Circulatory SystemCirculatory System

Principles of Health SciencePrinciples of Health Science

Mr. RobertMr. Robert

Circulatory SystemCirculatory System

Or cardiovascular systemOr cardiovascular system Consists of heart, blood vessels & Consists of heart, blood vessels &

bloodblood Transports oxygen & nutrients to Transports oxygen & nutrients to

body cells and carbon dioxide & body cells and carbon dioxide & metabolic materials away from body metabolic materials away from body cellscells

HeartHeart

Pump of the bodyPump of the body About the size of a fistAbout the size of a fist

Layers of the heartLayers of the heart

EndocardiumEndocardium: lines the inside of the : lines the inside of the heart, allows for smooth flow of bloodheart, allows for smooth flow of blood

MyocardiumMyocardium: muscular middle layer, : muscular middle layer, thickestthickest

PericardiumPericardium: double-layered : double-layered membrane or sac that covers the membrane or sac that covers the outside of the heartoutside of the heart

SeptumSeptum

Muscular wall that separates the Muscular wall that separates the heart into left and right sideheart into left and right side– Interatrial septumInteratrial septum– Interventricular Interventricular

septumseptum

Four chambers of the heartFour chambers of the heart

Two upper chambers: right atrium Two upper chambers: right atrium and left atriumand left atrium

Two lower chambers: right ventricle Two lower chambers: right ventricle and left ventricleand left ventricle

Right atriumRight atrium (RA) (RA)

Receives blood as it returns from the Receives blood as it returns from the bodybody

Right ventricleRight ventricle (RV) (RV)

Receives blood from the right atrium Receives blood from the right atrium and pumps the blood into the and pumps the blood into the pulmonary artery which carries the pulmonary artery which carries the blood to the lungs for oxygenblood to the lungs for oxygen

Left atriumLeft atrium (LA) (LA)

Receives the oxygenated blood from Receives the oxygenated blood from the lungsthe lungs

Left ventricleLeft ventricle (LV) (LV)

Receives blood from the left atrium Receives blood from the left atrium and pumps the blood through the and pumps the blood through the aorta for transport to the bodyaorta for transport to the body

Cross section of the heartCross section of the heart

Tricuspid valveTricuspid valve

Between the right atrium and right Between the right atrium and right ventricleventricle

Closes when the RV contracts, Closes when the RV contracts, preventing backflow into RA preventing backflow into RA

Pulmonary valvePulmonary valve

Located between the right ventricle Located between the right ventricle & the pulmonary artery& the pulmonary artery

Closes when the RV has finished Closes when the RV has finished contracting preventing backflow into contracting preventing backflow into the RVthe RV

Mitral valveMitral valve

Located between left atrium & left Located between left atrium & left ventricleventricle

Closes when LV is contracting, Closes when LV is contracting, preventing back flow into the LApreventing back flow into the LA

Aortic valveAortic valve

Located between the left ventricle Located between the left ventricle and aortaand aorta

Closes when LV is finished Closes when LV is finished contracting preventing backflow into contracting preventing backflow into LVLV

Blood vesselsBlood vessels

Arteries Arteries CapillariesCapillariesVeinsVeins

ArteriesArteries

Carry blood away from the heartCarry blood away from the heart Aorta is the largestAorta is the largest More muscular and elastic than other More muscular and elastic than other

blood vesselsblood vessels

VeinsVeins

Blood vessels that carry blood back Blood vessels that carry blood back to the heartto the heart

Two largest veins: superior vena Two largest veins: superior vena cava and the inferior vena cavacava and the inferior vena cava

Veins are thinner and have less Veins are thinner and have less muscle tissue than arteriesmuscle tissue than arteries

Most contain valves to prevent Most contain valves to prevent backflowbackflow

CapillariesCapillaries

Connect arterioles (smallest arteries) Connect arterioles (smallest arteries) with venules (smallest veins)with venules (smallest veins)

Very thin walls, one cell layer thickVery thin walls, one cell layer thick Gas exchange takes placeGas exchange takes place

