Chinese Romanization Systems: IPA...
Transcript of Chinese Romanization Systems: IPA...
SINO-PLATONIC PAPERS
Number 52 November, 1994 $7.00
Chinese Romanization Systems: IPA Transliteration
by Warren A. Shibles
Order h r n Dq~artment of Asian and Middle Eastern Studies
University of Pennsylvania Philadelphia, PA 19 104-6305 USA
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IPA TRANSLITERATION OF
CHINESE ROMANIZATION SYSTEMS
ABSTRACT
The following attempt toward providing a standard IPA phonetic chart for Mandarin
Chinese. The phonetic literature on Chinese is in a state of crisis. There are over fifty
romanization systems for Chinese none of which is phonetic. Romanization-English dictionaries
are. practically speaking. unavailable. One wishing to learn Chinese is left without being able to
know how the words read are to be pronounced.
This paper is an attempt to remedy this problem by giving the IPA phonetics for each of the
words in Mandarin. An IPA phonetic transcription is also provided for each of the major
romanizations. which may also be translated into all of the others. All of the reasonably available
IPA transcriptions have been given. including the actual (Reulphonetik) of the author. This
provides a comprehensive comparative phonetic analysis. This complete phonetic dictionary is
also intended to serve as a guide for teaching. language acquisition. and research. It is to be
revised and corrected for greater accuracy and expanded to include the range of acceptable
pronunciations and dialects.
CHINESE ROMANIZATION SYSTEMS: IPA TRANSLITERATION
I. INTRODUCTION: THE ROMANIZATION HOAX The first part of this presentation deals with the problem of romanization, the second part
with intonation, the third gives a nearly complete chart rendering of each system of romanization
into the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA). In one sense this first part may be entitled, The
Grear Chinese Romanization Hoar. Chinese characters have been rendered phonetically into the
orthography of Western languages and this is referred to as romani;ation. Presumably, this helps
one to pronounce Chinese. The case is that none of them is correct, and they do not help much
with pronunciation. Some romanizations were also intended to replace the Chinese character as
the basis of the written language. In the first place. there are different romanizations. Legeza
(1968, 1969) gives fifty different romanizations. Because of this we do not know which
pronunciation is the correct one. A third volume of romanizations was announced, but it never
appeared. Consider the Wade (W) (1867) romanization, ts'e. It is rendered by different
romanizations as: ce, ts'u, tsh&. ts'c, cche, ts'o. c' 0; tg; tse, tso, etc. The Wade or Wade-Giles
system is based on Wade (1867) and modified by Giles in (1892. cf. 1912). The latter version is
now used. The revised version is referred to as Wade or Wade-Giles. A simplified Wade system
was created by Anderson (1970) which gives a different spelling for each tone.
In addition, there are countless popular folk or pseudo-phonetic renderings, such as
exemplifying u.11 by American pronunciation (AP) sure. Fan (1988) gives (AP) she for 161.
andjeep for [ t ~ ] . Goldenthal(1978). has developed another romanization, according to which.
for example. ch'i (W) becomes chee. Instead of using IPA symbols Kershul(1987) reduces an
unphonetic Pinyin romanization to a self-styled unphonetic symbolism used nowhere else. Thus,
the language learner is unable to know how to pronounce any Chinese word. The following
chart illustrates how she could have given the IPA equivalent of the Pinyin. Only the IPA
symbols admit of one sound for each letter. Thus. Pinyin and Kershul's symbols could be
pronounced in a great number of ways. in effect giving no reliable phonetic information. Pinyin Kershul IPA-S cha chah tJa, tsa chi chr t l - ~ he huh hY hou hoh xou qing cheeng t ~ ~ r ~ xi n sseen Gm Ye yeh p YU Yew jy yun yoon jyn
zhong jung zi zuh
d3ur~ dzm
Romanizations, like other orthographies. do not represent places of articulation or
individual sounds. For example, s and o may represent wide ranges of sounds. Confusion also
arises because one romanization must be translated into another for intelligibility. Yee (1975)
produced a text to teach and drill students in the transliteration of one system of romanizations into
another. It compares Yale. Pinyin and Wade-Giles. With Fenn's (1955) The Five Thousand
Dictionuv. Wade romanizations lead directly to meanings and Chinese characters. Hillier's (1 945)
dictionary gives the Wade-Giles rendering and the Chinese character. To use the Pinyin Chinese-
English Dicrionay (1979) would require Pinyin romanization to be translated into the Wade
system. A Pinyin-English or Pinyin-Chinese dictionary is hardly, if ever. to be found. In addition
to the romanizations in Legeza. there is provided by Anderson ( 1970) a concordance to five
systems of transcription. and drill books. developed to learn to translate one system to another. for
example, Wade z Pinyin > Yale > GR.
GR is the Gwoyeu Romatzyh System. the National Language Romanization adopted in
1928 by the Chinese government as a standard of pronunciation for both Chinese and non-
Chinese. It is now replaced by Pinyin (cf. Pinyin 1979). Chao (1957) uses GR which is made
even more complex than other romanizations because different letters are given to be learned for
each tone or ending. For example, Wade ai is given in GR in the four tones as: Tone 1. ai, 2. air.
3. ae. 4. ay. Thus. a different spelling must be memorized for each tone. Anderson (1970) gives
a Silnplified Wade which, for example. gives for the above ai : 1. ai. 2. aiv. 3. aix, 4. aiz. About
this system, Newnham (1 97 1 54) wrote, Chinese find GR quire baffling.. ..One British firm in
Hung Kong planned to send its private cables in GR as a safeguard against industrial espionage,
on grounds that no Chinese would be able to intercept and read them.
The most prevalent romanizations in dictionaries and texts are Wade, Pinyin and Yale.
Only Bruce. Edwards and Chun (1930) (IPA-B) give a full course using the (IPA) which is
regarded as the main phonetic system of all of the romanizations. Brief tables are also provided
showing the IPA transliteration of the Wade system. One reason for this may be because the
famous phoneticist, Daniel Jones. was a member of the phonetics adoption committee (cf. Jones &
Woo 1912). Legeza (1968: 14) includes the IPA phonetics equivalents of romanizations. but states
that it is only included to enable non-specialisrs to establish the phonetic vulue of .yZlables. He
thereby undermines the only truly phonetic system of the fifty he presents.
