Chp 11 Intelli

INTELLIGENCE

Chapter 11

Definition:

“Intelligence is the capacity to understand the world and the resourcefulness to cope with its challenges…”

David Wechsler

It’s the ability to acquire knowledge…

KEY POINTS FOR INTELLIGENCE:

“Ability to learn” This does not necessarily mean speed of learning

“Ability to think effectively”There can be many operational definitions for

“effective”

“Ability to adapt to the environment”Environments are different: imagine New York City

versus Papua, New Guinea

KEEP AN OPEN MIND!

THE GENERAL PUBLIC HAS MANY MISCONCPETIONS ABOUT INTELLIGENCE AND IQ !

Achievement:

Refers to knowledge and skills gained from experience and hard work (one’s efforts).

Intelligence:

Refers to the innate cognitive ability that allows for the acquisition of experience.

Grades in school do not define intelligence!

Factor Theories of Intelligence:

I. Dr. Charles Spearman

a “factor”: one to a hundred or more mental

abilities


“g”

stands for “general intelligence” and is considered to be the cluster of “factors” or behaviors/abilities we associate with intelligence

Ex. Broad reasoning and problem solving abilities


“s”

stands for “specific factors” that account for specific abilities

Ex. Business sense or poetry


“factor analysis”

a statistical technique that finds relationships among large quantities of items, like items on an intelligence test. Items that “cluster” are called “factors” and we expect to find certain “clusters” in intelligent people and a lack of these “clusters” or parts to the cluster in less intelligent people.

• Crystallized Intelligence– Ability to apply previously acquired

knowledge to current problems• Found in older people and includes

knowledge, experience, and wisdom

• Fluid Intelligence– Ability to deal with novel problem-

solving situations for which personal experience does not provide a solution

• Includes speed of reasoning and a mental flexibility more common among younger people

PSYCHOMETRICS

• The statistical study of psychological tests– Tries to identify and measure

the abilities that underlie individual differences in performance.


II. Dr. Louis Thurstone (disagrees with Spearman)

9 specific “factors” = “Primary Mental

Abilities”1. Visual Abilities **

2. Spatial Abilities

3. Perceptual Speed

4. Numerical Ability

5. Verbal Meaning

6. Memory

7. Word Fluency

8. Deductive Reasoning**

9. Inductive Reasoning**not listed text


II. Dr. Louis Thurstone Cont.

– Thurstone gave 56 different tests– Didn’t rank on a single g scale– But still supports a g factor by showing

tendency to cluster

Theory of Multiple Intelligences:

III. Dr. Howard Gardner(supports Thurstone)

1. Language (verbal)

2. Logical-Mathematical

3. Spatial-relations skills

4. Bodily-kinesthetic (movement)

5. Musical Talent

6. Inter-personal Skills

7. Intra-personal Skills

8. **Naturalist

9. **Existential (ponders larger questions of life/death/existence)

Relatively independent of one another

**2 that are not always addressed

Savant Syndrome:

Limited mental ability but excels at a specific skill (art, math, etc. )

Referred to often as an “Island of Brilliance”

Triarchic Theory:

*The Information Processing View

IV.Dr. Robert Sternberg (agrees with Gardner but for larger groups)

Tri = 3

CONTEXTual…

EXPERIENtial…

COMPONENTial…

Triarchic Theory…:

Contextual – the context in which a person finds himself…the environmental setting. Intelligent behavior permits people to adapt to the demands of their environment.

**Practical, everyday situations


Experiential - the adaptation of new(novel) situations to previous experiences and the quickness of processing new information. (rapid information processing = high level cognitive abilities)

**Creative


Componential (Analytical)a. Meta-components - (“meta” prefix always

signifies our own awareness of something) so “meta-components” means our own awareness of how we process components of information

b. Performance Components – the mental operations used to perform information processing (solving problems) like how to encode for memory and make quick comparisons

c. Knowledge-acquisition components – encoding, elaborative rehearsal, comparing similarities and differences, relating new info to old, etc. (Studying!)

**Academic, problem-solving

MEASUREMENTS OF INTELLIGENCE

Alfred BINET and Theodore SimonEarly 1900’s Created 1st Intelligence Test to identify

school children unable to benefit from traditional schooling (the Binet-Simon Scale)

*Child’s mental Age

*Practical guide for identifying those needing special help


Changed and refined at Stanford University by Dr. Louis Terman

• Became Stanford-Binet Intelligence Scale (SBIS)

• Currently being used today

• SBIS first used a ratio to indicate mental age vs. chronological age

• This ratio is represented by the IQ score

IQ – Short for “Intelligence Quotient”A “quotient” is a number; IQ is only a score

measuring abilities that can be measured. There are many abilities that we have no current way to measure!


1912 –

German Psychologist Dr. Wilhelm SternDeveloped the formula for determining IQ

A ratio between mental age (MA – the cognitive level) and the chronological age (CA – the actual years of age currently) then multiplied by 100

MA = Mental Age

CA = Chronological Age

Ex. 12 year old who performs on tests at the level of most 18 year olds, would have a CA of 12 and a MA of 18, an this ratio multiplied by 100 produces an IQ score of 150…clearly above average.


Average IQ was established by giving thousands of test to thousands of people. The vast majority of 8 yr. olds performed to a certain level on the test, vast majority of 12 yr. olds performed to a certain level…etc. Therefore, that score that the vast majority performed at for an age level became “100”, and therefore an IQ of 100 is considered average.

** Really, now it is no longer a real quotient because scores relate to an Average performance of those of the same age

Average IQ

• Average IQ is 100• 50% of total population has

an IQ score between 90 and 110.

• 1% of population has an IQ above 145.

• Genius is generally 180 or above

• Highest Recorded IQ is 230

Average IQ

50%From 90-

110

FYI

• Studies now on how IQ tests (really all tests) may be CULTURALLY and or GENDER BIASED. This could throw off results and give false readings and scores.

**Australian IQ Test

**Chitlin IQ Test (on NiceNet)

Modern Measurements of Intelligence

• David Wechsler (Romanian)

– Wechsler’s Adult Intelligence Scale (WAIS)

• WAIS-III is Most widely used intelligence test in U.S.

• 11 subtests• Separate verbal and performance

scores

– Wechsler’s Intelligence Scale for Children (WISC)

• Developed later• Currently using the WISC-IV

FLYNN EFFECT• New Zealand researcher James

Flynn (1987)• Much of world’s population is

scoring progressively higher approx. 3 pts higher per decade

• Reasons unclear, but some possibilities are:

• Better nutrition• Increased Height• More complex learning environments• Technological advances

• Basketball theory**

Chp 11 Intelli

Technology

Transcript of Chp 11 Intelli