China Nuclear Power Situation and Development
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Transcript of China Nuclear Power Situation and Development
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China Nuclear Power Situation and
Development
WU Zongxin
INET , Tsinghua University
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The Police of Nuclear Energy
Since 2004, China government has changed the police of nuclear development from “moderate” to “ active”
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Nuclear Power in China
9 NPP in operation and I NPP in commissioning, total 7.6 GW installed capacity
52.3 billion kWh - 2.1% of total power generation
Accept 2 units of CANDU PHWR type, others PWR type
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Existing Nuclear Power Plants in China
Units Type Net capacity (each)
Start up
Daya Bay-1 & 2 PWR 944 MWe 1994
Qinshan-1 PWR 279 MWe April 1994
Qinshan-2 & 3 PWR 610 MWe 2004
Lingao-1 & 2 PWR 935 MWe 2003
Qinshan-4 & 5 PHWR 665 MWe 2003
Tianwan-1 PWR 1000 MWe 2007
total (10) 7587 MWe
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Nuclear Power Plants Under Construction in China
Reactor Type Net capacity Construction start
Start up*
Tianwan-2 PWR 1000 MWe 2000 2007
Lingao-3 PWR 935 MWe 2005 2010
Lingao-4 PWR 935 MWe 2005 2011
Qinshan-6 PWR 610 MWe 2006 2010
Qinshan-7 PWR 610 MWe 2006 2010
Total 4170 MWe
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Planning of Nuclear Power Development
The government plans to increase nuclear generating capacity to 40 GWe by 2020 with a further 18 GWe nuclear being under construction then
Requiring an average of 2 GWe per year being added.
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Nuclear Power Plants in Plan in China
Plant Province MWe gross
Lingao-2 Guangdong 2x1000
Qinshan-4 Zhejiang 2x650
Sanmen-1 Zhejiang 2x1100/1500
Yangjiang-1 Guangdong 2x1100/1500
Total 8 7700-9300
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Open bidding for third-generation designs
In September 2004 the State Council approved the two units at Sanmen, followed by six units at Yangjiang (two to start with), these to be 1000 or 1500 MWe reactors
The Sanmen and Yanjiang plants were subject to an open bidding process for third-generation designs, with contracts being awarded in mid 2006
Westinghouse bid its AP 1000 (which now has US NRC final design approval), Areva NP (Framatome ANP) bid its EPR of 1600 MWe
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NPP Technologies
PWRs will be the mainstream but not sole reactor type
Nuclear fuel assemblies are fabricated and supplied indigenously
Domestic manufacturing of plant and equipment will be maximized, with self-reliance in design and project management
International cooperation is nevertheless encouraged
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New Nuclear Power Reactor Technology Development
In February 2006 the State Council announced that the large advanced PWR and the small high temperature gas-cooled reactor (HTR) are two high priority projects for the next 15 years
In order to master international advanced technology on nuclear power and develop a Chinese third-generation large PWR“
CNNC has confirmed this, while pointing longer-term to fast neutron reactors
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National laws
The Atomic Energy Act is a supreme legal document in nuclear field to adjust and promote the atomic energy development in China
The Atomic Energy Act being worked out The Environment Protection Act of the People’s
Republic of China was approved by the National People’s Congress (NPC)
The Radioactive Pollution Prevention Act is a basic law for the radioactive waste management
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Nuclear Safety and Wastes Management
To meet the needs of nuclear energy development, independent regulatory authorities and implementation bodies came into being in China’s radioactive waste management system in virtue of years of practices.
The State Environment Protection Agency (SEPA), independent of the nuclear industry, carries out supervision and management on nuclear safety and radiation environment of civilian nuclear facilities: licensing management and routine monitoring
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Rules and regulations by governmental departments
Detailed Implementation Rules have been promulgated in succession:
National Regulations on Supervision and Management of Safety of Civilian Nuclear Facilities
Provisions on Safety of Civilian Nuclear Fuel Cycle Facilities
Provisions on Safety of NPP Radioactive Waste Management
Environmental Policy on Intermediate and Low-level Radioactive Wastes Disposal
Provisions on Radioactive Waste Management
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Nuclear Fuel Cycle
China has primarily established a nuclear fuel cycle system covering uranium exploration, mining and milling, conversion, isotope separation, nuclear fuel element manufacture and spent fuel reprocessing.
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Establishment of nuclear fuel cycle system
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Uranium Resources
At present the uranium resources supply available domestically
With the prospective need to import much more uranium
CNNC is also keen to participate in exploration and mining abroad, and in 2006 bought into a small Australian uranium prospect
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Cardinal principles of waste management
Aiming at safety and taking disposal as core; Ensuring exposure received by workers and the
public within the dose limits set by the state, and keeping at the ALARA level when taking into account the economic and social factors;
Protecting later generations, i.e. no extra burdens and responsibilities to be added to later generations, and the protection level of individuals of later generations will not lower than the current level;
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Cardinal principles of waste management
Relevant radioactive waste treatment facilities should be designed, constructed and operated simultaneously with facilities or practices producing radioactive wastes
Taking into full consideration the inter-relations between various phases of waste management:
reduction in output categorized collection purification and concentration, volume reduction
and solidification careful encapsulation, safe transportation in-situ interim storage concentrated disposal, controlled discharge
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Cardinal principles of waste management
The environmental impact assessment should be conducted prior to any waste management facility or practice.
The discharge amount should be applied for to environment protection agencies.
The amount and concentration of radioactive materials discharged to environment must lower than the discharge limits set by regulatory authorities.
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Treatment of L/ILW
L/ILW arising from NPPs will be cement-solidified in 200 L steel barrel or large concrete container
Development of a series of cement formulas, methods to examine the solidification performance, and some cementation apparatuses
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Near-surface Disposal of I/LLSW
Near-surface disposal of I/LLSW including cement formula piles and hydraulic fracture disposal
Following the policy of regional disposal of I/LLSW, China has set up several state regional I/LLSW disposal sites where nuclear installations are comparatively concentrated
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Near-surface Disposal of I/LLSW
The northwest I/LLSW repository put into operation with planed capacity of the first phase is 5,200,000 m3
The design disposal capacity of Guangdong Beilong repository, closing to the Daya Bay and Ling Ao NPPs in Shenzhen, is 80,000 m3
Repository in Zhejiang in planning
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Treatment and Disposal of HLW
Spent fuel storage
Reprocessing
Vitrification of HLLW
Deep geological disposal of HLW
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Spent reprocessing Initiate target: recovery of uranium and plutonium fo
r resource conservation Long target: Reprocessing + partitioning → transmutation: remov
e trans-uranium and separate strontium and cesium Improvement of resource utilization Minimizing the radioactive toxic Reducing the waste repository volume Scientific research and test verification carried out f
or a 50 tU spent fuel project A commercial facility put into operation after 2020
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Deep geological disposal of HLW
Plan for deep geological disposal of HLW consists of four stages: technical preparedness; geological research; on-site test and construction
Great progress on sitting for repository and underground laboratory, and the feasibility study
Northwest region of China: primarily determined as one of the most likely candidate sites
Two wells as deep as 700 m and 500 m respectively drilled for carrying out multi-disciplinary research
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Decommissioning of Nuclear Facilities
Drafting National standard Safety Requirements for Decommissioning of Nuclear Facilities
Carrying out relevant development work Assessment of radioactivity inventory Decontamination Cutting technology Remote operation Smelting Radioactive waste management Health protection and safety
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谢 谢!