Cie Final Review 2

8/8/2019 Cie Final Review 2

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/cie-final-review-2 1/6

Topic 5 Landcover/Landuse1. Define

a. Ecosystem-An interacting system that includes a community and its non-living physical environment. b. community- An association of different species living together in a defined habitat.

c. watershed-area of land that delivers water to a stream, river system.

d. biome- a large relatively, distinct region with similar climate, soil and plants, regardless of where itoccurs in the world.e. oragraphic effect-

f. eco-regions- an area defined by its environmental conditions, esp. climate, landforms, and soilcharacteristics.

g. weathering- process by which parent materials is broken down into soil.h. humus-partially decomposed organic material that is primarily from plant anmd animal remains

i. Eluviation-The downward movement of dissolved or suspended material within soil caused whenrainfall exceeds evaporation.

j. Illuviation-process by which a material (illuvium) which includes colloids and mineral salts is washeddown from one layer of soil to a lower level.

k. soil texture-different sizes of mineral particles in a soil.l. sand- A sedimentary material, finer than granule and coarser than silt, with grains between 0.06 and

2.0 millimeters in diameter.m. silt ±A granular material of a grain size between sand and clay. Grains measure between 0.002 and

0.05 millimeters in diameter.n. clay- a naturally occurring material composed primarily of fine-grained minerals. Grains smaller than

0.002 millimeters in diameter.

1. List the different ecosystem types

Ecosystem- living organisms interact with every other element in their local environmente.g.- Forest, Artic, Alpine, Grassland, Desert, River, Lake, Coastal, Urban, Agro-

ecosystem

2. List the 2 primary drivers of biomes

climate, land-use change, urbanization

3. Explain the correlation of latitude with different biomes

There is a good correlation between the distribution of climates with latitude, and homogenous

vegetation bands. Arctic or subarctic area

humid type : Tundra

Subarctic and boreal area humid type: taiga or boreal forest

Temperate cold

humid type : Temperate broadleaf and mixed forests, Temperate coniferous forests

Temperate warm or sub-tropical humid: subtropical moist broadleaf forest

semi-humid: Tropical and subtropical dry broadleaf forests

Tropical



humid area: tropical moist broadleaf forest (tropical rainforest)

semi-humid area: tropical dry broadleaf forest, tropical coniferous forestSemi-arid area: tropical grasslands, savannas, and shrublands

Arid area: deserts and xeric shrublands

4. Discuss the variability and distribution of precipitation in North America

5. Explain the oragraphic effect on landscape. happens on the windward side of a mountain. The rainfall amounts increase dramatically as youmove farther up the mountain on the windward side

6. List important features of soil. Aeration, Drainage, tillage, nutrient mineral holding capacity, water holding capacity

7. List the 5 drivers for soil development.

Parent material, topography, climate, organisms, time



8. Compare and contrast physical, chemical, and biological weathering. Physical weathering ± the breakdown of parent material by physical processes (wind, water, ice,

temperature) C hemical weathering ± breakdown by chemical processes (acids) and leaching

(CO2 + H2O = H2CO3 = H+

+ HCO3-)

Biological weathering ± organisms supply acids and can directly extract nutrients from soil

9. Explain how acids are involved in chemical weathering.

Carbonation is the reaction with carbonic acid, which forms when carbon dioxide from theatmosphere dissolves in rain water

10. List the composition of soil.

y Mineral matter ~ 45%

y Organic matter ~ 5%

y Water ~ 25%

y Gases ~ 25%

y Organisms (roots, bacteria, fungi, animals)

11. List the major minerals and nutrients present in soil. Minerals: Aluminum, Iron, Silica

Nutrients: Calcium, Magnesium, Potassium, Sodium

12. Describe the difference in saturated vs. unsaturated soils. 13. List and describe different soil horizons.

14. Define and describe soil particles by size. Clay < .002mm

.002 < Silt < .05

.05 < Sand < 2Gravel >2mm

15. Describe surface and physical properties of clays. -outer surface of clay is negatively charged

- poor aeration and drainage, high water and nutrient holding capacity, difficult tillage

16. List reasons why CEC is important -used as a means to determine whether or not soil is fertile

-also used to determine if soil is contaminated

17. Explain the relationship between element (nutrient) cycling and soil formation. -Elements are recycled through the soil formation process

18. Compare and contrast Spodosols, Alfisols,Mollisols, Aridosols, and Oxisols.

19. List 2 drivers of erosion

-Water and wind

20. Discuss nutrient and organic matter depletion. 21. Discuss how salinization occurs.



Topic 5: Land Cover/Land Use1. o. Cation Exchange Capacity (CEC): a value given on a soil analysis report to indicate its

capacity to hold cation nutrients. used as a measure of fertility, nutrient retention capacity, and

the capacity to protect groundwater from cation contamination p. soil order: entisols, gelisols, histolsols, vertisols, andisols, inceptisols, aridisols, mollisol,

alfisols, ultisol, spodosol, oxisolsq. Erosion: erosion, general term for the processes by which the surface of the earth is constantly

being worn away. The principal agents are gravity, running water, near-shore waves, ice (mostlyglaciers), and wind.

r. salinization: The condition in which the salt content of soil accumulates over time to abovenormal levels; occurs in some parts of the world where water containing high salt concentration

evaporates from fields irrigated with standing water s. geographic information system- A geographic information system (GIS) is a system of

hardware, software and procedures that facilitate the management, manipulation, analysis,modeling, representation and display of geo-referenced data to solve complex problems

regarding planning and management of resources.

t. Raster- Data represented by pixels with values, creating a grid. Allows certain types of operations not possible with vector data. Map algebra is possible with multiple data layers creating indexmaps