In regard to place names. the Supplement to the People's Rep~tblic of China. Pinvin to
Wade-Giles. Wade-Giles to Pinvin (1988) gives Pinyin and Wade. and the Zhongguo Diminglu
(1983) gives 32.000 place names in Pinyin. For example: From Pinyin to Wade-Giles are:
Xinchi > Hsin-ch'ih. Xindian > Hsin-tien, Qiangji > Ch'iang-chi.
The Chinese character itself has a phonetic component which is of use only if one already
knours the sound in question. It is neither reliable. nor a standard international phonetic system.
and does not represent points of articulation. In addition, there are countless dialects using
different pronunciations. Newnham ( 1971:39) states that written Chinese does not give the tone
and the phonetic can at best only hinr at the basic sound irself. Also. ninety different characters
may have the same pronunciation. A special national Chinese character phonetic alphabet system.
Chu-yin tzc-mu, has been developed. These are placed usually on the top right of the regular
Chinese character to indicate pronunciation (Choy 1990. Legeza 1 %8. Y utang 1972).
In summary. over fifty different romanizations have been developed none of which is
genuinely phonetic. Bourgerie (19923234235) in a review of a work on Cantonese particles
states, My main complaints with L 's book are. . .he uses rhe Yale romaniration. for
Cantonese. . ..[PA wo~ild probably be more appropriate. . ..The transcript ions are given without
explumtion. Dictionaries and texts use different romanizations resulting in mutual unintelligibility
or requiring special concordances and transliterations. The consequence is that from the phonetic
perspective. Chinese romanization is one of the greatest hoaxes in the field of phonetics. With no
other language have linguists produced so many systems which are so devoid of phonetic value. It
is clear that the International Phonetic Alphabet is needed if Chinese is to be properly represented
phonetically. However, because romanization is still used I have provided a key chart by means of
which one may transcribe from one romanization to another and. most importantly to the IPA system itself. It will be seen that there are some different versions of IPA given. indicating that
more careful transcription is needed even with the best phonetic system available.
The major romanizations are given here for transliteration. German romanization. though
not a major one. is provided for contrast. French and Russian may be found in Legeza (1968-9).
For simplification. the different spellings for the four tones in GR are not included. Before
presenting the analysis a brief clarification of intonation is given.
11. INTONATION
Intonation is notoriousl~~ 'difficult' to transcribe. i.e.. it is hard to reach
agreement even among experienced transcribers. (Thorson: 106)
Mandarin is generally considered to have four tones intoned roughly as the following
symbols suggest: Tone 1. - even. 2. r rising, 3.- falling-rising, 4.1 falling. These tones are
phonemic. The same basic sound. l i . means something different in each tone. In addition, the
neutral tone. which is not identified by a tone symbol. is chameleon-like taking on different or no
tones. These symbols are used with transcription to indicate tones except for the romanizations of
GR and Simplified Wade (Anderson 1970) which give different spellings for each tone. e.g., (GR)
Tone-1. fa. 2. far. 3. faa. 4. fah. IPA-S (Author's IPA transcription) uses the following
intonation: = low-high. [ ^ ] =231. ['I =323. Bold 1-12 = low to high tones (not used here).
According to this system. the above four tones would be rendered as: Tone 1. 131. tone 2 [33]. tone
3 [3s]. tone 4 [32]. The numbers represent the direction of intonation. However. they give
additional information regarding pitch. Tone 1. may be any number [ I-51 to indicate its relative
height. The usual tone system does not indicate pitch. In addition. stress (fortis-lenis, volume),
duration and sound quality may be shown by traditional diacritics or description, such as voiced-
unvoiced. length symbols, or stress marks. Hockett (1947:256), who gives six tones for Peiping.
defines tones as contrasting contours of pitch, volume. glottali:ation, and length. In Annamese.
the tone may also have the qualities, breathy [ .,I. or creaky [ - 1. e.g.. [@3] (PIPA 198441).
Sometimes the superscripts refer to pitch and/or stress. Standard size numbers often in brackets
are used to indicate dictionary given tones (bold superscripts could also be used for this purpose).
Example: (Wade romani zation. see other symbols and abbreviations below) fan = (IPA-L) [fan], (IPA-S) [f&@] (4). Here (4) is the standard dictionary given tone.
There is tone sandhi and tones are taken on by neutral tones. so that the dictionary tone is
not an adequate guide to the way in which syllables are intoned. In addition, there are individual
variations and ranges of acceptable pronunciation. The superscript system is used to show the
actual pronunciation, thus. in the case of fan above. the official tone is (4). but the intonation is
13,. Tone 2 and tone 1 are often level in Mandarin. Actual pronunciation (Realphonerik ) does not
follow the neat patterns of the official four tones. Adherence to them results in exaggeration or the
wrong pitch. tone direction. or stress. Goldenthal (1978:87) similarly observed that the Chinese
have a tendency ro 'underemnphasi:e' most tones, and give strong emphasis to k e y . .words. The
loss of tone Hockett (1947:257) describes in terms of the oxymoron. quiet stress. The official tone
of Chu is lfuZ4], but may instead be pronounced [jd]. Also. the common assertion that all
unstressed syllables are toneless. cannot be followed. It would be incorrect to give r or I.
usually.
Another reason for using superscripts is that they can be used for every other language as
well. In some respects. each language may be considered as a tone language. For example.
Ladefoged (1971) showed that English has five tones for the word. yes. In summary, it is not
clear what tone is to include: pitch, stress. sound change, quality, etc. The literature defines it in
diverse ways. The official dictionary definitions and all-statements about tones often differ from
transcriptions of the actual spoken language. This is one reason for the emphasis placed here on
the case method of presenting an extensive list of the transcribed sounds of the individual words.
