China - ETH Z · epr atlas china 357 1964-1965 Tibet became an autonomous region of China....

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China

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Ethnicity in China

Group selection

Ethnic classifications in China are a facet of policy, but also a sub-ject of intense academic debate with regard to their designation,accuracy, and appropriateness. This is the case among both Chinesescholars (e.g. 964; 965) and foreign scholars (e.g. 966; 967). Ethnic 964 [Ma, 2004]

965 [Zhou, 2013]966 [Gladney, 2004]967 [Mullaney, 2011]

classifications reflect census data and the three stages of the minzushibie: the government-sponsored ethnic identification campaigns (of1950-1954, 1954-1978, 1978-1987). There are weaknesses and criti-cisms of the methods and data that emerged from the six censusesin China (1953, 1964, 1982, 1990, 2000, and 2010), particularly ofthe early censuses, and of the identification of the ethnic groups, butthese are the most wide-reaching and most-used designations andpercentages available.

Sun Yat-sen, the leader of the Republic of China, recognized“five peoples of China" (the Han, the Manchurians, the Mongolians,the Tibetans, and the Hui) (968, 14-15). There are currently 56 968 [Gladney, 2004]

officially-recognized nationalities, or ethnic groups, which includethe majority Han – who make up over 90% of the population ofChina – and 55 minority groups (as of the last phase of the minzushibie). Not all currently-recognized groups are included in the earlyyears of the People’s Republic of China (PRC), before they wererecognized or part of census data. The year of the founding of thePRC (1949) is taken as a starting year, but it must be noted thatethnic designations, understandings, and conflicts are built off andcarry over from the Republican period (1912-49).

Note that the years 1946-48 are during China’s civil war betweenthe Kuomintang (KMT) and the Communist Party of China (CPC).Groups which become relevant in 1949 are coded as irrelevant duringthis latter portion of the Republican period when state power wasin disarray. In 1946-1948 Uyghurs are in a state of self-exclusion/defacto independence. This is the case until 1949.

The population of Tibet is not included in the Chinese popula-tion census during the period of Tibet’s independence from 1946-1950. However, the Tibetans present in other Chinese provinceslike Sichuan, Qinghai, Gansu, and Yunnan have been considered forthis time frame (969). 1950-51 marks the so-called “liberation” (or 969 [Guo, 1996]

reincorporation/invasion) of Tibet by the PLA (People’s LiberationArmy). Following this, from 1951 Tibet’s population is incorporated

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in the Chinese census.The term “Hui” or “Huihui” has been used historically to refer

to any Chinese Muslim. Thus, the term “Hui” first works here asan umbrella category that includes other Muslim groups, while “Hui(proper)” refers to the actual Hui ethnic group once other Muslimgroups became politically relevant as separate groups according toChinese official identification standards. (It should also be notedthat these Muslim (sub-)groups are linguistically and culturallydiverse. The fact that they have been conflated, aggregated anddisaggregated does not imply relatedness (see 970). Groups that 970 [Lipman, 1997]

make up less than one-tenth of one percent of the population andhave no autonomy above the county level are not included hereas politically relevant (e.g. among Chinese Muslims: the Bonan,Tajik, Tatar, Uzbek). If a group previously had more than one-tenthof one percent population and dropped during a period (e.g. theDongxiang), it was left on the list.

Early population data is taken from the 1953 census, and al-though there are 41 minorities listed on the census, only minor-ity nationalities with populations of over half a million are in-cluded. The 1953 census puts the total population of the PRC at582,603,417 people including 1,072,642 unspecified minorities.

1964 population statistics: Not included are groups listed on thecensus with less than one-tenth of one percent population (Blang,Salar, Maonan, Gelo, Xibe, Achang, Tajik, Pumi, Gaoshan, Nu,Uzbek, Russian, Ewenki, Benglong, Bonan, Yugur, Jing, Tatar,Drung, Oroqen, Hezhen, and Monba).

Growth in the minority population according to the 1982 cen-sus does not actually reflect dramatic fertility changes, but ratherreregistration of individuals, e.g. those previously registered as Hanwho have reregistered as minority status for the sake of access toso-called “preferential policies.” (See e.g. 971’s explanation of the 971 [Mackerras, 2001]

surprisingly rapid growth rate of the Tujia from 525,348 people in1964 to 2,836,814 people in 1982 - an apparent 439.99% increase.)