2. ecosystem types: forest, arctic, alpine, grassland, desert, river, lake, coastal, urban, agro-ecosystem

3. primary drivers of biomes: climate &Topic 7: Engineering Economics

1. a. Cash Flow: (receipts) - (disbursements)

b. receipts- amount received

c. disbursements- money paid out (spent)d. single payment cash flow- payment at one single timee. year-end convention- Treating cash flows as if they occur at the end of the year as opposed to

the date convention. (present time is 0, end of fiscal year = 1)f. secure investments dependent on accumulation of money based on elapsed time and interest

rateg. discounting- procedure of determining equivalent amounts

h. sinking fund- account into which annual deposits of A are made to accumulate F at t = n (A/Ffactor = sinking fund discount factor)

i. annuity- Series of annual payments, A, made over a period of time (P=A(P/A, I %, n) P=A[(1+i)^(n) ± 1/ i(1+i)^n]

j. Simple Interest- only principle accrues interestk. Compound Interest- principle and interest earned accrue interest

l. depreciation- artificial expense that spreads the purchase price of an asset or property over anumber of yrs)

m.Modified Accelerated Cost Recovery System (MACRS)- Dj = C x (factor)n. Book Value- difference btwn original purchase price and accumulated depreciation

o. Capitalized cost- An expense that is added to the cost basis of a fixed asset P=A/i p. bond- Way of obtaining long term financing for capital projects



q. inflation- A persistent increase in the level of consumer prices or a persistent decline in the purchase in power of money, caused by an increase in available currency and credit beyond the

proportion of available goods and services2. cash flow diagram: horizontal axis (time) marked off in equal increments

Receipts are represented by upward arrows, disbursements by down

Length of arrows is proportion of magnitude of cash flowTwo or more transfers in some period are placed end to end and can be combinedExpenses incurred before t=0 are sink costs & aren¶t relevant

3. a single payment cash flow is distinct in that it is paid all at once. A uniform series starts at

t=1and is characterized by a series of equal payments while a gradient series begins at t=2 and

payments increase by G.

4. Discount Factors ex:

Topic 8: Built Environments

1. a. LEED: Leadership Energy and Environmental Design- Green building rating systemfour levels: certified, silver, gold and platinum

b. Rick Fedrizzi: The president CEO and founding chairman of the USGBC ( US Green Building

Council)c. Green Building Council: Non-profit community of leaders working to make green buildings

d. Green building: a process of creating structures and using processes that are environmentallyresponsible and resource efficient through a buildings life cycle and sustainable/high performance

buildinge. Cascadia: region green building council

f. The living Building Challenge: buildings as living systems-6 prerequisites (petals): energy, indoor quality, water, beauty and inspiration, site,

materials2.

3. LEED certification vs. LEED accreditation:-certification: can be attained on four different levels which are determined by a credit or point,

system- professional: demonstration that an individual or company is well versed in the LEED system

and can work with other individuals and developers in the LEED process to oversee the building process and follow guidelines to attain LEED certification

4. SU initiatives in green building: Syracuse COE- A federation of firms, Organizations, andinstitutions that creates innovations to improve health, productivity, security and sustainability and

built and urban environments-

5.6. Benefits Of green buildingsEnvironmental- protects biodiversity/ecosystems

Improves air & water qualityReduces waste

Economic- reduces operating costImproves occupant productivity

Social- Heightens aesthetic qualities



Enhances occupant comfort and health\7. 6 petals of The Living Building Challenge

Site: Focus human development in compact connected communities. Reverse the trend of landdegradation and invite nature¶s functions into a healthy interface with the built environment

( this means confining the community into a smaller area so that we can preserve natural

environments)Energy: Safe, reliable, decentralized power gleaned from clean renewable sources. Incredibly

efficient building minimizing the need for power generation

100% of building¶s energy must be supplied by on-site renewable sources on a netannual basis

Materials: All materials are renewable and safe to humans and larger ecosystem The precautionary principle guides all materials decisions: extraction, manufacturing, use and reuse/recycling/disposal

There are limitations concerning carbon emissions, landfill waste, certified woodWater: Buildings harvest enough water to supply the needs of occupants and services. Water is

used, purified, and reused(Water must come from captured precipitations or reused water)

Indoor Quality:E

stablish conditions that facilitate the creation of healthy, productive places towork and live (fresh air & natural light)

Beauty + Inspiration: Raise the level of discussion to explicitly state intention when it comes todesign for user and community inspiration and delight. Design teams actively discuss the user and

community experience and aim for creating a positive atmosphereLEED Green Buildings- Energy, Indoor Air Quality,Materials, Sites, Water, Innovation and Design

Process8. A green building is environmentally responsible, resource efficient, sustainable, and has high

performance while a living building has its own utility, generating its own energy and processing its ownwaste

9. World Business Council for Sustainable Development (WBCSD): Leading business advocate, participate in policy development, business case for sustainable development, demonstrate the business

contribution, sustainable future. CEO-led, global association dealing exclusively w/ business andsustainable development. Provides a platform for companies to explore sustainable development, share

knowledge, and best practices (Members are drawn from more than 30 countries and 20 major industrialsectors)

10. WBCSD approaches to energy neutrality: Energy Efficiency in Buildings (EEB),Water, andCapacity Building

11. Council house 2 Building green technologies: high thermo-mass concrete ceilings, wind turbines,sewer mining, photovoltaic cells, and rooftop solar panels, water towers (closest thing to a living building

in the world)12. Proximity Hotel green technologies- solar panels, water saving faucets, regenerative drive elevator

(generates energy from descent for ascent), geothermal refrigeration-

Cie Final Review 2

Documents

Transcript of Cie Final Review 2