IV. CHINESE ROMANIZATION SYSTEMS: IPA TRANSLITERATION
Symbols of IPA phonetic sources are:
(B) Bruce, Edwards & Chun 1930 (HS) Huang & Stimson 1976
(C) Cheng 1973 (HU) Huang 1%9
(CA) Canepari 1983 (L) Legeza 1%8
(D) Bollard 1993 (LT) Li & Thompson 198 1
(DU) Duden 199099- 102. DU = I tal. in (R) Riidenberg 1963
"Other" column. (S) S hibles (author)
(GR) Gwoyeu Romatzyh (Simon 1964) (W) Wade-Giles romanization
Wade
a ai an
"18 ao cha ch'a chai
chhi than &'an chang ch'ang chao ch'ao the
ch'e
c h ' h ch&% ch'eng chi ch'i chia ~ h ' i a chiang ch'iang
IPA-B
a a1
an aq QO
d3a tJha g3ai tJhar d3an tran d3ar-j tsq d3ao tsao
d 3 ~ t , h d p n tt@an d 3 ~ r ~ t b q 5 I chi fia chia PiclIJ chiaq
IPA-L
a ai an aq ao Z a @'a qai ~ ' a i zan &'an dqaq Q ' ~ I J zao
ZF t5"d q n @'an Z A ~
t ~ ' hq
dai t6' i dgia tc' ia dziaq tciarj
IPA-S
a ai an aq ao d3a t/tra g3ai t/tJai d3aii tsan d3aj tsa 0 d3au tI/gau d 3 ~ 6 t p d3en t/t,[en $!34 t j-4 dzi tci d3lzi.a &.a
dniaq tGag
Pinyin
a ai an
ang ao zha cha zhai
chai zhan chan zhang chang zhao
chao zhe
che zhen chen zheng cheng
J1
qi jia qia jiang qiang
Yale
a ai an
ang au
ja cha
jai chai
jan chan
jang chang
jau chau
je che
jen chen
jeng cheng
J1
chi
jya chya
jyang chyng
GR
a ai an
ang au
j a cha
j ai chai
jan chan
jang chang
jau chau
j e
che
jen chen
jeng cheng
J1
chi
jia chia
jiang chiang
Ger. (R)
a ai
an
ang au dscha tscha dschai
tschai dschan tschan dschang tschang dschau tschau dscho
dschen tschen dscheng
tscheng
dji tj i djia tjia djiang
tjiang
0th~ DU= Italic
a mu), a a,. an arl) au (HU).ap
$a: (CA),d'a [sa(HS),qa
93 (HS). d3gi t-h/tlJai,tJai n
d13ai5 (HU) [Jan d3aq@). dzag tc+aq (HU) ~ S Q U , d3ag ts = t ~ , d30a. d 3 ~
t s ~ , d3a (D) dpn, dpn tJan, &all (D)
tfq d3i (D), dzi tG'i (C), @i ja (S). dzia @a d3i;q, mr~ n
[siarl rn .
chiao ch'iao chieh ch'ieh chien ch'ien
chih ch'ih chin ch'in ching ch'ing chi0
ch'io chiu ch'iu chiung ch'iuna tho ch'o thou ch'ou chu ch'u chm ch'ua chuai ch'uai ~ h u a n ch'uan chuang
ch'uan
chui ch'ui chun ch'un
chung ch'ung chuo
d&ii t6'iao dzic tc 'k d$ien t6'ien
Z[J) ts ' (I) dzin t$in d?ir~ ts'iq
d;r,iu t ~ ' i u dziuq ts' iuq Z U ~
t ~ ' u 3 ??U t8'3.l zy Q'U z , p ~ ' u a quai ~ ' u a i quan t8'uan quarJ ~ ' u a q
qui ~ ' u i q - Q ' ~ ~
ZUY Q ' U ~
Siao chiao Pic chi& i n chien
dy n
t b jrn chrn B~ chIrJ jio chlo jiu chiu jiUq chiuq d33 ts3 d30u tjhou d3u t h u d 3 a t[ua d3uai tsuai d3uan t h u a n d3ua1~ tbuaq
d3ui t h u i d3un irUn d31.q trq d 3 ~ 3
~ ~ D O / U
tci.afi dzi.2 t ~ i . & d~ i - c i i t ~ i . e n
d 3 ~ t1.1'/~' dzin & ~ n da~rj tar3
dai.u @~.u/o dzi.uq ~ ~ U I J
d3Ci.5 tJu.3 d3333: t] '~: d3u: tru: d3u.a t[u.a d3u.ai t[u.ai @u.an tSu.an
$ 3 ~ . 3 1 9 1 ~ t~u.a&-j
d3u.i: t1u.i: d3u:1~ D
e w ~ f i T
d3ug t J ‘q
jiao qiao
jie qie jian qian
zhi chi
jin qin j ing qing
jiu qiu jiong qiong zhuo chuo zhou chou zhu chu zhua chua zhuai chuai zhuan chum
zhuang
chuang
zhui chui zhun chun
zhong chong
jyau chyau
jye chye
j ~ a n chyan
j r chr
jin chin
j ing ching
jyou chyou
jyung chyung
jwo chwo
jou chou
ju chu
jwa chwa Jwai chwai jwan chwan
jwang
chwang
jwei chwei jwun chwun
jung chung
jiau chiau
jie chie jian chian
JY c h ~ j in chin
j ing ching
jio chio jiou chiou
jiong chiong
j uo chuo
jou chou
ju chu
jua chua j uai chuai Juan chuan
juang chuang
j uei chuei juen chuen
jong chong
juo
djiau tjiau djia tj ia djian
tjian
d s c k tscbi dj in tjin
djins tjing dj iau tjiau djiu tjiu djiung tjiung dscho tscho d~chou tschou dschu tschu dschua tschua dschuai tschuai dschuan tschuan
&uang
~ ~ a n g
dschui tschui dschun tschun
dschung tschung dscho
daiau (HU) tqia u d@c t~ic dzicn n
&hie (CA) C t
d ~ j (HU). d3i ~ = ~ , t $ , t j j d z ~ n @In
~ I I J (cA), ~ Z I I Z
tGIg
dziou (HU)
tdo,~ dzyuq (m) tciuq n .
d 3 p th3 n
d30(D), d3oy t b u n
gu (CAI), d3u ~ J U
t/ua n
d3ua n
d3uai n f i
l ~ ~ ~ i A
d3pan t/uan n
3u:arJ (D)
qpag
d3uei - n
t h e j r\ n
d3pn Quen (HU)
d3uq (D)
tJ,7~g d3g3
chuo
jiu chiu jiuan chiuan jiue chiue jiun chiun e en
eng el fa fan
fang fei fen
feng fo fou fu ha hai han
hang hau hei hen heng he hou shi shia shiang shiau shie shian shin
tscho dj ii
tjii djiian tji3a.n djiau
tjiiii dj un
tjiin o en heng iirl fa fan
fang fe fen
feng fo fou fu ha hai han
hang hau he hen heng he hou hsi hsia hsiang hsiau hsia hsian hsin
tfu3 n -
y = yi. dzy @by (CAI @y dzyen (HU) tcycn dzyE t ~ y & d z ~ n t~ yn A
an (HU).mn
J tQs(LT). AI-
fa f a n , fan fan (m). faq fq1 (CA), fqi fan
fq (D). fq fo fop fu: (D). h X (HS), xa h = x/h. xaj h = xh, xan
xag xap
han X C ~ F&ho. X A
X O ~ ri (D). 6i str.6, sia (D) Ji;'aq. G-aq
n .