Power relations

A note about autonomous areas: It should be noted that manypolicies enacted and enforced in autonomous counties, prefectures,regions and banners are directed by the State and that the cur-rent designation of "autonomy" remains a very circumscribed one.Nevertheless there are some real benefits and substate-level decision-making that occurs in autonomous areas.

Not included are autonomous county-level designations as “au-tonomous area” in the coding as it is comparable to municipaldecision-making, but it has to be noted that the majority of ethnicautonomy designations are at this level and applicable to a majorityof ethnic groups in China. Also included are“regional banners," i.e.regionally autonomous land designations in Inner Mongolia. Thereare some groups not listed at all that may have individual influentialcadres at substate levels, but who have no (recognized or de facto)

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autonomy.For all periods, groups that have less than one-tenth of one per-

cent of the population and have no autonomous areas above thecounty level have been considered irrelevant. If a group was previ-ously included and experienced a drop in population, it was left onthe list.

Groups with substate-level influence may simultaneously be sub-jected to discrimination. Notable recent cases include the aftermathsof the 2008 protests by Tibetan groups and the 2009 protests byUyghur groups (which resulted in restrictions on movement to/fromautonomous areas, restrictions of passport issuance in connectionwith ethnic designation, and blocking access in minority areas to theinternet or other sources of information). In the 2010-2013 period,there were ethnic-based repercussions from Tibetan self-immolationprotests (including arbitrary imprisonment, disappearances, restric-tions on movements to/from areas, and blocking internet access)and coerced resettlement of nomadic populations across the Tibetanplateau. There have also been ethnic-based repercussions from con-flicts between Han and Uyghurs in Xinjiang in 2013. Uyghur sepa-ratist movements have been labeled as terrorist groups. It is difficultto know if groups are actually involved in terrorism or are politicaldissidents that have been inaccurately labeled so. There have beenarbitrary imprisonments, restrictions on movements to/from areas,blocking internet access, limitations on religious association, etc.

1949-1963

Apart from the majority population (Han), who hold the monopolypower in the executive, no other ethnic group had political power.The term “politically mobilized" is understood as an idea of a givenethnic (political) interest and consciousness, but no formal organi-zational structure is given for example to represent independentlythe ethnic group or to claim positions in the government. We focuson the large ethnic groups mainly because very little information/ literature is available about the special situation of the smallergroups. The topic of ethnicity is politically sensitive in China, andthus, research and data collections is difficult if not impossible to ob-tain. From some groups, such as the Yi, personal interviews revealedthat violent conflicts happened in the late 1950s as a reaction againstthe dominance of the Han and the enforcement of the communistideology, which suppressed certain forms of ethnic behavior.

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1964-1965

Tibet became an autonomous region of China.

1966-1976

The Cultural Revolution (1966-1976) was an exceptional time whenethnic struggles were re-interpreted as class struggle. All minorityethnic groups were discriminated. Previously-designated regionalautonomy were essentially void during this time period, previousconcessions were retracted, and the use of other languages in manycontexts was not allowed. The goal of the period was to make eth-nicity irrelevant, but this resulted in the destruction of religious edi-fices and the labeling of minority traditions as superstitious, counter-revolutionary, etc. It was a time of great trial for many Chinese aswell, but ultimately most minority groups were supposed to be in alower stage of (Marxist) historical development, e.g. the Han werestruggling to move out of feudalism and ultimately into socialism,but many minorities were labeled as being in a stage of "slave" orprimitive society. After this period, things moved back towards beingmore pluralistic.

During the Cultural Revolution, all ethnic groups were discrimi-nated, even if we focus on the larger groups, it seems plausible, thatall 55 ethnic (minority) groups were under the same pressure as onepurpose of the Cultural Revolution was the eradication of "culture"and "tradition". Yet, the Cultural Revolution is probably the politi-cally most sensitive period in modern China and further statementson ethnic issues on the basis of the data available are difficult tomake.

1977-1981

The starting point of this period is somewhat difficult to define, sothat the end of the Cultural Revolution was chosen. After the end ofthe Cultural Revolution, politics started to change slowly.

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1982-1989

A next major cut in terms of ethnic politics was the formulation ofthe constitution 1982 that upgraded the position of ethnic minoritiesin China. An even more important cut was the formulation of theautonomy law in 1984 that gave rights on economic development,administration and cultural activities i.e. to the formally recognized55 ethnic minorities. However, as the law took preparation anddiscussion, it would be misleading to focus too much on the year1984.

