Cities in Victorian times
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Transcript of Cities in Victorian times
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The
VictorianCity
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The streets of London were full of activity and people that went to work from home and went home from work.
Le strade di Londra erano piene di attività e le persone andavano dal lavoro a casa e da casa al lavoro
They were also places of work themselves.
Le strade erano anche luogo di lavoro stesso
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On those streets there was activity even at two in the morning. In fact, you would have met men, women, street-children sleeping on doorsteps, street-vendors, people who were coming home after a sixteen-hour day or were returning from assemblies.
In queste strade c’era attività anche alle due di mattina. Infatti, potevi incontrare uomini, donne, bambini di strada, persone che stavano tornando a casa dopo una giornata di 16 ore o stavano ritornando da assemblee.
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An important place in London was Covent Garden, the centre that fed the populace with its market, and that was also near the two most important theatres: Drury lane, for poor people, and Lowther Arcade, for wealthy people.
Un posto importante a Londra era il Covent Garden, il centro che alimentava il popolo con il suo mercato; lì vicino c’erano i due più importanti teatri: Drury lane, per gente povera, e Lowther Arcade, per persone ricche
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Anyway it' s difficult to know how London really was in Dickens’s lifetime (from 1812 to 1870), because imagination and reportage are hard to distinguish.
The places that are described by Dickens aren't only from the mind of a novelist, they are real and unbelievably look like they really are.I posti descritti da Dickens
non erano soltanto immaginazione del romanziere, erano reali e sembravano davvero come erano realmente.
In ogni caso è difficile sapere come era realmente Londra durante il periodo di Dickens (1812-1870) perché immaginazione e reportage sono difficili da distinguere
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The problems of the cityDeath(Morte)
Overcrowding(Sovraffollamento)
Spending on cities(Spese delle città)
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Death
Half of the population of Britain lived in cities
La metà della popolazione inglese viveva in città.
Life expectancy decreased
Le aspettative di vita calano notevolmente.
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In the cities there was more work and higher wages but the living conditions were very bad
In campagna e nei piccoli paesi c'era uno stile di vita più sano ma si soffriva la fame
In the countryside and in small towns there was more healthy lifestyle but people starved
Nelle città c'era piu lavoro e salari più alti ma le condizioni di vita erano pessime.
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There was high mortality rate because of illnesses such as the black death.
Alto tasso di mortalita a causa delle malattie come ai tempi della morte nera.
Le principali erano il colera che era stato provocato da acqua inquinata , il tifo diffuso dai pidocchi, e 'la diarrea estiva' causata da sciami di mosche che si nutrivano di sterco di cavallo e rifiuti umani.
caused by swarms of flies that fed on horse manure and human waste
The main were
that was caused by polluted water
Typhoid
Cholera
spread by lice ‘Summer diarrhea'
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The reason why these epidemics were so frequent was because the urban area of the city was neglected, there were open sewers and unhealthy housing.
Il motivo per cui queste epidemie erano cosi diffuse era perchè l'area urbana della città era trascurata, c'erano infatti fognature all'aperto e alloggi malsani.
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Overcrowding
Cities became more densely packed, creating dead-ends and foul alleys, and damp cellars offered miserable accommodation.
Uno dei maggiori problemi creati dalla crescita delle grandi città, era quella di ospitare la popolazione. Infatti mentre all'inizio i vittoriani spendevano poco e loro figli morivano giovani,piu tardi i vittoriani spendevano di più e godevano di una vita più lunga
One of the greatest problems created by the rise of great cities, was that of housing the population. in fact while the early Victorians spent little and their children died young, later Victorians spent more and enjoyed a longer life
Le città diventarono più densamente popolate, creando vicoli ciechi e sporchi , e cantine umide fungevano da alloggio miserabile.
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Nei primi anni del 1860, le corti non avevano sistemi di ventilazione, e normalmente contenevano le latrine o gli scarichi comuni a tutte le misere abitazioni, con i loro liquidi melmosi che filtravano attraverso i muri e gli odori disgustosi che entravano dalle finestre
In the early 1860s, the courts had no through ventilation, and normally contained 'the privy or ashpit common to all the wretched dwellings, with its liquid filth oozing through their walls, and its pestiferous gases flowing into the windows'.
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Nel 1854 il 50 per cento delle famiglie aveva una camera sola. La maggior parte delle case non aveva un approvvigionamento idrico autonomo o privato, e quello condiviso spesso non era responsabilità di nessuno
In 1854 about 50 per cent of families had only a single room. Most houses did not have an independent water supply or privy, and what was shared was often the responsibility of no one.
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Spending on cities
Le condizione delle città sembrava intollerabile e fonte di pericolo poichè quest'ultime erano spesso sporche e potevano far ammalare le persone.
The condition of the city seemed intolerable and dangerous because they were often dirty and could make people sick
1860
C'è stato un massiccio aumento del livello di investimenti nella sanità pubblica.There was a massive increase in the level of investment in public health.
