Church History and Christian Ministry

Augustine (354 – 430)

Thomas Aquinas (1225 – 1274)

Martin Luther (1483 – 1546)

Karl Barth (1886 – 1968)

The Middle Ages

Dominated by Augustin and Platonism

Emphasis on Other-Worldly Images

The Middle Ages

Dominated by Augustin and Platonism

Emphasis on Other-Worldly Images

The Crusades opened the doors to classic humanism and a new interest in nature

The Middle Ages

Dominated by Augustin and Platonism

Emphasis on Other-Worldly Images

The Crusades opened the doors to classic humanism and a new interest in nature

The Middle Ages

Dominated by Augustin and Platonism

Emphasis on Other-Worldly Images

The Crusades opened the doors to classic humanism and a new interest in nature

…and out of this, the Renaissance

The Middle Ages

Dominated by Augustin and Platonism

Emphasis on Other-Worldly Images

The Crusades opened the doors to classic humanism and a new interest in nature

…and out of this, the Renaissance

The Renaissance (1400s)

1. Humanism

Leonardo’s Vitruvian Man (c. 1485) represented his depiction of the idea that “man” is the measure of all proportion

The Renaissance (1400s)

1. Humanism

2. Wealth

The Renaissance (1400s)

1. Humanism

2. Wealth

The Medici, and other Italian banking families, amassed vast fortunes trading in imports from the east brought back by Crusaders and others

The Renaissance (1400s)

1. Humanism

2. Wealth

3. Corruption

The Renaissance (1400s)

1. Humanism

2. Wealth

3. Corruption

Johann Tetzel

Papal power to sell “forgiveness of sins” led to widespread abuse and corruption, a force that naturally led to the cry for reformation

Renaissance – a short history of Florence

Cosimo (1389 – 1464)

Renaissance – a short history of Florence

Wealth flows into Italy – Medici and Florence

Cosimo (1389 – 1464)

Patron of arts

Cosimo sets up one of earliest banks

Renaissance – a short history of Florence

Cosimo (1389 – 1464)

Piero de Medici (1464 – 1470)

Renaissance – a short history of Florence

Cosimo (1389 – 1464)

Piero de Medici (1464 – 1470)

Continued his father’s business

Died early of lung disease

Renaissance – a short history of Florence

Cosimo (1389 – 1464)

Piero de Medici (1464 – 1470)

Lorenzo (1470 – 1492)

Renaissance – a short history of Florence

Cosimo (1389 – 1464)

Piero de Medici (1464 – 1470)

Lorenzo (1470 – 1492)

Giovanni (1475 – 1521)

Giulio (1478 – 1534)

Michelangelo – adopted into family

Renaissance – a short history of Florence

Cosimo (1389 – 1464)

Piero de Medici (1464 – 1470)

Lorenzo (1470 – 1492)

Giovanni (1475 – 1521)

Renaissance – a short history of Florence

Cosimo (1389 – 1464)

Piero de Medici (1464 – 1470)

Lorenzo (1470 – 1492)

Giovanni (1475 – 1521)

Giovanni and Julius were driven out in 1494.

Giovanni is cardinal – but now no power base

Renaissance – a short history of Florence

Cosimo (1389 – 1464)

Piero de Medici (1464 – 1470)

Lorenzo (1470 – 1492)

Giovanni (1475 – 1521)

Republican Florence (1494 – 1511)

Michelangelo stays to support the republic

Produced the David, which became a political statement

Renaissance – a short history of Florence

Cosimo (1389 – 1464)

Piero de Medici (1464 – 1470)

Lorenzo (1470 – 1492)

Giovanni (1475 – 1521)

Republican Florence (1494 – 1512)

Michelangelo stays to support the republic

Produced the David, which became a political statement

Put in front of city hall: David (Florence) v. Goliath (Medici)

Florence is under the care of Machiavelli

Renaissance – a short history of Florence

Cosimo (1389 – 1464)

Piero de Medici (1464 – 1470)

Lorenzo (1470 – 1492)

Giovanni (1475 – 1521)

Republican Florence (1494 – 1512)

Michelangelo stays to support the republic

Produced the David, which became a political statement

Put in front of city hall: David (Florence) v. Goliath (Medici)

Florence is under the care of Machiavelli

Savoranola is political/religious reformer

Renaissance – a short history of Florence

Cosimo (1389 – 1464)

Piero de Medici (1464 – 1470)

Lorenzo (1470 – 1492)

Giovanni (1475 – 1521)

Republican Florence (1494 – 1512)

Michelangelo stays to support the republic

Produced the David, which became a political statement

Put in front of city hall: David (Florence) v. Goliath (Medici)

Florence is under the care of Machiavelli

Savoranola is political/religious reformer

Renaissance – a short history of Florence

Cosimo (1389 – 1464)

Piero de Medici (1464 – 1470)

Lorenzo (1470 – 1492)

Giovanni (1475 – 1521)

Republican Florence (1494 – 1512)

Giovanni retakes Florence with Pope’s Help (1511)

Renaissance – a short history of Florence

Cosimo (1389 – 1464)

Piero de Medici (1464 – 1470)

Lorenzo (1470 – 1492)

Giovanni (1475 – 1521)

Republican Florence (1494 – 1511)