1990-2017

Research suggests that ethnic discrimination against Tibetans andUyghurs has continued, whereas the rest of the ethnic minoritiesin China have not been specifically targeted, and are thus coded aspowerless (972; 973). The year 2010 was a census year for China, thus 972 [US Department of State, 2014-2016]

973 [Human Rights Watch 2015-20177]population sizes have been adjusted for 2011 and onward in respectto numbers from years before. Regional autonomy statuses were ver-ified with the help of the Information Office of the State Council ofthe People’s Republic of China (974). Autonomous Regions include 974 [Information Office of the State Council of the People’s

Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region, Guangxi Zhuang AutonomousRegion, Tibet Autonomous Region, Ningxia Hui Autonomous Re-gion, and Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region. Regional Autonomyhas only been coded up to the prefecture level, and does not includecounty level. Further ethnic groups with regional autonomy includethe Qiang for Aba Tibetan-Qiang Autonomous Prefecture and theHani for Honghe Hani-Yi Autonomous Prefecture, the prefectureautonomy having been established in 1953 and 1957 respectively, aswell as the Daur for Morin Dawa Daur Autonomous Banner, whichhas been established in 1958.

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Bibliography

[Gladney, 2004] Gladney, D. (2004). Dislocating China: Reflectionson Muslims, minorities, and other subaltern subjects. Chicago:University of Chicago Press.

[Guo, 1996] Guo, D. (1996). Chinas Tibetan Population and Popula-tion in Tibet: China Population Today 13 (2): 78.

[Information Office of the State Council of the People’s Republic of China, 2005]Information Office of the State Council of the People’s Republicof China. (2009). Regional Autonomy for Ethnic Minorities inChina. Retrieved on 12.9.2017.

[Human Rights Watch 2015-20177] Human Rights Watch. (2015-2017). World Report. 2015-20177. China. Retrieved on 11.9.2017.

[Lipman, 1997] Lipman, J. (1997). Familiar strangers: A history ofMuslims in Northwest China. Seattle: University of WashingtonPress.

[Ma, 2004] Ma, R. (2004). New perspective to understand ethnicrelations: De-politicization of ethnicity. Journal of Peking Uni-versity (Humanities and Social Sciences), No. 06.

[Mackerras, 2001] Mackerras, C. (2001). The new Cambridge hand-book of contemporary China. Cambridge: Cambridge UniversityPress.

[Mullaney, 2011] Mullaney, T. (2011). Coming to terms with the na-tion: Ethnic classification in modern China. Berkeley: Universityof California Press.

[US Department of State, 2014-2016] US Department of State.(2014-2016). Human rights reports: China.

[Zhou, 2013] Zhou, Y. (2013). Question of ethnic group formulationin the Chinese census. Paper presented at the international unionfor the scientific study of population international populationconference, Busan, August 30.

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Political status of ethnic groups in China

From 1946 until 1948

Figure 171: Political status of ethnicgroups in China during 1946-1948.

Group name Proportional size Political status

Chinese (Han) 0.94 IRRELEVANT




Chinese (Han) 0.94 MONOPOLYZhuang 0.0113 POWERLESSUyghur 0.0062 POWERLESSHui 0.0061 POWERLESSYi 0.0056 POWERLESSMiao 0.0043 POWERLESSManchu 0.0042 POWERLESSMongolians 0.0025 POWERLESSBouyei 0.0021 POWERLESSKoreans 0.0019 POWERLESSTibetans 0.0016 IRRELEVANTDong 0.0012 POWERLESSYao 0.0011 POWERLESSBai 9.0 × 10−4 POWERLESSKazakh 8.0 × 10−4 POWERLESSTujia 8.0 × 10−4 IRRELEVANTDai 8.0 × 10−4 IRRELEVANTHani 8.0 × 10−4 IRRELEVANTLi 6.0 × 10−4 IRRELEVANTLisu 5.0 × 10−4 IRRELEVANTGelao 4.0 × 10−4 IRRELEVANTWa 3.0 × 10−4 IRRELEVANTShe 3.0 × 10−4 IRRELEVANTLahu 2.0 × 10−4 IRRELEVANTJingpo 2.0 × 10−4 IRRELEVANTNaxi 2.0 × 10−4 IRRELEVANTShui 2.0 × 10−4 IRRELEVANTTu 1.0 × 10−4 IRRELEVANTQiang 1.0 × 10−4 IRRELEVANTXibe 1.0 × 10−4 IRRELEVANTBlang 1.0 × 10−4 IRRELEVANTMaonan 1.0 × 10−4 IRRELEVANTMulam 1.0 × 10−4 IRRELEVANTDaur 1.0 × 10−4 IRRELEVANTSalar 1.0 × 10−4 IRRELEVANT

