CHAPTERS 11 & 12

Circulation & Blood

CIRCULATION Body is made of cells

Cells various need chemicals Circulatory system: made of your

blood, blood vessels, and heart Blood delivers oxygen, water, and food to

the rest of your body Blood picks up the cell’s waste products

Carbon dioxide, water, etc blood travels through a series of tubes:

Blood vessels Heart pumps the blood through the vessels

CIRCULATION IN OTHER ANIMALS Not all animals have circulatory

systems Simple animals:

Sponge, sea anemone, hydra, etc. Bodies are only a few cells thick

Allows water to move in and out Every part of their body comes in contact with water Oxygen and other nutrients diffuse into the cells Waste products (like carbon dioxide) diffuse out

Complex animals Earthworms, insects, etc. Many layers of cells and tissues

CIRCULATION IN OTHER ANIMALS Complex animals

Earthworms, insects, etc. Many layers of cells and tissues Closed Circulatory System:

Has blood vessels and a heart Example: earthworm

Open Circulatory System: Has heart but no blood vessels Blood moves around without a blood vessel to guide

it

Heart: muscle that pumps blood through the body

Two sides: Two separate

pumps (left & right)

Each side has a small chamber on the top and large chamber on the bottom

HEART STRUCTURE

This is a cut-away sections of the inside of the heartThe bright red and bright blue colors represent blood inside the heartThe pink represents heart muscle

Small chambers on the top are called Right atrium Left atrium

Large chambers on the bottom are called ventricles Right ventricle Left ventricle

HEART STRUCTURE

This is a cut-away sections of the inside of the heartThe bright red and bright blue colors represent blood inside the heartThe pink represents heart muscle

Heart pumps by squeezing Muscle contractions At rest: ~60-80 beats per minute Running: ~150 beats per minute Beat=each pump of the heart

Circulatory system= one way street Heart muscle will pump more than 2

billion times in your life time

HEART- PUMPING

Artery- a large blood vessel that carries blood away from the heart

Vein- large blood vessel that carries blood back to the heart

HEART- PUMPING

1- blood from the veins enter the right and left atria No pumping here

2-Atria pump/squeeze Right and left ventricles relax –

not pumping Receive blood from the atria

3-Right and left ventricles squeeze blood into two large arteries- one leading to the body and one leading to the lungs

HEART- PUMPING

Blood returns from the body and enters the atria

Cycle starts over

HEART- PUMPING

Valves- flaps in the heart that keep blood flowing in one direction

1 set of valves between the atria & ventricles Tricuspid valve: valve

between the right atrium and the right ventricle

Bicuspid valve: valve between the left atrium and the left ventricle

Valves-one way doors These only flow down

HEART- VALVES

Semilunar Valves: between the ventricles and their arteries

One way doors Only flow upward away

from the ventricle

Sounds of your heart beat- caused by the valves closing

HEART- VALVES

Heart has two sounds Both sets of valves close at

different times First sound: closing of the

bicuspid and tricuspid valves

Ventricles squeeze these valves close= lub

Second Sound: closing of the semilunar valves

Occur when the ventricles stop squeezing=dub

Together =lub dub

HEART- VALVES

Sounds other than lub dub indicate a valve working incorrectly Example: lub swish dub

Results from either the tricuspid or bicuspid valves not closing properly

Example: lub dub swish Results from the semilunar

valves not closing properly

HEART- VALVES

Pumps blood to your lungs 1- blood enters the right side of the heart

through the vena cava Vena Cava: largest vein in the body which

carries blood from the body back to the heart Blue color used to show deoxygenated blood

2- blood is pumped into the right ventricle 3- blood is pumped into the pulmonary artery

