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CHY4U - The West & The World
Unit 4 - Lesson #12 World War II and the Rise of
Global Superpowers
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Japan Conquers Manchuria 1931
• Facing severe economic problems and overcrowding on its islands, Japan invades Manchuria, just north of Korea.
• The League of Nations takes no decisive action against this Japanese aggression
• China protested to the League – Japan was at fault, but no action was taken against them
• The League Failed to do what it was set out to do.
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Germany Rearms 1933
• Hitler becomes Chancellor of Germany and immediately begins expanding the army and air force.
• Went beyond the limits set out in the Treaty of Versailles
• Military slogan in Germany – “Today Germany. Tomorrow the world!”
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Mussolini Invades Ethiopia 1935
• Italy invades Ethiopia in Africa • Wants to expand its territory and to obtain
the regions’ rich oil resources • Again, the League of Nations takes no
decisive actions.
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Hitler Occupies the Rhineland 1936
• German troops march into the Rhineland • By the Treaty of Versailles, German troops
were forbidden from moving within 50km of the Rhine River.
• No one stops the German advance
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German Annexation of Austria March 1938
• Nazi soldiers occupy Austria without a single shot being fired.
• Again, other nations make no attempt to stop Hitler’s advance because they want to avoid another war.
• Austria is the first sacrifice made for the sake of peace (Appeasement)
• Austrian Citizens were German speaking, something Hilter would use as an excuse to unite the German people of Austria and Germany into a Greater Germany.
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Munich Agreement September 1938
• Britain and France meet with Hitler and sign the Munich Agreement.
• They allow Germany to have the Sudetenland (North Western Part of Czechoslovakia) because they think it will save the world from war. This policy becomes known as “appeasement”
• Hitler also claimed to be saving the Sudetenland Germans who became Czechoslovakian citizens and lived in the country when it was created after WWI.
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Appeasement • To give way in the hope that the
aggressor will be satisfied and ask for no more (supported by British Prime Minister, Neville Chamberlain)
• He also felt bad for the way that Germany was treated with the Treaty of Versailles
• Also, another war was unthinkable and anything was better than the spread of communism.
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Rome-Berlin Axis Pact is Signed October 1938
• Hitler signs a pact with Mussolini • Mussolini allows Hitler to take Austria and other
territories in northern and central Europe. • Hitler promises to let Mussolini take over
southern Europe (Mussolini wanted to create a new empire that would circle the Mediterranean)
• Japan would join this Axis in 1940 and these countries would be known as the Axis Powers.
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Hitler Occupies Czechoslovakia March 1939
• In the Munich Agreement, Hitler promised that the Sudetenland would be his last demand for territory.
• However, in March 1939, Nazi troops occupied all of Czechoslovakia.
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Non-Aggression Pact August 1939
• Germany signs a pact with the Soviet Union
• The two countries promise not to fight each other in the event of a war.
• They also secretly agree to divide Poland between them.
• Hitler no longer has to worry about an attack from the East( 2-front war) and is free to plan his moves against France and Britain in the West.
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Hitler Invades Poland September 1, 1939
• Hitler demands that the Polish Corridor (awarded to Poland after the Treaty) be handed back to Germany
• Poland refuses. The Germans launch a Blitzkrieg (lightning war) on Poland.
• Poland falls to the Nazi attack.
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Germany Declares War
• Germany declared war on Poland on September 1, 1939.
• By September 9, the German army had already surrounded Warsaw.
• Warsaw surrendered by September 27th and the remainder of Polish forces were defeated by October 1st.
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Britain & France Declare War September 3, 1939
• Realizing that appeasement is not the best route at this stage, Britain and France declare war on Germany
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World War?
• Although commonly dated to September 1, 1939 as the start of WWII, the “world war” actually does not start in 1939.
• It is not until December 1941 that you can really call it World War II.
• Before 1941, which saw Russia and the United States enter the war, there were a series of “skirmishes” between Great Power pretenders.
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• Japan fought China. • Germany defeated Poland, Denmark,
Norway, Holland, Belgium and France. • Britain defended itself against German air
attacks. • The Invasion of Russia, Operation
Barbarossa, and the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbour are the real start dates for the Second World War.