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Chinese (Han) 0.94 MONOPOLYZhuang 0.0113 POWERLESSUyghur 0.0062 POWERLESSHui 0.0061 POWERLESSYi 0.0056 POWERLESSTibetans 0.0048 POWERLESSMiao 0.0043 POWERLESSManchu 0.0042 POWERLESSMongolians 0.0025 POWERLESSBouyei 0.0021 POWERLESSKoreans 0.0019 POWERLESSDong 0.0012 POWERLESSYao 0.0011 POWERLESSKazakh 9.0 × 10−4 POWERLESSBai 9.0 × 10−4 POWERLESSHani 8.0 × 10−4 IRRELEVANTTujia 8.0 × 10−4 IRRELEVANTDai 8.0 × 10−4 IRRELEVANTLi 6.0 × 10−4 IRRELEVANTLisu 5.0 × 10−4 IRRELEVANTGelao 4.0 × 10−4 IRRELEVANTWa 3.0 × 10−4 IRRELEVANTShe 3.0 × 10−4 IRRELEVANTLahu 2.0 × 10−4 IRRELEVANTJingpo 2.0 × 10−4 IRRELEVANTNaxi 2.0 × 10−4 IRRELEVANTShui 2.0 × 10−4 IRRELEVANTTu 1.0 × 10−4 IRRELEVANTQiang 1.0 × 10−4 IRRELEVANTXibe 1.0 × 10−4 IRRELEVANTBlang 1.0 × 10−4 IRRELEVANTMaonan 1.0 × 10−4 IRRELEVANTMulam 1.0 × 10−4 IRRELEVANTDaur 1.0 × 10−4 IRRELEVANTSalar 1.0 × 10−4 IRRELEVANT



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Chinese (Han) 0.94 MONOPOLYZhuang 0.0121 POWERLESSHui (proper) 0.0064 POWERLESSUyghur 0.0058 POWERLESSYi 0.0049 POWERLESSMiao 0.004 POWERLESSManchu 0.0039 POWERLESSTibetans 0.0036 POWERLESSMongolians 0.0028 POWERLESSBouyei 0.002 POWERLESSKoreans 0.0019 POWERLESSYao 0.0012 POWERLESSDong 0.0012 POWERLESSBai 0.001 POWERLESSHani 9.0 × 10−4 POWERLESSDai 8.0 × 10−4 POWERLESSTujia 8.0 × 10−4 POWERLESSKazakh 7.0 × 10−4 POWERLESSLi 6.0 × 10−4 POWERLESSLisu 4.0 × 10−4 POWERLESSGelao 4.0 × 10−4 IRRELEVANTLahu 3.0 × 10−4 POWERLESSWa 3.0 × 10−4 POWERLESSShe 3.0 × 10−4 POWERLESSShui 2.0 × 10−4 POWERLESSDongxiang 2.0 × 10−4 POWERLESSNaxi 2.0 × 10−4 POWERLESSMaonan 1.0 × 10−4 IRRELEVANTJingpo 1.0 × 10−4 POWERLESSDaur 1.0 × 10−4 IRRELEVANTKirghiz 1.0 × 10−4 POWERLESSBlang 1.0 × 10−4 IRRELEVANTTu 1.0 × 10−4 POWERLESSMulam 1.0 × 10−4 POWERLESSSalar 1.0 × 10−4 IRRELEVANTXibe 1.0 × 10−4 IRRELEVANTQiang 1.0 × 10−4 POWERLESS