HeartbeatHeartbeat DiastoleDiastole: period of rest, ventricular : period of rest, ventricular

fillingfilling SystoleSystole: period of ventricular : period of ventricular

contractioncontraction

Conductive Pathway of the Conductive Pathway of the HeartHeart

SA Node: SA Node: pacemakerpacemaker

AV node: impulse AV node: impulse temporarily slowedtemporarily slowed

Bundle of His Bundle of His (septum)(septum)

R & L bundle R & L bundle branchesbranches

Purkinje fibersPurkinje fibers

Blood flowBlood flow

Vena cavas-right atrium-tricuspid Vena cavas-right atrium-tricuspid valve-rt ventricle-pulmonary valve-valve-rt ventricle-pulmonary valve-pulmonary arteries-lungs-pulmonary pulmonary arteries-lungs-pulmonary veins-lt atrium-mitral valve-left veins-lt atrium-mitral valve-left ventricle-aortic valve-aorta-arteries-ventricle-aortic valve-aorta-arteries-arterioles-capillaries-body cells-arterioles-capillaries-body cells-venules-veinsvenules-veins

BloodBlood

4-6 quarts in average adult4-6 quarts in average adult Made of plasma and blood cellsMade of plasma and blood cells PlasmaPlasma: fluid part of blood, 90% : fluid part of blood, 90%

water with blood proteins, mineral water with blood proteins, mineral salts, gases, hormones, nutrients, etcsalts, gases, hormones, nutrients, etc

Blood CellsBlood Cells

ErythrocytesErythrocytes LeukocytesLeukocytes ThrombocytesThrombocytes

ErythrocytesErythrocytes

Red blood cells (RBC)Red blood cells (RBC) Contain hemoglobin which carries Contain hemoglobin which carries

oxygen & carbon dioxideoxygen & carbon dioxide

LeukocytesLeukocytes

White blood cellsWhite blood cells Main function is to fight infectionMain function is to fight infection Five types: neutrophils, eosinophils, Five types: neutrophils, eosinophils,

basophils, monocytes, lymphocytesbasophils, monocytes, lymphocytes

NeutrophilsNeutrophils

Most common leukocyteMost common leukocyte Phagocytize bacteriaPhagocytize bacteria

EosinophilEosinophil

Involved with allergic reactionsInvolved with allergic reactions

BasophilBasophil

Least common leukocyteLeast common leukocyte Produce histamine & heparinProduce histamine & heparin

MonocytesMonocytes

Phagocytize bacteria & other Phagocytize bacteria & other microorganismsmicroorganisms

LymphocytesLymphocytes

Provide immunity by developing Provide immunity by developing antibodiesantibodies

Protect against the formation of Protect against the formation of cancer cellscancer cells

ThrombocytesThrombocytes

PlateletsPlatelets Important in the clotting process, Important in the clotting process,

form a sticky plug when vessel is cutform a sticky plug when vessel is cut

Circulatory System DiseasesCirculatory System Diseases

ArrhythmiaArrhythmia

Abnormal heart rhythmAbnormal heart rhythm Detected by ECG (electrocardiogram)Detected by ECG (electrocardiogram)

AnemiaAnemia

Low number of RBC or hemoglobinLow number of RBC or hemoglobin Symptoms include paleness, tiredSymptoms include paleness, tired

AneurysmAneurysm

Ballooning out of an artery wallBallooning out of an artery wall If ruptures, hemorrhage occursIf ruptures, hemorrhage occurs

ArteriosclerosisArteriosclerosis

Hardening or thickening of arterial Hardening or thickening of arterial wallswalls

Aging changeAging change Causes high blood pressureCauses high blood pressure

AtherosclerosisAtherosclerosis

Fatty plaques (usually cholesterol) Fatty plaques (usually cholesterol) are deposited on the walls of arteriesare deposited on the walls of arteries

EmbolusEmbolus

Foreign substance circulating in the Foreign substance circulating in the bloodstreambloodstream

Can be air, blood clot, fatCan be air, blood clot, fat

HemophiliaHemophilia

Inherited disease, usually in malesInherited disease, usually in males Blood is unable to clotBlood is unable to clot Leads to prolonged bleedingLeads to prolonged bleeding