~ j g ~ , sjau CI
~ i & li:an, gjen Sin. gm
J Y U
chyu
jywan chywan
jywe chywe
jyun chyun e en
eng er fa fan
fang fei fen
feng fwo fou fu ha hai han
hang hau hei hen heng he hou
sy i SYa syang syau
SYe syan
syin
day @ ~ / y dau.&/an tcy& /an day.& G U ~
dayn tcyn aca en
G y , ? fafa
f q n fagb fei f i n
f ~ g ' f g , fw3 fo fu. f u ha x/hai
h a / ~ n h q hao hei hh/&/mD h ~ r ~ h7/. XO"
6i cja,@a Gja/&q1 siau/o &J&, sjl 6 i . v G~/I/! n
dzy t6' y &yan tc'yan
dgy& ts'ye dgyn ts'yn Y
an
AJ
fa fan
fag fei fan
f ~ q f3 f3u fu xa xai xan
xaq xao xei xan xliq XA
X ~ U
Gi sia ciag ciao sic cien cin
ch'uo chu ch'ii chum ch'iian chueh ch'iieh chun ch'iin 8
en
eng 6rh fa fan
fang fei fgn
f2ng fo fou fu ha hai han
hang hao hEi hen heng h o = he hou hsi hsia hsiang hsiao
hsieh h i e n hsin
ju 9U juan quan
jue Clue jun qun e en
eng er fa fan
fang fei fen
feng f"
fou fu ha hai
hang hao hei hen heng he hou xi xis xiang xi ao
xie xian xin
tru3 3
j Y ~ h y fyan chyan ~ y a chya jyn chyn
A.I
fa fan
faq fex fan
fArJ f3 bu fu xa xar xan
xaq XQO
x e ~ xan mq xn X ~ U
61
Giaq d a o Gie sien 61n
xi u xiong XU
xuan xue
xun hu hua huai huan huang hi hun hong huo
Y i ran rang rao ren
reng ri
re TUO
rou IU
rua ruan mi run rong
g a ka
gai kai
gan kan
gang
6 11 1. 6iu: ~1 IJ C y :
hsing
hsiu hsiung hsii
sying syou
syung SYU
sywan sywe
sywun hu hwa hwai hwan hwang hwei hwun hung hwo
Y i ran rang rau ren
reng r
re TWO
mu r~
rwa wan rwei rwun
rung doa ka
gai kai
gan kan
gang
hsuan hsiieh
hsiin hu hua huai huan huang hui h*n hung hue
jan j a w jao jgn
jEng jih
j 2 jo jou
ju Qua) b a n
jui jun juns ka k'a kai
k'ai kan k'an kang
c=?I ~ i u ciuq
6iq
ciu Cyq (2y
shing
shiou shiong shiu shiuan shiue
shiun hu hua huai huan huang huei huen hong huo i ran rang rau ren
reng
r~'
re mu rou N
ma ruan ruei ruen rong
ga ka
gai kai
gan kan
gang
6 ~ 3
cyn XU
xua xuai xuan x u q xuer xun X U ~ xu3 1
an JCUJ JQO
mn
J A ~ '.I
M
J ~ U
IU
.ma luan
hsing
hsiu hsiung hsu hsuan hsiau
hsiin hu hua huai huan huang hui hun hung huo i
jan jang jau jen
jeng 31
j e j0 jou ju jua juan jui jun jung
Gyan GY&
G y n XU
xua xuai xuan xuaq xui xun XUI) xu3 JI an ~arj . I ~ O
-ran
. I A ~
(1)
.IY
m3 13U
JU
.ma man
GIr3 (CAI, c q 6iou n n
G~yq/3 (c) ~ 0 6 ~ rn
~ p n cyc Gym ((-A), gm XU
xua (C). xga
x p i xuan F,
xua Q, xuaq n .
x ye- x p n XUq hu3 0 . ~ ~ 3
1 (LT), mi Z.qm (a), raq rau zg, "(CA).rn
mq n' m Fmjo,je, q 3 *. do:, TO@
P, TU
p rpan qej %an TUf7
Gue/an cue : GyT1 hu hwG1 hwai hwan hwcu~ x/h/kwe hwun hug hw3 . .
JI:, l(:)l F *
lae en, l a g - a . I ~ l a o ~le*hn rlnq
A
,J, JY nr - ~liia/3
F .
.IO/J~* * *
t ~ , d u .ma liian .IU?
diln JUO/O ga kha g ai khai qan khan ga'J
mi .I-UJI
J U ~ 0
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gal khar 0
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SCUJ
mi .~u.n .n.lrl 0
ga k'a fiai k'ai 0
gan k'an gaq
ga ka
gai kai
gan kan
gang
qa ka gaj kaj gan kan gag
I leng 1 leng I leng ] leng
li (D). fi lia liar] n .
&a _U
lie l k n lin (D), ~ I I
11q (CA), I I ~ J
EQU (CA)
l p 109 lu &an l g m 1 vn lug lii (HU). ly Iycn lye m a (HU), ma ma$ (CA) man marl mao (CA). mau mqi man ( D )
mag lll~.
