyllid and Where did Asian citrus psyllid and the HLB disease come from?the HLB disease come from?

Most likely ACP and HLB came from India or Asia. Both the psyllid and disease are affecting citrus production in Brazil, Cuba, Mexico, Belize and Florida.

Distribution of the pest and diseasearound the world

G. Montez

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How fast did the disease spread in Florida? How fast did the disease spread in Florida? Less than 3 years to spread through most of the citrus

growing regions of the state.

The disease

Oct 2005 to August, 2008

From 2 to 32 counties

Citrus production in FL has been reduced by nearly 50% due to two diseases: Canker and HLB

HLB was present in Florida before the psyllid arrived.

Orange jasmine and the retail nurseries helped spread the

disease.

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ACP (orange) and HLB (green areas) have been found in portions of:

Where are the psyllid and the disease found in Where are the psyllid and the disease found in the US and neighboring countries?the US and neighboring countries?

Distribution of the pest

Distribution of Asian citrus psyllid in orange and distribution of ACP + Huanglongbing in green.

To track HLB, see the USDA site: www.saveourcitrus.org

HLB was found in a single tree in S. California in 2012 – the tree was destroyed

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Psyllid-infested curry leaves shipped in boxes Unprocessed fruit infested areas

Citrus riding across the border in vans

On ornamentals in floral bouquets from Mexico

How do the psyllid (and HLB) get around? How do the psyllid (and HLB) get around? It can spread naturally by flying or It can spread naturally by flying or

it can be transported on plants into new areas of Californiait can be transported on plants into new areas of California

The pest insect

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Asian citrus psyllid arrived in California from Asian citrus psyllid arrived in California from Mexico in 2008 and was found in backyard Mexico in 2008 and was found in backyard citrus in San Diego and Imperial Countiescitrus in San Diego and Imperial Counties

The red dots indicate locations where the psyllid has been found in California and the green dots in Mexico.

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HLB was found in a homeowners tree in HLB was found in a homeowners tree in California in 2012. How did it get here?California in 2012. How did it get here?

Inside the psyllid vector: HLB could have been inside the body of a psyllid that was transported by humans on fruit, leaves or stems of citrus relatives and it fed on and infected the tree.

OR

Illegally imported citrus trees or budwood: An HLB infected tree or budwood was brought illegally into California and planted in a yard.

The bacterial disease pathways

E. Grafton-Cardwell

It is very important to obtain ‘certified’ trees

and budwood from reputable nurseries, rather than trading

plant material of unknown origin

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How are agricultural personnel detecting the How are agricultural personnel detecting the psyllid?psyllid?

Visual surveys and yellow sticky cards

Sticky cards are most effective at 1 meter height

Detect the insect

E. Grafton-Cardwell

M. Rogers

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Where have psyllids been found?Where have psyllids been found?

Yellow dots indicate traps in commercial citrus, pink dots indicate ACP finds mostly in urban areas

Detect the insect

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If a psyllid is found, all of the host plants in that yard and 400 meters around the yard, are treated with a foliar and a systemic insecticide.

A professional applicator treats the backyard citrus trees and closely related plants with insecticides cyfluthrin (Tempo) a foliar pyrethroidimidacloprid (Merit) a systemic neonicotinoid

Homeowners now have available: imidacloprid (Bayer Advanced) Fruit, Citrus & Vegetables

What happens when Asian citrus psyllids are What happens when Asian citrus psyllids are found in a California or Arizona backyard?found in a California or Arizona backyard?

Backyard citrus

A. SanchezA. Sanchez

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• Citrus and closely related plants can not be moved out of the quarantine area.

• Wholesale nurseries must treat their plants with insecticides just prior to shipping if the plants are destined for retailers within the quarantine area.

How does the quarantine affect plant How does the quarantine affect plant movement?movement?

Nurseries

http://phpps.cdfa.ca.gov/PE/InteriorExclusion/acptreatments.pdf

Wholesale Nursery treatment choices – both a systemic and foliar insecticide treatment are requiredsystemic insecticides

imidacloprid (Admire, Merit, Marathon, Discus, CoreTect)thiamethoxam (Flagship)dinotefuran (Safari)

foliar insecticidesfenpropathrin (Danitol, Tame)cyfluthrin (Baythroid XL, Tempo SC Ultra)chlorpyrifos (Chlorpyrifos Pro)carbaryl (Sevin XLR Plus, Sevin SL)spirotetramat (Movento)

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•Citrus nurseries are already placing their nursery stock inside screenhouses

•HLB-infected citrus trees will need to be removed and destroyed

•The disease will spread in spite of pesticide treatments and tree removal.

•The expected lifespan of citrus trees will drop from >50 years to <15 years in infected orchards.

If the devastating HLB disease gets to If the devastating HLB disease gets to commercial citrus, what will happen?commercial citrus, what will happen?

Increased costs and a reduction Increased costs and a reduction in citrus production and acreagein citrus production and acreage

Infected tree removal

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•Areawide treatments are essential for slowing ACP spread through the state (both urban and commercial citrus)

•The lower we suppress ACP, the less likelihood of it finding an HLB infected plant and moving the disease into commercial citrus

•We are buying time for the scientists to create a plant that can resist the disease

• We can not ‘live with HLB’. It will destroy the California citrus industry

If we don’t have HLB in California & Arizona, If we don’t have HLB in California & Arizona, why should I treat for Asian citrus psyllid?why should I treat for Asian citrus psyllid?

ACP Management

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• The grower will need to treat during periods of flush and to make sure the trees are disinfested prior to harvest.

• This will increase the number of insecticide treatments in citrus from by 2-3/year

• Treatments will negatively affect the IPM program because many of the effective insecticides harm natural enemies needed for other pests.

How does a psyllid infestation affect How does a psyllid infestation affect commercial citrus orchards?commercial citrus orchards?

Citrus Orchards Commercial citrus orchard treatments for psyllid

systemic insecticides imidacloprid (Admire)spirotetramat (Movento)

foliar insecticidesfenpropathrin (Danitol, Tame), cyfluthrin (Baythroid XL)

chlorpyrifos (Lorsban Pro), dimethoatecarbaryl (Sevin XLR Plus, Sevin SL), formetanate (Carzol)spinetoram (Delegate)diflubenzuron (Micromite)spirotetramat (Movento)

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You can help search for the psyllid!You can help search for the psyllid!It is critical for California and Arizona to It is critical for California and Arizona to

keep this insect from establishingkeep this insect from establishing

Look for immature stages of psyllids (eggs and Look for immature stages of psyllids (eggs and nymphs) on the tips of branches in the new flush. nymphs) on the tips of branches in the new flush.

Detect the insect

E. Grafton-Cardwell

Page 38: The Asian Citrus Psyllid and the Citrus Disease Huanglongbing

What should I look for?What should I look for?Look for psyllids and waxy tubules in the new flushLook for psyllids and waxy tubules in the new flush

Detect the insect

M. Rogers

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•Plant only certified disease-free citrus plants (or graft budwood) obtained from a reputable nursery.

•Do not bring citrus trees in from other states or countries (its illegal)

•Learn to recognize the pest and disease.

•Call the Department of Food and Agriculture hotline if you think you might have the psyllid or the disease.

How can you prevent HLB disease from How can you prevent HLB disease from establishing in California?establishing in California?

Detect and Report

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www.CaliforniaCitrusThreat.orgwww.PeligranCitrocosenCalifornia.com This web site, funded by the Citrus Research Board, provides

users with basic information about the psyllid and disease.

For more Information