HypertensionHypertension

High blood pressureHigh blood pressure

LeukemiaLeukemia

Malignant disease of the bone Malignant disease of the bone marrow or lymph tissuemarrow or lymph tissue

High numbers of immature WBCHigh numbers of immature WBC

Myocardial InfarctionMyocardial Infarction

Heart attackHeart attack Occurs when a blockage in coronary Occurs when a blockage in coronary

arteries cuts off blood supply to heartarteries cuts off blood supply to heart

PhlebitisPhlebitis

Inflammation of vein, usually in the Inflammation of vein, usually in the legleg

Varicose veinsVaricose veins

Dilated swollen veins that have lost Dilated swollen veins that have lost elasticity and cause decreased blood elasticity and cause decreased blood flowflow

Usually in legs form pregnancy, Usually in legs form pregnancy, prolonged sitting, heredityprolonged sitting, heredity

Image CitationsImage Citations Slide 5,7,8,9,10,11,12,13,14,19,20,26,28,29,30,35,40: Slide 5,7,8,9,10,11,12,13,14,19,20,26,28,29,30,35,40:

Delmar Learning’s Medical Terminology Image Library, Delmar Learning’s Medical Terminology Image Library, Second Edition, Version 1.0, ISBN 1-4018-1009-8.Second Edition, Version 1.0, ISBN 1-4018-1009-8.

Slide 4: Blood and Body Defenses, 1/29/06, Slide 4: Blood and Body Defenses, 1/29/06, http://people.eku.edu/ritchisong/301notes4.htmhttp://people.eku.edu/ritchisong/301notes4.htm

Slide 15: St. Jude Medical, 1/29/06, Slide 15: St. Jude Medical, 1/29/06, http://www.sjm.com/globals/popups/valvereplace.shtmhttp://www.sjm.com/globals/popups/valvereplace.shtm

Slide 16: 1/29/06, Slide 16: 1/29/06, http://www.mayoclinic.org/pulmonary-valve-disease/imageshttp://www.mayoclinic.org/pulmonary-valve-disease/images/pulmonary-regurgitation-lg.jpg/pulmonary-regurgitation-lg.jpg

Slide 17: Where is the mitral valve, 1/29/06, Slide 17: Where is the mitral valve, 1/29/06, http://www.yourheart.org.uk/mitral.phphttp://www.yourheart.org.uk/mitral.php

Slide 18: Where is the aortic valve, 1/29/06, Slide 18: Where is the aortic valve, 1/29/06, http://www.yourheart.org.uk/aortic.phphttp://www.yourheart.org.uk/aortic.php

Slide 23: Artery, 1/29/06, Slide 23: Artery, 1/29/06, http://www.tiscali.co.uk/reference/encyclopaedia/hutchinsohttp://www.tiscali.co.uk/reference/encyclopaedia/hutchinson/m0030819.htmln/m0030819.html

Slide 25: Capillaries Image, 1/29/06, Slide 25: Capillaries Image, 1/29/06, http://web.buddyproject.org/web019/web019/Capimage.hthttp://web.buddyproject.org/web019/web019/Capimage.htmlml

Image CitationsImage Citations Slide 32: What is anemia?, 1/29/06, Slide 32: What is anemia?, 1/29/06,

http://www.epogen.com/patient/patient_info/educational_mhttp://www.epogen.com/patient/patient_info/educational_materials/epogen_and_you/what_anemia.jspaterials/epogen_and_you/what_anemia.jsp

Slide 33: Aneurysm, 2/27/06, Slide 33: Aneurysm, 2/27/06, http://http://www.evergreensurgicalclinic.com/vascular.htmwww.evergreensurgicalclinic.com/vascular.htm

Slide 34: Arteriosclerosis, 1/29/06, Slide 34: Arteriosclerosis, 1/29/06, http://discover.edventures.com/functions/termlib.php?actiohttp://discover.edventures.com/functions/termlib.php?action=&termid=2580&alpha=a&searchStringn=&termid=2580&alpha=a&searchString==

Slide 42: 2/27/06, Slide 42: 2/27/06, http://www.edu.rcsed.ac.uk/photoalbum/ph120.htmhttp://www.edu.rcsed.ac.uk/photoalbum/ph120.htm