ORIGIN OF AIR POLLUTION CONTROLORIGIN OF AIR POLLUTION CONTROL

REGULATING PRIMARY EMISSIONS FROM VICTORIAN TIMESREGULATING PRIMARY EMISSIONS FROM VICTORIAN TIMES

CONTROLLING AIR POLLUTIONCONTROLLING AIR POLLUTION

Legislative Extramurality, zoning, timing Fuel controls

Technical Chimney heights Combustion controls – burn your own smoke Filters, traps etc

BURN YOUR BURN YOUR OWN SMOKEOWN SMOKE

Benjamin Franklin advised Boulton and Watt

Smoke as waste fuel (lost profit)

Early attempts to control engine smoke ~1800 Manchester

LANCASHIRE BOILERLANCASHIRE BOILER

…and its skilled operation

RAKE IT OVER

EMERGING SANITARY ACTSEMERGING SANITARY ACTS

19th C PUBLIC HEALTH REFORM19th C PUBLIC HEALTH REFORM

Huge transitions - portrayed heroically as individual determination: e.g in UK Chadwick, Farrar

Preoccupation with sewers, housing, but smoke clauses

Focussed on key professionals

Sanitary or smoke inspectors weak and subordinate to Medical Officer...focus on organic disease

SANITARY OFFICERSSANITARY OFFICERS

1823 early inspectors in ManchesterPolice Commissioners rarely found

attentive and sober inspectors

Town Improvement Clauses Act 1847 authority to appoint a Medical Officer of Health

and an Inspector of Nuisance

1870's IoN and MOoH- throughout the country

INSPECTOR OF NUISANCEINSPECTOR OF NUISANCE Inspectors point out of nuisances and

maintain a journal report to Health Committee

Day to day implementation of sanitary policy 1880's councils

IoN a good man endowed with common sense

Lack of status and requisite skills attracted men who had failed in

other walks of life PROFESSIONALIZATIONPROFESSIONALIZATION

P. BRIMBLECOMBE Origins of smoke inspection in Britain (circa 1900) Applied Environmental Science & Public Health 1, 55-62 (2003)P. BRIMBLECOMBE Emergence of the sanitary inspector, The Journal of the Royal Society for the Promotion of Health,182-195 (2003)

PROFESSIONALIZATIONPROFESSIONALIZATION

Prof. Corfield 1885 lecture on Frontinus Blyth 1890 appropriate examination and

assistantship MacMahon 1899 status of a sanitary officer ought

to be that of a professional Smoke inspectors Specialization

key characteristic of the development of Public Health in the late 19th C

WOMEN AND UNIFORMSWOMEN AND UNIFORMS

Women gain equal number of certificates ~1900

Concern about clothing long dresses in abattoirs (屠畜場 ) buttons not brass (militaristic?)

Role beyond factories: could not climb ladders

Marriage and family

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100

150

200

250

KC KC SI SI LU NHS Bed

FailPass

EXAMINATION SUCCESS EXAMINATION SUCCESS 1899-1909 1899-1909

Male 62% Female 70%

only 3 fails!M

FM/F

M

F

M

F

BEDFORD COLLEGEBEDFORD COLLEGELadies College in Bedford SquareLadies College in Bedford Square

Sanitary Course criticized for being too theoretical

Taught microscopy and bacteriology!

Models of hygienic sanitary appliances, Models of hygienic sanitary appliances, England, 1895England, 1895

http://www.sciencemuseum.org.uk/broughttolife/objects/display.aspx?id=3883

NBNBFAMOUS BEDFORD GRADUATES FAMOUS BEDFORD GRADUATES from SANITARY INSPECTION COURSEfrom SANITARY INSPECTION COURSE

Deputy Chief Factories Inspector Hilda Martindale

Head of Hygiene Battersea Polytechnic Hilda Bideleaux

Head of the School of the Domestic Economy Tokyo Sumi Miyakawa (Japan)

First woman factory inspector/MP Kerstin Hesselgren (Sweden)

KERSTIN KERSTIN HESSELGRENHESSELGREN

WOMEN AND HEALTH VISITINGWOMEN AND HEALTH VISITING

Were not allowed to belong to Sanitary Inspectors Association

Health visitor role probably led to a reduction of status in early 20th C

ICONOGRAPHYICONOGRAPHY

COAL SMOKE ABATEMENT SOCIETY 1899-2011COAL SMOKE ABATEMENT SOCIETY 1899-2011

Sir William Blake Richmond also Octavia Hill

NSAC, NSCA, NSCA&EP, EP(UK)

http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/science-environment-15924233

DEVELOPING ROLES IN LOCAL DEVELOPING ROLES IN LOCAL GOVERNMENTGOVERNMENT

1883- Sanitary Inspectors Association of Public Sanitary Inspectors

1910- Sanitary Officers 1921 Sanitary Officer formally recognised on passage

of the Public Health (Officers) Act

1950s- Public Health Inspector 1970s- Environmental Health Officer

POST WWIPOST WWI

Burning Bings- advocacy Taylor, John (1914-1992)

Smoke Menace (1937) Gas and electricity

LO-NOx BURNERLO-NOx BURNER Key effect of temperature

on the formation of NOx. Surface combustion/radiant

tile burners produce levels 60-70% less NOx.