mjau mi& mjen ~ N I I
miq (D),
mjop m3 ~ O Y mu na (HU), na nai
li lia liang liao lie lian lin ling
liu lu0 lou 1 u luan
lun liin long 1 ii liian liie ma mai ma" mang mao
mei
meng mi
miao mie mian rnin ming miu mo mou mu na nai
li 1i.a li.arj 1 i . a ~ li .a& 1i.m 11n 11 j
1i.u 9 , 1 . 3
lo: lu luan lun 1 y n~ 1 U/UIJ
l - j~ , 1 ~ : 1y.m lye mii mai mae/iin rnarJ/3 mao mei mimen mj mi : mi.au mi:.& mi:.en mi :n mi g/q rni.u: m"3 mo mu na nai
li lia liaq liao lie lien lin liq
liu luo l3u lu luan 1l.m lyn lug 1 y lyan lye ma mai man mar^ mao mei men m ~ r j mi miao mi& mien min miq miu m3 mou mu na nai
li lia liang liao lieh lien lin ling lio li u lo lou 1 u
Jan
lun liin lung 1 ii liian liieh ma mai man
mao
mei men mEng mi miao mieh mien rnin ming miu mo rnoU mu na nai
li
lya lyang lyau
lye lyan lin ling
lyou Iwo lou lu lwan lwun lywun lung
~ Y U
lywan lywe ma mai man mang mau
mei men meng mi myao
mYe myan min ming myou mwo rnou mu na nai
li lia liaq liao lie lien h 11q lie liu 13 lou lu luan l ~ n l ~ n lq 1 y lyan lya ma ma1 man mag mao me1 man mq mi miao mi^ mien ~ ~ l ~ l l
m ~ q miu m3 mou mu na nai
li lia liang liau lie lian lin ling lio liou luo lou 1 u luan
luen liun long liu liuan liue ma mai man mang mau
mei men meng mi rniau mie mian min ming miou mo mou mu na nai
li lia liang liau lia liiin lin ling l iia
liu lo lou 1 u luan lun liin lung lu liian liia ma mai man mang mau
me men meng mi miau mia mian min ming miu mo rnou mu na nai
nan (D), nan naq nau n qi nan naq ni niarJ n
Gag qk ~ ~ j i ~ n ~ I Z
niq (D). nrg
g i ~ ~ ny3 nou nu nuan n p n nuq Ry
njk A
ou (HU). o_u ba (HU). ba pa (HU), pa bd pa_i ban pan paq (CA), bag paq ba u
pau be (D). bg pqi pgb n (CA) p h e n (CAI h31.j
nan nang nao
ne nen neng ni niang niau
.. ma niih ni n ning ni o ni u
no
nou
nu nuan nen nung n ii niia
o OU
ba
pa bai
pai ban
pan bang
pang bau
pau be
Pe ben
pen beng
nan nang nau
nei nen neng ni
nyang nyao
nYe nyan nin ning
nyou nwo
nou nu nwan nwun nung
ny" nywe e OU
ba
pa bai
~ a i ban
pan bang
pang bau
Pau bei
~ e i ben
Pen beng
nan nang nao nei nen neng ni niang niao nie ni an nin ning Fenn) *iu nuo, no
nou nu nuan nun nong nii niie ole OU
ba
pa bai
~ a i ban
Fan bang
pang bao
Pa0 bei
~ e i ben
Pen beng
nan nang nao nei nEn neng ni niang niao nieh nien nin ning nio
ni u no
nou nu nuan nun
nii, niu niieh
o. (2) OU
Pa p'a pai p'ai
Pan p'an
Pang ~ ' a n g Pa0 p'ao
pi p'ei
pen p'Cn
pEng
nan nang nau nei nen neng ni niang niau nie nian nin ning ni o niou nuo
nou nu nuan nuen nong ni u
niueh o OU
ba
pa bai
pai ban
Pan bang
pang bau
P ~ U
bei
~ e i ben
Pen beng
nan naq na0 n e ~ nan llrzlJ ni niaq niao ,ic nien nin
nio niu n3 nou nu, ny nu/iian nun nuq niu nya
OU
ba pha b a r phar ban phan bag p h q bao phao kr phe~ lpn phan b ~ q
nan naq na0 nei nan Mrj ni niaq niao nie nien nin niq (Not in
niu nu3 n3u nu nuan nun nu9 ny ny&
3U
ba p a
9
l p i p' ai
ban p 7 an baq
9
p aq bao p 7 ao &i p'ei ban p q an b ~ q
nan nag nau nei n&n n.AIJ
ni niaq niau ni.& nicn nim nr/iq QLIO or
nju, nio noa no nu nEn nrln nu9 ny ny.& oa, Y 0
ba pha bai $ai b ~ n pllae/an ba/ar~ ptlaq bau phau p-h/bei n
phe hen pI1e n b ~ q
shan shang shao she shei sh2n shEng shih
shou shu
rao A
[an
SJ ou u
$an Fag
$ei p n $4 J
F3U
&U
8/Jzn $/Jag 8/rau1
shan shang shao she sl~ei shen sheng shi
shou shu
$/. -%-
shan shang shau she "sei shen sheng shr
shou shu
$/.pei $/-'en F/ JV~
11. JJ, , J.E J-0
Ju
shan shang shau she shei shen sheng
shy shou shu
schan schang schau scho sche schen scheng schi
schou schu
Jan (D), Ian lserl (D), J~
J~~ n
f~ J~J- p n w , J a n sYq ( 2 ) ( ~ )
$(J) (CAL si roll n
$U (CA), JU
shua shuai shuan
shuang
shui shun shuo
SO
SOU
ssfi,szu' SU
Suan sui sun sung ta t'a
tai t'ai tan
t'an
tms t'ang tao
t'ao ti? tqE tei t'ei ten tEng
t'&ng ti t'i
shwa shwai shwan
shwang
shwei shwun
shwo
SU' 0
SOU
sz SU
swan
swei sblun sung da
ta
dai
tai clan
tan
dang
tang dau
tau de te dei tei den
deng teng
di ti dyau tYau
dye y e dyan
Van
[ua Juai Juan [Uq Sui/er un
S U ~ S3
SOU
sw SU
suan sue1 sun suq da tha
@I thar Qan than
daq t h q dao thao d~ thy d e ~
C L \ ~ n
t hh~~ - $ thi
shua shuai shuan shuang
shuei
shuen shuo
SUO
SOU
SY
su
suan
suei suen song da ta
dai
tai dan
tan
dang
tang dau
tau de te dei
tei den
deng teng
di ti diau tiau di e tie dian tian
ti ao t'iao ti eh t'ieh tien t'ien
shua shuai shuan
shuang
shui shun
shuo
SUO
SOU
si SU
suan
sui sun song da ta
dai
tai dan
tan
dang tang
dao
tao de
te dei tei den
deng teng
di ti
schua schuai schuan schuang
schui
schun schuo
SO
SOU
si su
suan sui sun sung da ta
dai tai dan
tan
dang tang dao
tau do
to de
te
den deng teng
di ti
diau tiau dia
tia d i a ti&
sua suai suan Fuaq $ui Fun pu3 SU3
S3U
SU
suan sui sun SUq da t'a
Mi t'ai
dan t'an
daq t'aq
dao t ' ao @ t'u dei t' ei dan &IJ t ' q @ t'i
diao t h a o die thi& dicn thien
diao tiao
die
tie dian tian
fya /uai n n
Juan n
ruaq n .