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Superpowers?
• To understand the significance of World War II to the future, you need only focus on how it affected the development of the United States and Russia.
• World War II is essentially the last gasp of European world hegemony.
• Britain, France and Germany would be, by 1946, mere shadows of their former great power status.
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• Global politics would be dominated by the two continental superpowers who emerged at the end of the war with the greatest combination of military might, natural resources and technology.
• The latter half of the 20th Century will be dominated by the ideological, economic, technological and political struggle between the United States and USSR.
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1940 – War Resumes
• In April 1940, the calm of the “phoney war” was shattered as Germany invaded Denmark, the Netherlands, Belgium, Norway and France.
• On April 9, 1940 Germany attacked Denmark and Norway.
• On May 10, 1940 Germany attacked Belgium, the Netherlands and France.
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Lightning War & Lightning Victories
• Belgium and the Netherlands were defeated in 5 days!
• As the German Panzers smashed through the Allied forces; 340,000 British and French troops were evacuated at Dunkirk between May 26th and June 4th.
• On June 14, 1940 German Panzers entered the city of Paris, by June 22nd France officially surrendered.
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France Falls!
• After the fall of France in June of 1940, the only thing that stood between Hitler and the invasion of England was the English Channel.
• The Defence of Britain depended on the Royal Navy and the Royal Air Force (RAF).
• Hitler needed to clear the English Channel before even considering an invasion of England.
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Operation Sea Lion
• The Key to Hitler’s plan to invade England, named Operation Sea Lion, was the Luftwaffe’s (German Air Force) ability to gain air superiority over the Channel and Southern England.
• The Luftwaffe started at a disadvantage because their planes were not designed for long range missions.
• Britain also had an early Radar system that allowed them to detect and track aircraft.
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The Battle Of Britain
• The Battle had three main phases. • Phase 1 began in July and lasted until mid
August with Germany attacking shipping and port facilities in the English Channel.
• During this phase, both sides began to lose planes and pilots.
• Replacing both would be difficult for Britain and Germany, but Britain had help.
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Canadian Assistance
• Britain turned to a Canadian businessman, Lord Beaverbrook, to organize aircraft production.
• Beaverbrook was able to keep the RAF supplied with planes to replace the heavy losses suffered during the Battle of Britain.
• The biggest problem was not planes, but pilots, the RAF only had 3000 pilots and as losses mounted, they became less skilled and less experienced.
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Canada and Pilots
• Nearly 15% of the RAF pilots during the Battle of Britain were Canadians.
• Additionally, the British Commonwealth Air Training Program (BCATP) began to train pilots and air crew in Canada to replace lost pilots fighting in Britain.
• Canadian assistance in these areas proved to be invaluable to Britain.
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Phase 2
• Phase 2 of the Battle of Britain began in August with German attacks on Radar stations and airfields in an attempt to knock out the RAF.
• By early September the Germans seemed to be winning but Hitler’s impatience caused him to change his strategy.
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Phase 3
• Thinking that the RAF was virtually wiped out, Germany began to attack cities.
• On September 7, 1940; 1000 German bombers attacked London.
• Although they caused many deaths and a lot of damage, this change in strategy allowed the RAF to concentrate on defending fewer targets.
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Britain’s Response
• Hitler felt that bombing cities would make the people of Britain less willing to continue fighting.
• The British responded by evacuating thousands of people from London into the countryside, including 6000 children sent to Canada.
• Britain, under the leadership of Churchill, also made an important tactical decision.
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Britain’s Defence?
• Churchill decided that the RAF would no longer “defend” cities from German bombers.
• This used up too much fuel and was also not that effective, bombers always got through.
• Britain decided to wait until after the bombers actually attacked a city, and then attack the bombers on their way home.
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Advantages
• This strategy had several advantages. • RAF fighters knew exactly where the
enemy was and where they were going. • German fighters, now low on fuel, could
not properly defend the bombers. • The change led the RAF to loose fewer
planes while shooting down more German bombers and fighters.
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The Battle of Britain Ends
• By September 12th the threat of an invasion passed because the weather and sea conditions were not favourable to a large scale invasion.