1870
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Entro la fine del 19 ° secolo le città di tutta la Gran Bretagna hanno cessato di essere costruite a buon mercato e nel 1900 la vita nelle grandi città era sana come in campagna
By the end of the 19th century cities throughout Britain ceased to be built on the cheap, and by 1900 life in the great cities was just as healthy as in the countryside.
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Nel XIX sec. si avvia in Europa un intenso processo di urbanizzazione che assunse dimensioni fino ad allora mai viste
Tale processo fu conseguenza dello sviluppo industriale che richiedeva grandi concentrazioni di manodopera e mercati di consumo per le proprie merci.
Masse enormi di contadini si trasformarono in proletariato urbano, facendo aumentare le dimensioni delle città.
Città IndustrialiIn the 19° century an intense process of urbanization that took on dimensions never seen before
Huge masses of paesants were transformed into urban proletarians, increasing the size of the city.
This process was a result of industrial development that required large concentrations of labor and consumer markets for their goods.
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Città IndustrialiGli elementi che caratterizzarono le città industriali del 800 furono soprattutto due:
La collocazione geografica Le dinamiche politiche interne
le materie prime e le fonti d’energia
Nodi di commercio
Disponibilità di manodopera
Vincoli corporativi deboli
The elements that caratterized the 19 th century’s industrial towns were:
The geographic position
Raw materials and energy sauces
Knots of commerce
Internal political dynamics
f
Week corporate ties
Availability of manpower
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CoketownCoketown era una città inventata da Dickens ma basata sui fatti: di un rosso e un nero innaturali per il fumo e la cenere, di macchine e di alte ciminiere che emettevano costantemente fumo. Era una città monotona, dove tutto era uguale: case, strade, chiese, edifici e persone che facevano lo stesso lavoro e le stesse cose.
Coketown was a fictional city created by Dickens but based on facts. Innatural red and black for smoke and ash, machinery and tall smokestacks, which constantly released smoke. It was a tedious town, where everything was the same: houses, streets, churches, places and the people who did the same job and the same things.
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L’industria l’aveva fatta nascere ma si trovavano le comodità di vita del resto del mondo. C’erano perfino ben 18 sette religiose di cui nessuno sapeva i componenti...
Although it was an industrial town, there were the comforts of the rest of the world. There were even 18 religiuoses sects, whose members nobody knew…
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SALTAIRE
Nel 2001 viene inserita tra i Patrimoni dell’umanità dell’UNESCO.
Saltaire è un villaggio vittoriano situato nell'area metropolitana di Bradford, West Yorkshire, Inghilterra.
La città viene fondata nel 1853 per migliorare la qualità della vita dei lavoratori che alloggiavano a Bradford.
Saltaire is a Victorian village situated on the metropolitan area of Bradford, in the west Yorkshire,England
The city was founded in 1853 to improve the quality of the life of the workers that lived in Bradford
In 2001 it became a UNESCO World Heritage Site
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Crespi d’Adda
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Sorge sopra la confluenza del fiume Brembo nell'Adda, all'estremità meridionale dell'Isola bergamasca.
Per il suo rilievo storico e architettonico fu, nel 1995, annoverato tra i patrimoni dell'umanità dall'UNESCO.
È sede di un villaggio operaio, operante nel settore tessile cotoniero sorto a opera di Cristoforo Benigno Crespi a partire dal 1875 e passato poi nelle mani del figlio.
For its historical and architectural importance in 1995 it was listed among the UNESCO World Heritage Sites.
It is the home of a workers’ village, operating in the cotton textile industry, which was built thanks to Cristoforo Benigno Crespi in 1875 and later passed into the hands of his son.
It rises above the confluence of the river Brembo in the Adda at the southern end of the Bergamo area.
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Oltre alle casette delle famiglie operaie (complete di giardino ed orto) e alle ville per i dirigenti il villaggio era dotato di chiesa , scuola, cimitero, ospedale proprio davanti alla fabbrica, campo sportivo, teatro, stazione dei pompieri e di altre strutture comunitarie.
Il progetto di Crespi prevedeva di affiancare agli stabilimenti un vero e proprio villaggio che ospitasse alcuni operai della fabbrica e le loro famiglie.
In addition to the working-class families’ houses (complete with garden and vegetable garden) and the villas for the managers, the village was equipped with a church, a school, a cemetery, a hospital and, right opposite the factory, a sports ground, a firestation and other community facilities.
The project of Crespi was meant to provide a real village to house some factory workers and their families close to the factory.
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Nel prato di fronte al famedio dei Crespi vi sono piccole croci disposte in modo ordinato e geometrico
Il cimitero di Crespi d'Adda, è dominato dalla tomba della famiglia Crespi, che sembra idealmente simboleggiare l'abbraccio della famiglia Crespi a tutti gli operai del villaggio.
In the lawn in front of the Crespi’s memorial tomb there are small crosses arranged in an orderly and geometric way
The cemetery of Crespi d’Adda is dominated by the Crespi family’s tomb, which seems to ideally symbolize their embarace to all the workers of the village