Pulmonary Artery: carries blood away from the heart to the lungs

Divides in two (you have two lungs) Blood makes its way to the lungs

RIGHT SIDE OF THE HEART

4-Blood gets oxygen from the lungs Blood gets rid of the carbon dioxide

5- blood returns to the left atrium through the Pulmonary Veins Pulmonary Veins: carry blood from the

lungs to the left side of the heart

Approximately 10 seconds

RIGHT SIDE OF THE HEART

Pumps blood to your body 1- oxygenated blood arrives in the left

atrium From the lungs

2- blood gets pumped into the left ventricle

3-blood is pumped into the aorta Aorta: largest artery in the body

Branches to the body and head

4-body parts receive the oxygenated blood

5- deoxygenated blood returns to the right atrium

LEFT SIDE OF THE HEART

Right side: contains a lot of carbon dioxide

Left side: contains a lot of oxygen

SUMMARY

Carry blood away from the heart Round Thick walls

Muscle cells Aorta- can be as wide as a garden hose! Get thinner as they branch into

smaller/thinner blood vessels as they carry blood away from the heart

ARTERIES

Blood Pressure: force created when blood pushes against the walls of vessels Your pulse: blood moving through your

arteries

Summary: Carry blood away from the heart Under high pressure Round, with thick muscular walls

ARTERIES CONT.

Carries blood back to the heart

Have less muscle than arteries Thinner Sometimes flat in shape

Contain one-way valves Keep blood flowing

towards your heart Low pressure

VEINS

Capillary: the smallest blood vessels Very narrow

Only one cell thick Most abundant blood vessel in your body Bring blood close to every body cell Deliver:

Oxygen, food, or other materials to body cells Pick-up:

Waste chemicals (like CO2)

CAPILLARIES

Blood pressure measurement Two measurements taken

Maximum pressure (systolic) Ventricles pumping

Minimum pressure (diastolic) Ventricles not pumping

Normal: 120/80

Arteries can contract Blood moves at a higher pressure

HIGH BLOOD PRESSURE

Hypertension: when blood pressure is extremely high Arteries are too narrow for easy movement of

blood Might not know you have it Causes damage to body organs Makes the heart work harder Could make blood vessels burst

Stroke Treatment:

Diet and/or exercise Medicine

HIGH BLOOD PRESSURE

Effected by diet: Too much salt Cholesterol: fatlike chemical found in certain foods

Coats insides of arteries Narrows arteries- raising blood pressure

HIGH BLOOD PRESSURE

Heart is made of muscle Heart cells need:

Oxygen Nutrients Has its own blood vessels that deliver these

Coronary vessels: blood vessels that carry blood to and from the heart itself

Heart Attack: death of a section of the heart muscle Caused by a blockage which causes blood to

not reach part of the heart

HEART ATTACK

Too much dies= heart cannot pump properly If blood cannot deliver enough oxygen and

nutrients to the body death can occur

HEART ATTACK

Exercise, proper diet, and no smoking Exercise:

Works your heart muscle Makes your heart stronger

Proper diet: Avoid being over weight

Puts strain on your heart Fat forms around the heart

Heart works harder to pump Healthy diet helps avoid extra cholesterol

intake 200 mg of cholesterol or less daily http://www.healthaliciousness.com/articles/foods-h

ighest-in-cholesterol.php

PREVENTION

NO Smoking People who smoke are more likely to have

heart problems Nicotine- chemical in tobacco smoke

Causes blood vessels to narrow Causes the heart to work harder

When diet and exercise do not help Prescription drugs- lower cholesterol Bypass Surgery- take blood vessel from

another part of your body to make a new path to your heart

Heart transplant

PREVENTION

Transplant statistics 121,264  on the transplant waiting list 3,202 waiting on heart transplant 69 waiting on heart AND lung transplant

Artificial hearts Used temporarily until transplant heart is

available Can lengthen survival by 600 days First successful artificial heart transplant 1982

PREVENTION

Artificial heartsPREVENTION

Blood- part liquid and part cells Functions:

Delivers nutrients Water, vitamins, minerals, & nutrients from fats,

carbs, & proteins Delivers oxygen Delivers messages in the form of chemicals Removes waste products

Carbon dioxide lungs Chemical waste kidneys Removes excess body heat skin

FUNCTION OF BLOOD

Other functions: Fight diseases Stop bleeding

FUNCTION OF BLOOD

Not all animals have blood Examples:

Sponges Jelly fish Flat worms

Most animals without blood live in water Water acts like their “blood”