• Although the bombing continued, Germany was left with a weakened Luftwaffe which lost nearly 1400 aircraft while the RAF lost only 790!
• For the first time, Hitler did not win.
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Germany vs Russia
• Perhaps the single greatest aspect of World War II.
• At the height of the fighting between these two powers nearly 6 million men would be engaged in battle along a 200 mile long front.
• Germany enjoyed early success and nearly defeated Russia, but as time wore on Russia gained strength while Germany’s strength bled dry.
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Operation Barbarossa
• Hitler’s plan to invade Russia called for a two stage operation.
• Encircle and destroy the Russian forces defending the German borders.
• Rapid pursuit of retreating forces to a line from Archangel to the Caspian Sea capturing all of European Russia.
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• The plan called for 3 army groups to carry out this invasion: – Army group North to attack toward Leningrad. – Army group Centre to attack toward
Smolensk. – Army group South to attack toward Kiev.
• The plan was called for the defeat of Russia in 8-12 weeks starting on May 15.
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The Armies
• Germany had 188 divisions plus 14 Romanian and 20 Finnish divisions.
• 19 German divisions were armoured. • In total, Germany invaded Russia with 3.5
million men; 3350 tanks; 7200 artillery pieces; 600,000 vehicles; 625,000 horses and 2500 aircraft.
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• Russia’s defenders consisted of nearly 200 divisions, 158 in the west and 42 in the east to protect against the probability of a Japanese invasion.
• 22 or 23 of these were armoured divisions. • In total, Russia had nearly 2.3 million
soldiers and 6000 obsolete aircraft. • Russia’s advantage lay in their nearly
10,000 tanks and their ability to call up millions of replacement soldiers.
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The Invasion
• Started 5 weeks late due to Germany needing to bail out the Italian invasion of the Yugoslavia & Greece.
• This delay would cost Germany the war. • The early days and weeks of the war were
an absolute disaster for Russia. • German panzers regularly encircled
Russian units allowing the infantry to wipe out or capture them.
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• During the invasion the Luftwaffe paved the way for the German blitz by taking out communications and disrupting attempts to reinforce embattled Russian units.
• By the end of the 2nd week, the Wehrmacht was prepared to enter phase two of the invasion, the pursuit.
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Hitler’s Mistakes
• With his Generals pleading him to make Moscow the ultimate target of Barbarossa, Hitler pulled the armour divisions away from Army Group Centre.
• They were split between Army Groups North and South to assist in the drives toward Leningrad and the Crimea.
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• By September, German forces approached Leningrad in the North and had driven past Kiev in the South opening the route to the Crimea and Stalingrad.
• Hitler then changed his mind, agreeing with his generals, he decided to push toward Moscow.
• He pulled all of the Panzers away from Army Group North and sent them to support Army Group Centre.
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• Instead of capturing Leningrad with his mechanized units, he would wait for the infantry to get into position to besiege the city and starve it out.
• What Hitler did was give the Russian forces facing Army Group Centre a 6 week break to re-supply and reinforce.
• He then hit them with everything he had instead of finishing the jobs he had already started.
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On to Moscow
• By November, German victory seemed all but guaranteed.
• They had captured 2/3 of Russia’s coal reserves, 3/4 of her iron ore, and 35 million civilians lived in German occupied territory.
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• The Whermacht and Luftwaffe had destroyed or captured thousands of Russian tanks, aircraft, guns and well over 3 million Russian soldiers.
• The German forces, however, were weakened, poorly supplied and had no reserves.
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Winter
• Russia’s greatest military advantage had always been January and February, but in 1941, winter came early.
• Along with winter came the 42 divisions from Siberia to defend Moscow from the German invasion.
• By early December the German advance was close to surrounding Moscow.
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• The early onset of winter essentially froze the German Whermacht.
• Dressed in summer uniforms and using lighter summer oil in their vehicles and weapons, the -40°c temperatures haled the German advance 25 miles short of Moscow.
• December 5th the German offensive ended. • December 6th saw the beginning of the
Russian counter offensive. • December 7th 1941 saw Japan attack Pearl
Harbour and the United States enter the war.
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1942
• Although it didn’t seem so at the time, 1942 would be the turning point of the war.
