1. Chapters 1 & 2 Notes Early Humans & Early Civilizations

2. Anthropology ArcheologyHistoryGeography(Paleontology) Study of man Study of the Study of how Study of theWhat ismade objectsremains ofpeople lived in earth, people it? (artifacts) humans/plantsthe past and resources Who?Anthropologist/ ArcheologistHistorianGeographer Paleontologist WhatPhysical WrittenWherethey things -Bones and fossilsdocuments -people livework on? artifactsartifacts and whyLearn about Learn how Learn about theLearn how changes inand why Why?physical aspectseventsplaces effectsociety over of living thingshappened peopletime 3. STONE AGE Invention of tools Mastery of fire Development of language Paleolithic Age:2.5 Mil-8000B.C. (Ice Age) Neolithic: 8000-3000 B.C. 4. The First Humans There is evidence that humans lived on earthmore than two million years ago Period known as pre-history - before theinvention of writing ca. 5 - 6 thousand years ago humansinvented writing - historians indicate this asthe beginning of historyCh 1 5. The Earliest Humans wereHunter GathersDuring the Paleolithic (old stone) Age Migrated to follow food Had a small, portable tool kit Little specialization Men and women were equal Ruled by custom & tradition 6. Very Important Change Paleolithic Age Neolithic Age Domestication of Hunting of animals animalsand gathering of food + Growing of crops on a regular basis = SYSTEMATICAGRICULTURE 7. Humans during the Neolithic Age 1) Learned how to domesticate animals (keepthem in one place)= They didnt have to follow their food around 2) SO, now humans can stay in one place= These early settlements were called NeolithicFarming villages -> Jericho in Palestine -> Catal Huyuk in present day Turkey was the largest 8. Changes in the roles of men and women Men farmed and herded -> Became dominant, a tradition thatcontinued for thousands of years Women stayed at home and caredfor the children 9. Effects of the Neolithic Revolution People acquire food on a regular basis Not everyone has to farm So the non-farmers can work in trades and crafts Improved tools & weapons using copper and bronze Bronze Age from 3000 BC to 1200BC 10. More Effects of the Neolithic Revolution Non-farmers could specialize Each person focused on one job instead of trying todo it all Now people traded goods and services -> amore advanced economy 11. The Early HumansNeolithic villages eventually became fortifiedcities - this is the beginning of civilizationThe word civilization comes from the LatinCivitas which means city.Civilizations are complex cultures in whichmany people share common elements 12. Six Characteristics of a Civilization1. Government -> to organize human activity; usually a monarch2. Cities -> usually developed in river valleys3. Writing -> the 1st works of literature were created 13. Six Characteristics of a Civilization, part two Religion to explain the forces of nature andpeoples existence Social Structure based on economic power orwealth Artistic Activity temples, paintings, sculptures 14. Wandering tribes settled in river valleys crop cultivation/animal domestication built villages/townsTowns became fortified cities - Gov., religious, warrior classes strong king emerged - public works - empire building Strong king united cities under his rule and established an empire King dies - empire declines Ruling dynasty establishedInter-city wars until another strong Empire expands and flourishesking emerges to take control Empire invaded/threatened Empire defeatedInvaders/threat defeated empire remains intactEmpire assimilates the Empires civilization destroyed invaders into their civilization replaced by the invaders 15. Chapter 2 Early Civilizations 16. Mesopotamia Mesopotamia area of fertile landbetween the Tigris and EuphratesRivers in present day Iraq. This areawas also known as Sumer. Irrigation and drainage ditches werebuilt to control flooding so Sumerianscould farm on a regular basis 17. Sumerians The Sumerians built the first cities inMesopotamia by 3000 B.C. The Sumerians were polytheistic theybelieved in many gods Each Sumerian city had a templededicated to the chief god or goddess ofthe city. They believed that the gods ruledthe cities, making the state a theocracy. 18. Sumerian Writing Sumerians created the oldest writingsystem, cuneiform, which dates fromabout 3000 B.C. Men in the upper classes who knewhow to write held the most importantpositions in society. Writing allowed society to keep recordsand to pass along knowledge. 19. ACCOMPLISHMENTS Inventions Wheel, sail, plow, bronze Writing: cuneiform Arithmetic, geometry Arches, columns, ramps,ziggurat 20. The Epic of Gilgamesh The Epic of Gilgamesh is aMesopotamian epic poem that followsGilgamesh (a half man-half god king) inhis failed search for immortality. The moral is that everlasting life is onlyfor the gods. 21. Akkadians & Babylonians The Akkadians lived north of the Sumerians. In 2340 B.C. the Akkadians under Sargontook over the Sumerians and united the areaof Sumer under his rule. This was the firstempire By 1792, Babylon took control of both theAkkadian Empire and the Sumerian Empire. 22. Hammurabi In 1792 BC, Hammurabi united the areaunder a new empire Babylonia He developed a Law code whichcontrolled all aspects of life includingwomen and slaves, who were unknownin previous laws 23. The Code of Hammurabi Was based on the principle ofretaliation (an eye for an eye, tooth fora tooth) Also held public officialsaccountable, provided consumerprotection laws, and laws for marriagesand families.* * This is the basis for our laws today! ** 24. EGYPT The Nile River is the longest river in theworld and runs through northeastern Africa.Its yearly flooding left rich, fertile soilenabling farmers to grow a surplus of food. Unlike Mesopotamia, Egypt had naturalbarriers that protected it from invasion:deserts, Red Sea, rapids on theNile, Mediterranean Sea 25. Egyptian History Old Kingdom(2700 to 2200 B.C)In 3100 B.C. King Menes united Upperand Lower Egypt into one dynasty- Prosperous and UnitedRuled by Egyptian monarchs, or Pharaohs Build large tombs and pyramids Decline: power struggles, cropfailures, high cost of building pyramids 26. Middle Kingdom(2200 to 1652 B.C.) Chaos for 150 years The a period of expansion Drained land for farming Decline: Hittites invaded andconquered 27. New Kingdom(1567 to 1085 B.C.) The Hyksos ruled the Egyptians for 100 years, but taught the Egyptians how to use bronze and their military skills The Egyptians then used what they learned to drive the Hyksos out The New Kingdom was the most powerful state in SW Asia and created a huge empire Egypt eventually fell apart and became a province of Rome 28. Role of Women and families in Egypt Husband was master in the house, butwomen were well respected Women kept their own property andinheritance, even in marriage Some women operated businesses Upper class women could becomepriestesses and pharaohs 29. PHOENICIANS 1200 500 BC Lived in present day Palestine Mix of Babylonian and Egyptian culture Known for their trading empire andlanguage 30. ISRAELITES Lived south of the Phoenicians Their religion was Judaism, which wasbased on the Hebrew Bible (ChristianOld Testament) When Moses led his people out ofEgypt, God made a contract with them. God promised to guide them if theyobeyed His law stated in the TenCommandments. 31. Assyrian Empire (700 B.C. to 612 B.C.) Conquered the Babylonians Good communication system - anearly pony express Large, effective armies with Ironweapons Used terror to conquer others 32. Chaldeans Defeated Assyria, conquered theKingdom of Judah, and destroyedJerusalem in 586 B.C. The Chaldeans were conquered by thePersians in 539 B.C. 33. The Persians Persians - 539 BCE - large empire from theIndus river to Libyan desert Ruled fairly - allowed local rulers, customs andreligions to remain Copied the Gov. system, roads, postal systemfrom the Assyrians Monotheistic religion - Zoroaster religiousreformer - taught life is struggle between goodand evil - worst crime was lying Conquered by Alexander the Great 331 BCE