John Joyce John Joyce of Bowin Technology, Australia, pioneered use high temperature steel mesh

LOW NOLOW NOXX FURNACE FURNACE

Controlling temperature: mixing of fuel and air is suppressed at the initial stage of combustion, and combustion progresses

gently.

SURF THOSE SOUND WAVES!

AIR

FUEL

SCRUBBINGSCRUBBING

Fine stream of water absorbs waste gases

Expensive as you need an alkaline solution to absorb SO2

2NaOH + SO2 Na2SO3 + H2O

NEW ZEALAND SUGAR COMPANY NEW ZEALAND SUGAR COMPANY CHELSEA WORKS IN CHELSEA WORKS IN AUCKLANDAUCKLAND

SEAWATER AS A SCRUBBING FLUIDSEAWATER AS A SCRUBBING FLUID

Mid 20th C used the alkalinity of seawater as a cheap alternative

2NaHCO3 + SO2 Na2SO3 + H2O + CO2

But lowers plume buoyancy

CHIMNEY HEIGHT

SCRUBBING WITH LIMESTONESCRUBBING WITH LIMESTONE

CaCO3(s) + SO2(g) → CaSO3(s) + CO2(g)

Can oxidize calcium sulphite to gypsum

CaSO3(s) + ½O2(g) + 2H2O(l) → CaSO4·2H2O(s)

http://www.epa.gov/ttn/chief/ap42/ch08/final/c08s13.pdf

Problem is that very large quantities involved…

s=solidg = gasl=liquid

WELLMAN-LORD PROCESSWELLMAN-LORD PROCESS

Regenerative

In scrubber

Na2SO3(aq) + SO2(g) → 2NaHSO3(aq )

In Heater2NaHSO3(aq ) → Na2SO3(aq) + SO2(g)

SO2 - is converted to elemental sulphur, sulphuric acid or liquid SO2.

aq=aqueousg = gasl=liquid

FUELSFUELS

Methanol – logic of a new fuel for automobiles

Low volatility fuels Zero Pollution Vehicles Hybrid power cars

Leonardo di Caprio, Billy Crystal,

Harrison Ford and Susan Sarandon

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Hydrocarbon CO NOx

gra

m/m

ile

gasoline

CNG

LPG

ALTERNATE ALTERNATE FUELSFUELS

g/mile H/C CO NOx

gasoline 3.1 42 6.2

CNG 0.5 8.6 2.1

LPG 0.45 1.0 1.1

Data gathered in the late 1980s…

GASES – LPG, NPGGASES – LPG, NPG

Low molecular weight compounds Sealed in a pressurised tank Wide adoption and especially for

fleets of buses

CATALYTIC CONVERTERSCATALYTIC CONVERTERS Three-way catalytic converter: platinum or rhodium on

a ceramic or metallic base. Oxidises carbon monoxide to carbon dioxide and hydrocarbons to carbon dioxide and water and/or reduces oxides of nitrogen to nitrogen and oxygen gas.

Conflicting chemical reactions require a lambda probe to measure the residual oxygen in exhaust and adjust engine fuel-air ratio

Works at a fairly high temperature, so cold starts or stop start driving are a problem.

FUEL VOLATILITY FUEL VOLATILITY ANDAND REFORMULATIONREFORMULATION

Summertime commercial gasoline volatility reduced because VOC drives smog chemistry

Reformulated gasoline (RFG) is gasoline blended to burn cleaner and reduce smog-precursors, particularly carbon monoxide

RFG uses oxygenates MTBE and ethanol.

Only mandated in severe ozone areas

ASIA – MOTORCYCLES as in ASIA – MOTORCYCLES as in SOURCES LectureSOURCES Lecture

Traditionally 2-stroke engines lots of organic matter and particles – with organic material

Electric power Air power

LEAN BURNLEAN BURN

Mitsubishi Vertical Vortex lean-burn engine can achieve complete combustion with an air-fuel ratio as 25:1 whereas conventional engines require 14.7:1 and give 3% better fuel economy at 40km/h http://www.derestricted.net/cyborgr/info/

Engines mix more air with the fuel when full power is not needed, resulting in better fuel economy.

Engines fail strict NOx emission standards Lean mixtures won’t ignite easily: use stratified-

charge approach and air-fuel ratio varies through cylinder