i y e i Jyan pU3 n
SF3 sou (CA). sog si (HU). si su (D). su syan sfigr (CA) suan SUq da ta
d@ ra,i dan tan
darl tar3 (D), tag dag tag d ~ . dn thy (CA),
dgi tqi dan dar~ faTl ti (CA), di ti (HU), ti djap ~ia g a& tie (HU). [ie
@n tien
[wa swai - w ~ n waq
*-w i - wun w3
SU.3
SO
s LU SU
suaen swi S W U ~
S U q
da -h /ha
dai t"ai &/an t
&n T
daq tllaq d/dau tilau dua thy" dei tei den d ~ q h q @ ti
diao t'iao $E
t'ie $en t'ien
diau tjao di.e ti.& di.cn tjen
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d3au (D) tsa ,U dz/i ~SY/A (cA). ~ S A
dze_i tsq. d w n t ~ a n dmq t s q dzu (D). d q 3 t s p dzop tsog dzu omit t. tsu dzuan
n
t~uan n
(t)sui ( D ) t spq dzmn n
ts p n
h q fiuq du
ding
ting diou
duo tuo dou tou tza tsa tzai
tsai
tzan tsan
tzang
tsang tzau tsau
tze tse t zei tsei
tzen
tsen
tzeng
tseng dzuo tsuo tzou
tsou
tzu
t su tZuan tsuan tzuei tsuei
tzuen
tsuen tzong - tsong du
ding
ting
dyou
dwo
two dou tou dza tsa dzai
tsai
dzan
tsan dzang
tsang dzau tsau
dze
tse dzei tsei dzen tsen
dzeng
tseng
dzwo tswo dzou
tsou dzu
tsu dzwan tswan dzwei tswei
dzwun tswun dzung tsung du
ding
Cing
diu
do to dou tou dsa tsa dsai
tsai
dsan tsan dsang
tsang dsau
tsau
dso
tso dse tse dsen tsen
dseng
tseng dso tso dsou
tsou
dsu
t su dsuan tsuan dsui tsui
dsun tsun dsung tsung du
ding
ting
di u
duo
tuo dou tou za
ca
zai cai
zan
can
zang
cang zao cao
ze
ce
zei cei
zen cen
zeng ceng ZUo
cuo ZOU
cou zu
cu
Z U a "
cuan zui cui
ZUn
cun zong cong du
ting
t'ing tiu
to
t'o tou
t'ou tsa ts'a tsai
ts'ai tsan
ts'an
tsang ts'ang tsao
ts'ao ts6 ts' e tsei ts'ei tssn t s ' h
tsgng ts'gng
t so ts'o
tso" ts'ou tsu
ts ' u tsuan ts'uan tsui ts'ui
b'un tsung ts'ung tu
diq t' i r ~ diu du3 t'u3 d3u t 3 u dza ts'a dzai ts'ai dzan ts 'an d ~ q ts'aq dzao ts'ao ~ Z X
~ S ' Y
dzei ts'ei dzan ts'an d ~ r j ts'Arl dzu3 ts'u3 dz3u ts93u dzu ~ S ' U
dzuan ts'uan dzui ts'ui dzun ts'un d ~ ~ r ) t s ' q du
d ~ q thiq diu d3 th3 d3u thou dza tsha dzar tshar dzan tshan dzaq I-
tshaq dzao tshao @Y t s h ~ d z e ~
tshan dull t s h q
dz3 tsh3 dzou tshou d t.-hu dzuan n
tshuan dzuer tshue~ dzun tshun bq n .
tshuq du
d ~ l ~ tIrJ di.u dw3, du3 tu3
do to dza ts/tsa dziii tsal dzan tsan &aq tsaq d@ii tsad d z ~ t s ~ r dzei tsei dzen tsen dznrl tsW dzu.3/1) tSu.3 dzo: tso: dzu ~ S U
&wan n r,
tswan dzwi tsui dzwun tswun dzmj ~ s J u ~ du
tu duan turn dui tui dun tun dung tung
‘I$
tsi wa wai wan
wang we wen weng wo
wu
Ya y ai Yaw Yau y a yan 1
yin ying yo,yiia
YU Yung y ii y iian yiia y iin
hl
&an n
@an tue i 0. dpei ty ei tuan (LT)
hpn mq ( c A ) . ~ u ~
i ~ g dzi 0. dzi tsi (HU).lzi ua (HU). _ua
~ i ' uan, van - . uag uei 0. g e j uan (LT), pan W A ~ (cA), uaq
C I .
WQ ( C A ) . p
u (LT) , yu ia (HU) ,.a
jaq (0) jaq iau (LT) ,jay i& (HU)>i&
@n . LI
,in iq (HU).& I;;& "'
jy: (CA) .jog Y U ~ o . i ~ r ~ ii (LT) ,iy yen (LT) .yen - u&, ]fi~-~,y&
~ Y X !
tu dwan twan dwei twei dwn twun dung tung dz
tsz
wa w a i
wan wang wei wen weng wo
wu
Ya y ai yang Yau Ye Yan Y i yin ying
You yung YU
ywan Ywe Y U ~
tu duan tuan dui tui dun tun dong tong zi
ci
wa wai
wang wei wen weng wo
wu
Ya y ai yang Yau Ye Yan Y i yin ying
You
yong YU
yuan
Yue Y U ~
tu duan
tuan duei tuei duen tuen dong tong
WY
tsy ua uai uan uang uei uen ueng uo
u ia iai
iang iao ie ien 1
in
ing iou iou iong iu iuan iue iun
thu du.an tllu.an dwlui twi d ~ n ttien dr~rJ tuq GP tsw wa wai w8/wan wag wei w ~ n WArJ
w$a WU. wU .ia jai J Q ~
j au/o J&
]en . . j 1 . . jm -1 ~?l
.i ( 0 ) ~
JUTJ V
JY JY.&n
J Y ~
jyen
t'u tuan t'uan tui t'ui tun t'un tunP t'ung
tzu" tz'u
wa wai wan
wmg wei w2n weng wo
wu
Ya y ai Fang Yao yeh Yen yi (cf. i)
yin
Ylng yo Yu yung y ii yiian yiieh yiin
th3 duan thuan due1 thuex dun thun dur) thuq dzw tshu wa w sti wan waq we1 wan w A q w3 wu Ja jar ~ a q Jao JC
jen
. . J U ~ . . I lr)
13
JY jyan jy3 jyn
t'u duan t'uan dui t'ui dun t'un dug t' UI-J
wa w ai wan waq wei wan WAq w3 wu
iai3- jag j ao
J&n .*
]I . . J 111 . . J ~ I J
JDU
JUIJ
fyan J ye J Y ~
References
Anderson, Olov. 1970. A concordance to five systems of transcription for standard Chinese.