Giovanni retakes Florence with Pope’s Help (1511)

Machiavelli tortured and exiled, wrote The Prince

Pope Julius II dies; Giovanni elected pope (Leo X, 1513)

Renaissance – a short history of Florence

Cosimo (1389 – 1464)

Piero de Medici (1464 – 1470)

Lorenzo (1470 – 1492)

Giovanni (1475 – 1521)

Republican Florence (1494 – 1511)

Giovanni retakes Florence with Pope’s Help (1511)

Machiavelli tortured and exiled, wrote The Prince

Pope Julius II dies; Giovanni elected pope (Leo X, 1513)

Bankrupted the papacy in about a year

Luther: b. 1483 – Lorenzo is controlling Florence

Martin Luther and the Reformation

Luther’s Early Life (1483 – 1505)Hans Luther was part of rising peasant class

Invested heavily in Martin’s education

Enrolled at University of Erfurt (1501)

1502 – graduated 2nd in class.

1505 – M.A. in law

The lightening storm incident

Luther: b. 1483 – Cosimo is controlling Florence

Martin Luther and the Reformation

Luther’s Early Life (1483 – 1505)

Luther the Monk (1505 – 1515)

Joined Augustinian monastery in 1515

Ceaseless anxiety as a monk

1510: visited Rome for first and only time: bitterly disillusioned

1515 – started commentary on Romans – stuck in Romans 1:15ff

Johann Tetzel came selling papal indulgences

Luther: b. 1483 – Cosimo is controlling Florence

Martin Luther and the Reformation

Luther’s Early Life (1483 – 1505)

Luther the Monk (1505 – 1515)

Joined Augustinian monastery in 1515

Ceaseless anxiety as a monk

1510: visited Rome for first and only time: bitterly disillusioned

1515 – started commentary on Romans – stuck in Romans 1:15ff

Johann Tetzel came selling papal indulgences

Luther wrote the 95 Theses – critical of theology of indulgences

Luther: b. 1483 – Cosimo is controlling Florence

Martin Luther and the Reformation

Luther’s Early Life (1483 – 1505)

Luther the Monk (1505 – 1515)

Joined Augustinian monastery in 1515

Ceaseless anxiety as a monk

1510: visited Rome for first and only time: bitterly disillusioned

1515 – started commentary on Romans – stuck in Romans 1:15ff

Johann Tetzel came selling papal indulgences

Luther wrote the 95 Theses – critical of theology of indulgences

Luther: b. 1483 – Cosimo is controlling Florence

Martin Luther and the Reformation

Luther’s Early Life (1483 – 1505)

Luther the Monk (1505 – 1515)

The Indulgence Controversy (1515 – 1521)

The 95 Theses swept through Germany and all of Europe

Pope Leo didn’t take Luther too seriously at the beginning

A series of meetings culminated at Worms in 1521

Luther excommunicated – “Here I Stand” speech

Luther: b. 1483 – Cosimo is controlling Florence

Martin Luther and the Reformation

Luther’s Early Life (1483 – 1505)

Luther the Monk (1505 – 1515)

The Indulgence Controversy (1515 – 1521)

Luther the Reformer (1521 – 1546)

1521 – 22: Wartburg Castle; translates New Testament

Luther: b. 1483 – Cosimo is controlling Florence

Martin Luther and the Reformation

Luther’s Early Life (1483 – 1505)

Luther the Monk (1505 – 1515)

The Indulgence Controversy (1515 – 1521)

Luther the Reformer (1521 – 1546)

1521 – 22: Wartburg Castle; translates New Testament

1524 – Peasants’ War – political revolt not supported by Luther

1525 – Married Katie von Bora

Luther: b. 1483 – Cosimo is controlling Florence

Martin Luther and the Reformation

Luther’s Early Life (1483 – 1505)

Luther the Monk (1505 – 1515)

The Indulgence Controversy (1515 – 1521)

Luther the Reformer (1521 – 1546)

1521 – 22: Wartburg Castle; translates New Testament

1524 – Peasants’ War – political revolt not supported by Luther

1525 – Married Katie von Bora

1529 – Wrote hymn: A Mighty Fortress

Colloquy of Marburg: join Swiss and German Ref

1546: Death of Luther

The Reformation (1500s)

Emphasis on sources over tradition

Unless I am convinced by proofs from Scriptures or by plain and clear reasons and arguments, I can and will not retract, for it is neither safe nor wise to do anything against conscience. Here I stand. I can do no other. God help me. Amen." – Martin Luther

The Reformation (1500s)

Emphasis on sources over tradition

Emphasis on conscience over authority

The Reformation (1500s)

Emphasis on sources over tradition

Emphasis on conscience over authority

Emphasis on productive over slavish labor

…which all tended to produce a new interest in science and its utility

“The invention of the printing-press prepared the way for popular education. The Reformation first utilized the press on a large scale, and gave a powerful impulse to common schools. The genius of Protestantism favors the general diffusion of knowledge. It elevates the laity, emancipates private judgment, and stimulates the sense of personal responsibility. Every man should be trained to a position of Christian freedom and self-government.” – Philip Schaff

Four Solas of the Reformation

Sola Fides

Sola Scriptura

Sola Gracia

Sola Christus

+ Works

+ Tradition

+ Merit

+ The Church