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Chinese (Han) 0.94 MONOPOLYZhuang 0.0121 DISCRIMINATEDHui (proper) 0.0064 DISCRIMINATEDUyghur 0.0058 DISCRIMINATEDYi 0.0049 DISCRIMINATEDMiao 0.004 DISCRIMINATEDManchu 0.0039 DISCRIMINATEDTibetans 0.0036 DISCRIMINATEDMongolians 0.0028 DISCRIMINATEDBouyei 0.002 DISCRIMINATEDKoreans 0.0019 DISCRIMINATEDYao 0.0012 DISCRIMINATEDDong 0.0012 DISCRIMINATEDBai 0.001 DISCRIMINATEDHani 9.0 × 10−4 DISCRIMINATEDDai 8.0 × 10−4 DISCRIMINATEDTujia 8.0 × 10−4 DISCRIMINATEDKazakh 7.0 × 10−4 DISCRIMINATEDLi 6.0 × 10−4 DISCRIMINATEDLisu 4.0 × 10−4 DISCRIMINATEDGelao 4.0 × 10−4 IRRELEVANTLahu 3.0 × 10−4 DISCRIMINATEDWa 3.0 × 10−4 DISCRIMINATEDShe 3.0 × 10−4 DISCRIMINATEDShui 2.0 × 10−4 DISCRIMINATEDDongxiang 2.0 × 10−4 DISCRIMINATEDNaxi 2.0 × 10−4 DISCRIMINATEDMaonan 1.0 × 10−4 IRRELEVANTJingpo 1.0 × 10−4 DISCRIMINATEDDaur 1.0 × 10−4 DISCRIMINATEDKirghiz 1.0 × 10−4 DISCRIMINATEDBlang 1.0 × 10−4 IRRELEVANTTu 1.0 × 10−4 DISCRIMINATEDMulam 1.0 × 10−4 DISCRIMINATEDSalar 1.0 × 10−4 IRRELEVANTXibe 1.0 × 10−4 IRRELEVANTQiang 1.0 × 10−4 DISCRIMINATED



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Chinese (Han) 0.94 MONOPOLYZhuang 0.0121 POWERLESSHui (proper) 0.0064 POWERLESSUyghur 0.0058 POWERLESSYi 0.0049 POWERLESSMiao 0.004 POWERLESSManchu 0.0039 POWERLESSTibetans 0.0036 POWERLESSMongolians 0.0028 POWERLESSBouyei 0.002 POWERLESSKoreans 0.0019 POWERLESSYao 0.0012 POWERLESSDong 0.0012 POWERLESSBai 0.001 POWERLESSHani 9.0 × 10−4 POWERLESSDai 8.0 × 10−4 POWERLESSTujia 8.0 × 10−4 POWERLESSKazakh 7.0 × 10−4 POWERLESSLi 6.0 × 10−4 POWERLESSLisu 4.0 × 10−4 POWERLESSGelao 4.0 × 10−4 IRRELEVANTLahu 3.0 × 10−4 POWERLESSWa 3.0 × 10−4 POWERLESSShe 3.0 × 10−4 POWERLESSShui 2.0 × 10−4 POWERLESSDongxiang 2.0 × 10−4 POWERLESSNaxi 2.0 × 10−4 POWERLESSMaonan 1.0 × 10−4 IRRELEVANTJingpo 1.0 × 10−4 POWERLESSDaur 1.0 × 10−4 POWERLESSKirghiz 1.0 × 10−4 POWERLESSBlang 1.0 × 10−4 IRRELEVANTTu 1.0 × 10−4 POWERLESSMulam 1.0 × 10−4 POWERLESSSalar 1.0 × 10−4 IRRELEVANTXibe 1.0 × 10−4 IRRELEVANTQiang 1.0 × 10−4 POWERLESS



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Chinese (Han) 0.933 MONOPOLYZhuang 0.0133 POWERLESSHui (proper) 0.0072 POWERLESSUyghur 0.0059 POWERLESSYi 0.0054 POWERLESSMiao 0.005 POWERLESSManchu 0.0043 POWERLESSTibetans 0.0038 POWERLESSMongolians 0.0034 POWERLESSTujia 0.003 POWERLESSBouyei 0.0021 POWERLESSKoreans 0.0018 POWERLESSYao 0.0014 POWERLESSDong 0.0014 POWERLESSHani 0.0011 POWERLESSBai 0.0011 POWERLESSDai 9.0 × 10−4 POWERLESSKazakh 9.0 × 10−4 POWERLESSLi 9.0 × 10−4 POWERLESSLisu 5.0 × 10−4 POWERLESSShe 4.0 × 10−4 POWERLESSGelao 4.0 × 10−4 POWERLESSWa 3.0 × 10−4 POWERLESSShui 3.0 × 10−4 POWERLESSLahu 3.0 × 10−4 POWERLESSNaxi 2.0 × 10−4 POWERLESSDongxiang 2.0 × 10−4 POWERLESSJingpo 1.0 × 10−4 POWERLESSDaur 1.0 × 10−4 POWERLESSKirghiz 1.0 × 10−4 POWERLESSSalar 1.0 × 10−4 POWERLESSQiang 1.0 × 10−4 POWERLESSTu 1.0 × 10−4 POWERLESSMulam 1.0 × 10−4 POWERLESSXibe 1.0 × 10−4 POWERLESSBlang 1.0 × 10−4 IRRELEVANTMaonan 1.0 × 10−4 IRRELEVANT