(Wade. Simplified Wade, G-R. Pinyin. Yale) Lund: Studentlitteratur.
Bollard, John, ed. 1993. Pronouncing dictionup of proper names. Detroit, MI: Omnigraphics.
Bourgerie. Dana. 1992. Review: Utterance particles in Cantonese conversation. Journal for the
Linguistic S o c i e ~ of America 68, no. 1 : 2340235.
Bruce, James, E. D. Edwards, and Shu Chun. [1930]. Chinese. 2 vols. Daniel Jones, phonetics
advisor. London: Linguaphone Institute.
Cheng, Chin-Chuan. 1973. A synchronic phonology of Mandarin Chinese. (Uses IPA) The
Hague: Mouton.
Chinese. 1974.Language/30 Series. Washington. D.C.: Educational Services Corp.; Guilford,
CT: Audio-Forum. (Yale System).
Chao, Yuen Ren. 1957. Mandarin primer. (GR) M A : Harvard University Press.
Choy, Rita Mie-Wah. 1990. Read and write Chinese. (National, Pinyin, Yale) San Francisco,
CA: China West Books.
Duden Aussprachewiirrerbuch . 1990.3 Aufl. (2 Aufl. 1974) Bearbeitet von Max Mangold.
Mannheim: Bibliographisches Institut.
Fan, Zhilong. 1988. Essential Chinese for travelers. (Folk phonetics) San Francisco: China
Books.
Fenn, C. H. 1955 The five thousand dictionary. Orig. 1940. M A : Harvard University Press.
Giles, Herbert. 1912. A Chinese-English dictionmy. 2nd rev.. vol.1. Shanghi: Kelly & Walsh.
Goldenthal, Allen. 1978. Think Chinese speak Chinese. (Own romanization, Pinyin, Yale,
Wade-Giles) NY: Regents.
Hillier. Walter. 1945. An English-Chinese dictionary of Peking colloquial. Orig. 1910. (Wade
system.) London: Kegan Paul.
Hockett. Charles. 1947. Peiping phonology. Journal of the American Orien~al Society 67:253-
267.
Huang, Raymond. 1969. Mandarin pronunciation: Explained with diagrams. (IPA
recommended) Hong Kong University Press.
Jones, Daniel, and Kwing Tong Woo. 1912. (IPA) A Cantonese phonetic reader. London.
Kershul. Kristine. 1987. Chinese in I 0 minutes a day. 4th ed. Seattle, WA: Bilingual Books.
(Pinyin and folk phonetics)
Legeza, Ireneus. 1968. Guide to transliterated Chinese in the modern Peking dialecr:
(Conversion tables ofthe currently used infernational and European systems.) Vol. 1.
Leiden: E. J. Brill.
Legeza, Ireneus. 1%9. Guide to rransliterared Chinese in 1h.e modern Peking dialect.
(Conversion tables ofthe o~itdated internarional and European individual systems) Vol.
2. Leiden: E. J. Brill.
Li, Charles. and Sandra Thompson. 1981. Mandarin Chinese. University of California.
Newnham. Richard. 197 1. About Chinese. Baltimore. MD: Penguin.
Pinyin Chinese-English d ic t iona~. 1979. Hong Kong: Commercial Press.
PIPA. Principles of the international phonetic alphabet. 1949. (rev. 1984). London:
University College.
Simon, W. 1964. A beginners Chinese-English dictionary of the national language (Gwoyeu).
London: Percy Lund. Humphries.
Supplement to the People's Republic of China. Pinyin to Wade-Giles, Wade-Giles to Pinyin.
1988. Washington, D. C.: Defense Mapping Agency.
Wade, Thomas. 1867. Yii-?En.. .. London.
Wu, zhaoyi. W. Liang, S. Qian, Y. Guo. 1988. The English.-Chinesepocket Pinyin
dictionary. Beijing: New World Press.
Y ee, Dennis. 1975. Chinese romanization self study guide: Comparison of Yale and Pinyin
rornanizations. Comparison of Pinyin and Wade-Giles romanizarions . Honolulu:
University Press of Hawaii.
Y uang. Lin. 1972. Lin Yutang 's Chinese-English dicrionary ofmodern usage. (National and GR)
Hong Kong: The Chinese University of Hong Kong.
Zhongguo Dirninglu (Gazetteer in China). 1983.32,000 names in Han characters and Pinyin.
People's Republic of China.
Previous Issues
Number
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
1 0
1 1
12
1 3
Date
86/11
86112
8713
8711 1
87/12
88/1
8811
8812
88/12
8916
8917
8918
8911 0
Author
Victor H. Mair University of Pennsylvania
Andrew Jones Hiroshima
Victor H. Mair University of Pennsylvania
Robert M. Sanders University of Hawaii
Eric A. Havelock Vassar College
J. Marshall Unger University of Hawaii
. Tsung-tung Chang Goethe-Universitiit Frankfurt
Various Authors
Soho Machida Daitoku-ji, Kyoto
Pratoom Angurarohi ta Chuldongkom University Bangkok
Edward L. Shaughnessy University of Chicago
VictorH.Ma-r University of Pennsylvania
Jiaosheng Wang Shanghai
Title
The Need for an Alphabetically Arranged General Usage Dictionary of Mandarin Chinese: A Review Article of Some Recent Dictionaries and Current Lexico,pphical Projects
The Poetics of Uncertainty in Early Chinese Literature
A Partial Bibliography for the Study of Indian Influence on Chinese Popular Literature
The Fow Languages of "Mandarin"
Chinese Characters and the Greek Alphabet
Computers and Japanese Literacy: Nihonzin no Yomikaki N6iyoku to Konpytlta
Indo-European Vocabulary in Old Chinese: A New Thesis on the Emergence of Chinese Language and Civilization in the Late Neolithic Age
Reviews (I)
Life anc) Light, the Infinite: A Historical and Philological Analysis of the Arnida Cult
Buddhist Influence on the Neo-Confucian Concept of the Sage
Western Cultural Innovations in China, 1200 B.C.
The Contributions of Tang and Five Dynasties Transformation Texts (pien-wen) to Later Chinese Popular Literature
The Complete Ci-poems of Li Qingzhao: A New English Translation
Pages
31
45
iv, 2 14
14
4
13
i, 56
ii, 39
46
31
8
71
xii. 122
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Previous Issues, cont.