• Hitler began to fire every general who disagreed with him and replaced them with those whose loyalty was stronger than their ability.
• Russia had managed to push the Germans back nearly 200 miles from Moscow, but the Germans were ready for a new spring offensive.
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• While Germany got weaker, Russia’s strength was growing largely due to the production of 10,000 tanks and 18,000 aircraft in Britain, Canada and the United States.
• The greatest contribution was the over 385,000 trucks produced by Russia’s allies which made it possible to quickly move the immense number of Russian soldiers.
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Stalingrad
• The key battle in 1942 would be fought at Stalingrad.
• The famed German 6th Army reached Stalingrad in August 1942, but understood that the Russians outnumbered them badly.
• Stalingrad was the point at which the Russian retreat stopped.
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• By November, 5 Russian armies defended Stalingrad against the German 6th Army and 4th Panzer Army.
• Stalingrad became a nightmare of urban warfare as the Russians and Germans fought to control the city.
• As Germany poured more men into Stalingrad, it weakened its front lines North and South of the city .
• The Russians waited for the onset of winter, and moved 9 armies into positions North and South of the city to trap the Germans.
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• On November 19 the Russians assaulted the Romanian defended areas of the German front lines and broke through.
• By November 25, the Russians surrounded Stalingrad trapping the German 6th Army inside a 50 mile diameter circle surrounded by 12 Russian armies!
• Hitler ordered the 6th Army to fight to the death and supplied them by the Luftwaffe.
• By February the Germans destroyed 6th Army.
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The United States in 1942
• Concentrated on 3 objectives: supply their allies, build up its forces in Britain and begin to move against Japan in the Pacific.
• North Africa was, at best, a diversion of American forces to keep the British happy.
• The Americans fought the Japanese at Guadalcanal, Midway, the Coral Sea and began to slowly move toward Japan.
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1943
• Saw the allies move to the offensive in all theatres of the war.
• The Russians began to drive the Germans out of Russia.
• The Americans continued to push back the Japanese in the Pacific.
• The British & Americans cleared North Africa and invaded Italy.
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• Considered to be the “soft underbelly of Europe” by Winston Churchill, the Italian campaign would prove to be anything but soft.
• The American, British and Canadian forces were forced to fight their way north along the mountainous peninsula, often fighting bloody urban battles like Ortona, the “Stalingrad” of the west.
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Winning the War
• By 1944 the Axis powers were in full retreat in all of the 1943 theatres of operation.
• June of 1944 saw D-Day, the largest amphibious assault in world history, symbolically re-open the western front that the Russians had demanded since 1942.
• With the allies on the ground in France, Germany’s collapse was a mere matter of time.
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• By May 8th, the Russians had captured Berlin, despite the British and American attempts to do so, and Germany collapsed.
• Germany unconditionally surrendered to the allies and the horrors of Germany’s liquidation of occupied territories became known.
• By August, after being devastated by two American atomic bombs, Japan also surrendered ending the war.
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Cost of War
• World War II ended the lives of nearly 40 million soldiers and civilians.
• Nearly 70 million men were mobilized to fight the war and over 17 million were killed.
• Germany put nearly 20 million men in uniform with nearly 3.5 million dying.
• Japan mobilized 10 million and 6 million died.
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• Russia lost nearly 6 million soldiers and over 14 million wounded.
• Russia also suffered the deaths of between 10 and 20 million civilians.
• More Russians died at Stalingrad than Americans died in the entire war!
• Of the 16 million Americans mobilized for war, only 400,000 died.
• The war destroyed Europe, physically and in human terms.
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Repercussions
• The war destroyed the economic, political and military power of Western Europe.
• The victors of the war were Russia’s unstoppable numbers and the productive capacity of American industries.
• In 1945 the two states stood alone, in Europe and Asia, as major military powers.
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• American possession of the Atomic bomb further distanced the emerging superpowers from the rest of the states of the world.
• The war did not end the mistrust and suspicion which existed between the US and USSR, it only worsened it.
• The destruction of their enemies also destroyed their only reason for cooperation.
• The inability of the superpowers to cooperate in the post war era signalled the opening of a new war, a new type of war.