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Chinese (Han) 0.9192 MONOPOLYZhuang 0.0138 POWERLESSManchu 0.0087 POWERLESSHui (proper) 0.0076 POWERLESSMiao 0.0065 POWERLESSUyghur 0.0064 POWERLESSYi 0.0058 POWERLESSTujia 0.0051 POWERLESSMongolians 0.0042 POWERLESSTibetans 0.0041 POWERLESSDong 0.0022 POWERLESSBouyei 0.0021 POWERLESSYao 0.0019 POWERLESSKoreans 0.0017 POWERLESSBai 0.0014 POWERLESSHani 0.0011 POWERLESSKazakh 0.001 POWERLESSLi 9.0 × 10−4 POWERLESSDai 9.0 × 10−4 POWERLESSShe 6.0 × 10−4 POWERLESSLisu 5.0 × 10−4 POWERLESSLahu 4.0 × 10−4 POWERLESSGelao 4.0 × 10−4 POWERLESSDongxiang 3.0 × 10−4 POWERLESSShui 3.0 × 10−4 POWERLESSWa 3.0 × 10−4 POWERLESSNaxi 2.0 × 10−4 POWERLESSQiang 2.0 × 10−4 POWERLESSXibe 2.0 × 10−4 POWERLESSTu 2.0 × 10−4 POWERLESSSalar 1.0 × 10−4 POWERLESSMulam 1.0 × 10−4 POWERLESSBlang 1.0 × 10−4 POWERLESSMaonan 1.0 × 10−4 POWERLESSJingpo 1.0 × 10−4 POWERLESSDaur 1.0 × 10−4 POWERLESSKirghiz 1.0 × 10−4 POWERLESS



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Chinese (Han) 0.9153 MONOPOLYZhuang 0.0128 POWERLESSManchu 0.0084 POWERLESSHui (proper) 0.0078 POWERLESSMiao 0.0071 POWERLESSUyghur 0.0066 DISCRIMINATEDTujia 0.0063 POWERLESSYi 0.0061 POWERLESSMongolians 0.0046 POWERLESSTibetans 0.0043 DISCRIMINATEDDong 0.0024 POWERLESSBouyei 0.0023 POWERLESSYao 0.0021 POWERLESSBai 0.0015 POWERLESSKoreans 0.0015 POWERLESSHani 0.0012 POWERLESSKazakh 0.001 POWERLESSLi 0.001 POWERLESSDai 9.0 × 10−4 POWERLESSShe 6.0 × 10−4 POWERLESSLisu 5.0 × 10−4 POWERLESSGelao 5.0 × 10−4 POWERLESSDongxiang 4.0 × 10−4 POWERLESSLahu 4.0 × 10−4 POWERLESSWa 3.0 × 10−4 POWERLESSShui 3.0 × 10−4 POWERLESSNaxi 2.0 × 10−4 POWERLESSTu 2.0 × 10−4 POWERLESSMulam 2.0 × 10−4 POWERLESSXibe 2.0 × 10−4 POWERLESSQiang 2.0 × 10−4 POWERLESSBlang 1.0 × 10−4 POWERLESSJingpo 1.0 × 10−4 POWERLESSDaur 1.0 × 10−4 POWERLESSSalar 1.0 × 10−4 POWERLESSKirghiz 1.0 × 10−4 POWERLESSMaonan 1.0 × 10−4 POWERLESS