Number
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
2 1
22
Date
891 12
9011
90/3
9014
9015
906
90/10
90112
9113
Author
Various Authors
George Cardona University of Pennsylvania
Victor H. Mair University of Pennsylvania
Heather Peters The University Museum Philadelphi a
Victor H. Mair University of Pennsylvania
BosatMan Nalanda
Victor H. Mair University of Pennsylvania
Philippa Jane Benson Carnegie Mellon University
David Moser University of Michigan
- -
Title
Reviews (11)
On Attitudes towards Language in Ancient hdia
Three Brief Essays Concerning Chinese Tocharistan a. The Significance of Dunhuang and Turfm Studies b. Early Iranian Influences on Buddhism in Central Asia c. History o f Chinese Turkistan in the Pre-Islamic Period
Tattooed Faces and Stilt Houses: Who Were the Ancient Yue?
Two Non-Tetragraphic Northern S ini tic Languages a. Implications of the Soviet Dungan Script for Chinese Language Reform b. Who Were the GyBmi?
Backlull / Peking / Beijing
[Tlze] File [on the Cosmic] Track [and Individual] Dough/tiness]; Introduction and Notes for a Translation of the Ma-wang-tui Manuscripts of the Lao Tzu [Old Mastery
Two Cross-Cultural Studies on Reachg Theory a. Cross-ortho,oraphic Stroop Research: One Study in Context b. The Composing Process of a Bilingual Novice Writer
Slips of the Tongue and Pen in Chinese
Pages
69
19
16
28
28
6
68
9, 13
45
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Previous Issues, cont.
Number
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
3 1
32
33
Date
9117/4
9118
9118
9119
911 8/3 1
91/9
9 1 I9
91/10
9 1/10
92/8
92/9
Author
Victor H. Mair University of Pennsylvania
David A. Utz University of Pennsylvania
Jean DeBernardi University of Alberta
JAO Tsung-i Chinese University of Hong Kong
Victor H. Mair, editor University of Pennsylvania
ZJHOUYouguang State Lanbouage Commission Peking
Victor H. Mair University of Pennsylvania
M. V. Sofionov Institute of Far Eastern Studies, Academy of Sciences, Moscow
Various Authors
David McCraw University of Hawaii
FENG Lide & Kevin Stuart Chuankou Number One Middle School and Qinghai Education College
Title
Tracks of the Tao, Semantics of Zen
Language, Writing, and Tradition in lran
Linguistic Nationalism: The Case of Southern Min
Questions on the Origins of Writing Raised by the Silk Road
S c h n i f t f e s ~ s c h n ! : f i ~ ~ ~ on Writing and Language in Honor of John LkFrancis orz His Eighrieth Birthday
The Family of Chinese Character- Type Scripts (Twenty Members and Four Stages of Datelopment)
What Is a Chinese "Dialect/Topolect"? Reflections on Some Key Sino- English Linguistic Terms
Chinese Philology and the Scripts of Central Asia
Reviews (I10
How the Chinawornan Lost Her Voice
Lnterethnic Contact on the Inner Asian Frontier: The Gangou People of Minhe County, Qinghai
Pages
10
24
22 + 3 figs.
10
ix + 245
1 1
31
10
68
27
34
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Nuinkr
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
4 1
42
Title
Two Papers on Sinolinguistics 1. A Hypothesis Concerning the Origin of the Tern1 fn~rqi~ ( "Countert omy ") 2. East Asian Round-Trip Wortls
Reviews (1V)
Hmyu Wailaici de Yuyuan Kaozheng he Cidian Biannlan (Philological Research on the Ety nlology of hailwords in S initic and Dictionary Compilation)
Chinese oddh hi st Historiography and Orality
The Linguistic ancl Textual Antececlen ts of 7 % ~ Sufra of the Wise arid tliv Foolisl~
A Material Case for a h t e Bsring Strait Crossing Coincident with Pre-Colun~birm Trans-Pacific CI-assings
Tiao-Fish through Chinese Dictionaries
Miching Mallecho: The Zllrir~gua cv) and Classical Rhetoric
Kham Tibetan Language Materials
Date
92/10
92/11
9312
93/3
9314
93/8
93/9
931 10
93/1 1
Author
Victor H. Mair University of Pennsylvanizl
TheEditor, with iu~ added note by Edwin G. Pulleyblank
Wenkan XU Hnnytc Da Cidiurr editorial oftices Shanghai
Tanya Stc~rch University of New Mexico
VictorH.Mair University of Pennsylvania
Jordan Paper Y ork University
Michael Cur Center for Language Studies O t w University of C ornnlerce
Pa111 Goldin Flanlard University
Rmcliin-Jashe Yulshul Tibetan Autonomc~us Prefecture, Kokonor (Qinghai) 8r Kevin Stuart Institute of Foreign h g l a g r s Ulaanhaatar, Mongolia
Pages
13
37
13
16
95
17
68
27
39
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Pages
72
15
28
2, 155
11
xxxiv. 110
28
, 7
9 plus 4 figs.
Nu~ilber
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
50
51
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Author
MA Q ~ i d i n , MA Wari- xiang. and MA Zhicheng Xining Edited by Kevin Stuwt Kokcmor
Dolkun Kanlberi Columbia University
Mark Hansel1 Carleton College
E. Bnice Brooks. et nl.
Robert S. Bauer Mahitlo1 University Salaya Nakornpathom Thai land
Victor H. Mair University of Peimsylva-ria
Ltido Rocher University of Pennsylvania
YINBinyong State Language Conmlission and Institute for Algditxl Linguistics (Chinese Academy of Social Sciences)
HAN Kangxin Institute of Archeology Chinese Academy of Social Scierices
Date
93112
94/1
9415
94/7
9418
94/9
941 10
94111
94/11
Title
Salar hnguagz Materials
The Three Thousand Year Old Cl~rcli511 Man Preserved at Zaghunliiq
The Sino-Alphabet: The Assirnilatior. of Roman Letters into the Chinese \Vri ting System
Reviews (V)
Sino-Tihetan *kolo " Mteel"
Introclilction and Notes for a Comple.te Tra~slation of the Chlrntl~ Tzrr
Oralityand Textuality - in the Indian Context
Diyi gt. Lacling Zinlu de H m y ~ Pinyir Fa~ig'an Shi Zenyanp Chansheng de? [How Was the First Rornanized Spelling System for Sinitic Prtdu~cxl?]
The Str~cly of Ancient Hurrian Skeletons kern Xin.jiang. China