FUNCTION OF BLOOD

Plasma: nonliving, yellow liquid part of the blood 92% - water 8% -

Blood proteins Nutrients Salts Waste chemicals

Pick up and delivery by the blood is done by the plasma

HUMAN BLOOD

Deep red= red blood cellsYellow= plasmaIn between= white blood cells & platelets

Red Blood Cells: cells in the blood that carry oxygen to the tissues Make up most of the blood ~5 million cells in one drop

of blood Living portion of the blood Round Only have a nucleus when

first formed- but is lost as the cell matures

Life span= 120 days

HUMAN BLOOD

Red Blood Cells cont. Made in bone marrow

Bone Marrow: soft center part of the bone

HUMAN BLOOD

Transport oxygen Hemoglobin: protein in red blood cells that

joins with oxygen Gives the red color

Contains iron Anemia: condition when there are too few red blood

cells in the blood Occurs due to a lack of or too little iron Symptoms: weak feeling, tired, short of breath Due to receiving too little oxygen

Carries oxygen

JOBS OF THE RED BLOOD CELLS

White Blood Cells: cells in the blood that destroy harmful microbes, remove dead cells, and make proteins that help prevent disease Part of the living portion of blood Contain a nucleus Larger than red blood cells Life span: 10 days

Can live for months-years ~8,000 white blood cells in one drop of blood Made in bone marrow

Also made in the spleen, thymus gland, and tonsils

WHITE BLOOD CELLS

Can travel out of the capillaries To the body cells

WHITE BLOOD CELLS CONT

Fight infection WBC move to the site of infection to destroy

bacteria and/or other foreign invaders During infection WBC #’s increase

After infection WBC #’s return to normal

Remove dead cells consume dead cells

JOBS OF THE WHITE BLOOD CELLS

Leukemia: blood cancer where the number of white blood cells increase at an abnormally fast rate.

LEUKEMIA

Difference between leukemia and the rise of WBC’s due to infection: Leukemia:

WBC count can reach 100,000 or more in 1 drop of blood

# of WBC does not return to normal When cells form in large numbers they are not

normal cells Cannot do their jobs like normal WBC

Infection: WBC count can reach up 30,000 in 1 drop of blood # of WBC eventually returns to normal

RISE IN WBC

Platelets: cell parts that aid in forming blood clots

living part of the blood Much smaller than RBC Injury platelets break apart release

chemical chemical starts formation of clot

PLATELETS

250,000 in 1 drop of blood Life span= 5 days Made in the bone marrow

Problems with platelets: Too few platelets

Blood cannot clot Platelets lack clotting chemical

Causes hemophilia Hemophilia: disease where a person’s blood won’t clot

Minor cuts and bruises very dangerous

PLATELETS CONT.

Four main blood types: A, B, AB, & O Difference?

Proteins found on the red blood (antigens) cell and the plasma (antibodies)

BLOOD TYPES

BLOOD TYPES

Immune System: made of proteins, cells, and tissues that identify and defend the body against foreign chemicals and organisms Tonsils, thymus gland, lymph nodes, spleen, lymph

vessels and fluid, bone marrow Teardrops, mucus, and skin are included

Antibodies: chemicals that helps destroy bacteria or viruses

Antigens: promotes production of antibodies Foreign objects:

toxins, bacteria, foreign blood cells, and the cells of transplanted organs

IMMUNITY

SOURCES

http://topnews.ae/category/health/heart Heart Valves slide 5 http://encyclopedia.lubopitko-bg.com/Structure_of_the_Heart.html slide 19 http://radiology.vi/Pages/STR-SvcVV-Basics.html valves slide 22 http://science.howstuffworks.com/innovation/everyday-innovations/artificial-heart1.

htm artificial heart diagram slide 32

http://singularityhub.com/2009/06/ artificial heart slide 32 http://

www.bigstockphoto.com/image-23325695/stock-photo-separated-blood-sample separated blood slide 36

http://jessefeatonby.blogspot.com/2011/04/haematology.html tube of blood slide 37 http://goodhealthhub.com/blood-cells/ red blood cells slide 37 http://healthinfoispower.wordpress.com/2008/07/11/white-blood-cells-obtained-fro

m-healthy-donors-to-be-tested-against-human-malignant-cancers/ white blood cell slide 40

http://www.wadsworth.org/chemheme/heme/microscope/platelets.htm platelets slide 45

http://www.sciencephoto.com/media/203271/view blood clot slide 45 http://

www.excelhighschool.com/ged-practice-test/free-ged-online/science-test-p1.php blood types slide 47

Slide 48 image taken from text book