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Chinese (Han) 0.916 MONOPOLYZhuang 0.0127 POWERLESSHui (proper) 0.0079 POWERLESSManchu 0.0078 POWERLESSUyghur 0.0076 DISCRIMINATEDMiao 0.0071 POWERLESSYi 0.0065 POWERLESSTujia 0.0063 POWERLESSTibetans 0.0047 DISCRIMINATEDMongolians 0.0045 POWERLESSDong 0.0024 POWERLESSBouyei 0.0022 POWERLESSYao 0.0021 POWERLESSBai 0.0015 POWERLESSKoreans 0.0014 POWERLESSHani 0.0012 POWERLESSKazakh 0.0011 POWERLESSLi 0.0011 POWERLESSDai 9.0 × 10−4 POWERLESSLisu 5.0 × 10−4 POWERLESSShe 5.0 × 10−4 POWERLESSDongxiang 5.0 × 10−4 POWERLESSLahu 4.0 × 10−4 POWERLESSGelao 4.0 × 10−4 POWERLESSShui 3.0 × 10−4 POWERLESSWa 3.0 × 10−4 POWERLESSTu 2.0 × 10−4 POWERLESSNaxi 2.0 × 10−4 POWERLESSQiang 2.0 × 10−4 POWERLESSMulam 2.0 × 10−4 POWERLESSBlang 1.0 × 10−4 POWERLESSXibe 1.0 × 10−4 POWERLESSKirghiz 1.0 × 10−4 POWERLESSMaonan 1.0 × 10−4 POWERLESSJingpo 1.0 × 10−4 POWERLESSDaur 1.0 × 10−4 POWERLESSSalar 1.0 × 10−4 POWERLESS

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Geographical coverage of ethnic groups in China


Figure 181: Map of ethnic groups inChina during 1949-1949.

Group name Area in km2 Type

Chinese (Han) 7 593 596 StatewideHui 7 593 596 StatewideMongolians 982 545 Regionally basedUyghur 818 076 Regionally basedTibetans 317 239 Regionally basedKazakh 239 717 Regionally basedZhuang 152 530 Regionally basedYi 112 173 Regionally basedMiao 40 941 Regionally basedKoreans 33 432 Regionally basedBouyei 28 614 Regionally basedYao 28 183 Regionally basedBai 21 976 Regionally basedDong 13 157 Regionally basedManchu 5463 Regionally based

Table 53: List of ethnic groups inChina during 1949-1949.

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Chinese (Han) 7 557 606 StatewideHui 7 557 606 StatewideMongolians 982 545 Regionally basedUyghur 818 076 Regionally basedTibetans 317 239 Regionally basedKazakh 239 717 Regionally basedZhuang 152 530 Regionally basedYi 112 173 Regionally basedMiao 40 941 Regionally basedKoreans 33 432 Regionally basedBouyei 28 614 Regionally basedYao 28 183 Regionally basedBai 21 976 Regionally basedDong 13 157 Regionally basedManchu 5463 Regionally based




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Chinese (Han) 9 369 185 StatewideHui 9 369 185 StatewideTibetans 1 681 597 Regionally basedMongolians 1 059 217 Regionally basedUyghur 820 217 Regionally basedKazakh 265 038 Regionally basedZhuang 152 530 Regionally basedYi 112 173 Regionally basedMiao 40 941 Regionally basedKoreans 33 432 Regionally basedBouyei 28 614 Regionally basedYao 28 183 Regionally basedBai 21 976 Regionally basedDong 13 157 Regionally basedManchu 5463 Regionally based




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Chinese (Han) 9 369 185 StatewideTibetans 1 681 597 Regionally basedMongolians 1 059 217 Regionally basedUyghur 820 217 Regionally basedKazakh 265 038 Regionally basedZhuang 152 530 Regionally basedYi 112 173 Regionally basedKirghiz 81 857 Regionally basedMiao 40 941 Regionally basedHui (proper) 34 957 Regionally basedKoreans 33 432 Regionally basedBouyei 28 614 Regionally basedYao 28 183 Regionally basedBai 21 976 Regionally basedHani 20 748 Regionally basedLi 13 904 Regionally basedDong 13 157 Regionally basedNaxi 12 009 Regionally basedJingpo 11 834 Regionally basedTujia 11 602 Regionally basedDai 10 837 Regionally basedLisu 9799 Regionally basedShe 8076 Regionally basedQiang 6860 Regionally basedWa 5879 Regionally basedManchu 5463 Regionally basedLahu 4381 Regionally basedShui 4217 Regionally basedTu 3635 Regionally basedDongxiang 2592 Regionally basedMulam 931 Regionally based




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Chinese (Han) 9 369 185 StatewideTibetans 1 681 597 Regionally basedMongolians 1 059 217 Regionally basedUyghur 820 217 Regionally basedKazakh 265 038 Regionally basedZhuang 152 530 Regionally basedYi 112 173 Regionally basedKirghiz 81 857 Regionally basedMiao 40 941 Regionally basedHui (proper) 34 957 Regionally basedKoreans 33 432 Regionally basedBouyei 28 614 Regionally basedYao 28 183 Regionally basedBai 21 976 Regionally basedHani 20 748 Regionally basedLi 13 904 Regionally basedDong 13 157 Regionally basedNaxi 12 009 Regionally basedDaur 11 844 Regionally basedJingpo 11 834 Regionally basedTujia 11 602 Regionally basedDai 10 837 Regionally basedLisu 9799 Regionally basedShe 8076 Regionally basedQiang 6860 Regionally basedWa 5879 Regionally basedManchu 5463 Regionally basedLahu 4381 Regionally basedShui 4217 Regionally basedTu 3635 Regionally basedDongxiang 2592 Regionally basedMulam 931 Regionally based




epr atlas china 374


Chinese (Han) 9 369 185 StatewideTibetans 1 681 597 Regionally basedMongolians 1 059 217 Regionally basedUyghur 820 217 Regionally basedKazakh 265 038 Regionally basedZhuang 152 530 Regionally basedYi 112 173 Regionally basedKirghiz 81 857 Regionally basedMiao 40 941 Regionally basedHui (proper) 34 957 Regionally basedKoreans 33 432 Regionally basedBouyei 28 614 Regionally basedYao 28 183 Regionally basedBai 21 976 Regionally basedHani 20 748 Regionally basedLi 13 904 Regionally basedDong 13 157 Regionally basedNaxi 12 009 Regionally basedDaur 11 844 Regionally basedJingpo 11 834 Regionally basedTujia 11 602 Regionally basedDai 10 837 Regionally basedLisu 9799 Regionally basedShe 8076 Regionally basedQiang 6860 Regionally basedWa 5879 Regionally basedManchu 5463 Regionally basedLahu 4381 Regionally basedShui 4217 Regionally basedTu 3635 Regionally basedGelao 3361 Regionally basedXibe 3285 Regionally basedDongxiang 2592 Regionally basedSalar 1479 Regionally basedMulam 931 Regionally based




epr atlas china 375


Chinese (Han) 9 369 185 StatewideTibetans 1 681 597 Regionally basedMongolians 1 059 217 Regionally basedUyghur 820 217 Regionally basedKazakh 265 038 Regionally basedZhuang 152 530 Regionally basedYi 112 173 Regionally basedKirghiz 81 857 Regionally basedMiao 40 941 Regionally basedHui (proper) 34 957 Regionally basedKoreans 33 432 Regionally basedBouyei 28 614 Regionally basedYao 28 183 Regionally basedBai 21 976 Regionally basedHani 20 748 Regionally basedLi 13 904 Regionally basedDong 13 157 Regionally basedNaxi 12 009 Regionally basedDaur 11 844 Regionally basedJingpo 11 834 Regionally basedTujia 11 602 Regionally basedDai 10 837 Regionally basedLisu 9799 Regionally basedShe 8076 Regionally basedQiang 6860 Regionally basedWa 5879 Regionally basedManchu 5463 Regionally basedLahu 4381 Regionally basedShui 4217 Regionally basedTu 3635 Regionally basedGelao 3361 Regionally basedXibe 3285 Regionally basedDongxiang 2592 Regionally basedBlang 2550 Regionally basedSalar 1479 Regionally basedMulam 931 Regionally basedMaonan 296 Regionally based


epr atlas china 376

Conflicts in China

Starting on 1946-12-30

Side A Side B Group name Start Claim Recruitment Support

Government ofChina

PLA 1946-12-30



Government ofChina

Taiwanese insur-gents

1947-02-27



Government ofChina

Government ofTaiwan

1949-10-30



Government ofChina

Tibet Tibetans 1950-10-06 Explicit Yes Yes

epr atlas 377



Government ofChina

Government ofIndia

1959-08-30



Government ofChina

Government ofMyanmar (Burma)

1969-02-27



Government ofChina

Government ofRussia (SovietUnion)

1969-03-01



Government ofChina

Government ofVietnam (NorthVietnam)

1974-01-18



Government ofChina

ETIM Uyghur 1990-04-04 Explicit Yes No

China - ETH Z · epr atlas china 357 1964-1965 Tibet became an autonomous region of China....

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Transcript of China - ETH Z · epr atlas china 357 1964-1965 Tibet became an autonomous region of China....